Pouco se tem na literatura à respeito da casuística das afecções cirúrgicas de cães e gatos. Objetivamos descrever e analisar a freqüência destas afecções cirúrgicas, na Clínica Cirúrgica de pequenos animais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 1988 a 2007, classificando-as em oito grupos: Cárdio-Respiratório, Digestório, Distrofias, Genito-Urinário, Hematopoiético, Locomotor, Paratopias e Pele e Anexos. Avaliou-se um total de 18585 casos cirúrgicos, sendo 16030±241,59 (86,25%) casos em cães, e 2555±47,23 (13,74%) em gatos, demonstrando sempre maior incidência na espécie canina, onde se observou maior casuística associada ao Aparelho Locomotor, com 5957 (37%) casos, de todas as afecções observadas, em seguida Aparelho Genito-Urinário com 2504 (16%), Pele e Anexos com 2465 (15%), Aparelho Digestório com 2337 (15%), Paratopias com 1880 (12%), Aparelho Cárdio-Respiratório com 414 (3%), Hematopoiético com 235 (1%) e as Distrofias correspondendo a 187 (1%). Na espécie felina, a maior casuística foi associada ao Aparelho Locomotor, com 931 (36%) casos, seguido pelo Aparelho Genito-Urinário com 462 (18%), Paratopias com 407 (16%), Aparelho Digestório com 349 (14%), Pele e Anexos com 259 (10%), Cárdio-Respiratório com 93 (4%), Distrofias com 58 (2%) e Hematopoiético sendo < que 1% dos casos. Quanto às neoplasias observadas em todos os aparelhos, os cães apresentaram 3711 (94%) casos, e os gatos 244 (6%). O maior número de neoplasias esteve relacionado a Pele e Anexos, com 1906 (51%) casos em cães e 130 (53%) em gatos, seguido pelo Aparelho Digestório com 754 (20%) casos em cães e 74 (30%) em gatos. Avaliando-se as afecções relacionadas ao Sistema Hematopoiético em ambas as espécies, a maior ocorrência apresentada foi de neoplasias esplênicas com 192 (80%) casos, seguida pelas rupturas esplênicas com 27 (11%) casos e torções esplênicas com 13 (6%). Conclui-se assim, que a espécie canina apresentou número de afecções e procedimentos maior que seis vezes o número de registros em felinos, sendo que as afecções locomotoras mostram maior índice de ocorrência tanto em cães como em gatos, constituindo a amostra mais representativa atendida no Serviço de Cirurgia de pequenos animais da FMVZ / USP. Entre as Paratopias descritas, as hérnias perineais tiveram maior incidência, com quase a totalidade dos casos observados em cães. Muitas falhas de registro foram identificadas, necessitando uma maior atenção nesse aspecto. A média anual de casos (801,5) é capaz de caracterizar a realidade dos atendimentos cirúrgicos, bem como a caracterização dos principais casos atendidos na rotina médica veterinária da cidade de São Paulo e da Grande São Paulo. / Little information has been obtained from literature about surgical affections in dogs and cats. We aimed to describe and analyze the frequency of surgical affections served in the Small Animal Surgery Service of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, from 1988 to 2007, classifying the finds in eight categories: Cardiorespiratory Apparatus, Digestory Apparatus, Distrophies, Genitourinary Apparatus, Hematopoietic System, Locomotor Apparatus, Paratopies, Skin and annexes components. In a total of 18585 surgical cases was evaluated, 16030±241,59 (86,25%) cases in dogs and 2555±47,23 (13,74%) in cats, verifying always more cases observed in dogs when compared with cats, specially the Locomotor Apparatus, with 5957 (37%) cases in dogs. In the same way, Genitourinary apparatus with 2504 (16%), Skin and annexes with 2465 (15%), Digestory Apparatus with 2337 (15%), Paratopies with 1880 (12%), Cardiorespiratory Apparatus with 414 (3%), Hematopoietic Apparatus with 235 (1%) and Distrophies with 187 (1%) cases. Feline specie presented greatest casuistic for Locomotor Apparatus, with 931 (36%), after Genitourinary with 462 (18%), Paratopies with 407 (16%), Digestory Apparatus with 349 (14%), Skin and annexes with 259 (10%), Cardiorespiratory with 93 (4%), Distrophies with 58 (2%) and Hematopoietic System, with the last corresponding less than 1% of all cases found. All apparatus have been accomited by neoplasms in both species, dogs with 3711 (94%) and cats 244 (6%). The largest number of cases involved Skin and annexes neoplasms with 1906 (51%) in dogs and 130 (53%) in cats. Then, the Digestory Apparatus was the second most affect group, with 754 (20%) in dogs and 74 (30%) in cats. Spleen pathologies constitute the greatest incidence, when the affections of Hematopoietic System was evaluated, with spleen neoplasms corresponding to the highest occurrence, 192 (80%) cases, and next the spleen rupture with 27 (11%) and finally the spleen torsion with 13 (6%). In conclusion, these results support the greatest incidence of surgical affections and procedures in a number six times major in dogs when compared with the feline specie. In addition, the Locomotor Affections showed highest index of occurrence in both species evaluated, considered the most representative sample served in the Small Animal Surgery Service of the FMVZ-USP. Among the Paratopies, perineal hernias showed the greatest incidence, representing almost totality of cases in dogs. It is important to note that a lot of failure of case register was identified, needing special attention in these aspect. The annual media of case (801, 5) is capable to characterize the routine as well as the main case served in the São Paulo State and São Paulo City.

Pouco se tem na literatura à respeito da casuística das afecções cirúrgicas de cães e gatos. Objetivamos descrever e analisar a freqüência destas afecções cirúrgicas, na Clínica Cirúrgica de pequenos animais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 1988 a 2007, classificando-as em oito grupos: Cárdio-Respiratório, Digestório, Distrofias, Genito-Urinário, Hematopoiético, Locomotor, Paratopias e Pele e Anexos. Avaliou-se um total de 18585 casos cirúrgicos, sendo 16030±241,59 (86,25%) casos em cães, e 2555±47,23 (13,74%) em gatos, demonstrando sempre maior incidência na espécie canina, onde se observou maior casuística associada ao Aparelho Locomotor, com 5957 (37%) casos, de todas as afecções observadas, em seguida Aparelho Genito-Urinário com 2504 (16%), Pele e Anexos com 2465 (15%), Aparelho Digestório com 2337 (15%), Paratopias com 1880 (12%), Aparelho Cárdio-Respiratório com 414 (3%), Hematopoiético com 235 (1%) e as Distrofias correspondendo a 187 (1%). Na espécie felina, a maior casuística foi associada ao Aparelho Locomotor, com 931 (36%) casos, seguido pelo Aparelho Genito-Urinário com 462 (18%), Paratopias com 407 (16%), Aparelho Digestório com 349 (14%), Pele e Anexos com 259 (10%), Cárdio-Respiratório com 93 (4%), Distrofias com 58 (2%) e Hematopoiético sendo < que 1% dos casos. Quanto às neoplasias observadas em todos os aparelhos, os cães apresentaram 3711 (94%) casos, e os gatos 244 (6%). O maior número de neoplasias esteve relacionado a Pele e Anexos, com 1906 (51%) casos em cães e 130 (53%) em gatos, seguido pelo Aparelho Digestório com 754 (20%) casos em cães e 74 (30%) em gatos. Avaliando-se as afecções relacionadas ao Sistema Hematopoiético em ambas as espécies, a maior ocorrência apresentada foi de neoplasias esplênicas com 192 (80%) casos, seguida pelas rupturas esplênicas com 27 (11%) casos e torções esplênicas com 13 (6%). Conclui-se assim, que a espécie canina apresentou número de afecções e procedimentos maior que seis vezes o número de registros em felinos, sendo que as afecções locomotoras mostram maior índice de ocorrência tanto em cães como em gatos, constituindo a amostra mais representativa atendida no Serviço de Cirurgia de pequenos animais da FMVZ / USP. Entre as Paratopias descritas, as hérnias perineais tiveram maior incidência, com quase a totalidade dos casos observados em cães. Muitas falhas de registro foram identificadas, necessitando uma maior atenção nesse aspecto. A média anual de casos (801,5) é capaz de caracterizar a realidade dos atendimentos cirúrgicos, bem como a caracterização dos principais casos atendidos na rotina médica veterinária da cidade de São Paulo e da Grande São Paulo. / Little information has been obtained from literature about surgical affections in dogs and cats. We aimed to describe and analyze the frequency of surgical affections served in the Small Animal Surgery Service of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, from 1988 to 2007, classifying the finds in eight categories: Cardiorespiratory Apparatus, Digestory Apparatus, Distrophies, Genitourinary Apparatus, Hematopoietic System, Locomotor Apparatus, Paratopies, Skin and annexes components. In a total of 18585 surgical cases was evaluated, 16030±241,59 (86,25%) cases in dogs and 2555±47,23 (13,74%) in cats, verifying always more cases observed in dogs when compared with cats, specially the Locomotor Apparatus, with 5957 (37%) cases in dogs. In the same way, Genitourinary apparatus with 2504 (16%), Skin and annexes with 2465 (15%), Digestory Apparatus with 2337 (15%), Paratopies with 1880 (12%), Cardiorespiratory Apparatus with 414 (3%), Hematopoietic Apparatus with 235 (1%) and Distrophies with 187 (1%) cases. Feline specie presented greatest casuistic for Locomotor Apparatus, with 931 (36%), after Genitourinary with 462 (18%), Paratopies with 407 (16%), Digestory Apparatus with 349 (14%), Skin and annexes with 259 (10%), Cardiorespiratory with 93 (4%), Distrophies with 58 (2%) and Hematopoietic System, with the last corresponding less than 1% of all cases found. All apparatus have been accomited by neoplasms in both species, dogs with 3711 (94%) and cats 244 (6%). The largest number of cases involved Skin and annexes neoplasms with 1906 (51%) in dogs and 130 (53%) in cats. Then, the Digestory Apparatus was the second most affect group, with 754 (20%) in dogs and 74 (30%) in cats. Spleen pathologies constitute the greatest incidence, when the affections of Hematopoietic System was evaluated, with spleen neoplasms corresponding to the highest occurrence, 192 (80%) cases, and next the spleen rupture with 27 (11%) and finally the spleen torsion with 13 (6%). In conclusion, these results support the greatest incidence of surgical affections and procedures in a number six times major in dogs when compared with the feline specie. In addition, the Locomotor Affections showed highest index of occurrence in both species evaluated, considered the most representative sample served in the Small Animal Surgery Service of the FMVZ-USP. Among the Paratopies, perineal hernias showed the greatest incidence, representing almost totality of cases in dogs. It is important to note that a lot of failure of case register was identified, needing special attention in these aspect. The annual media of case (801, 5) is capable to characterize the routine as well as the main case served in the São Paulo State and São Paulo City.

The thesis deals with talented and gifted children in a basic school. A main goal is detection of situation of work with talented and gifted children in a basic school. The thesis is separated into two basal parts - theoretic and practice. The theoretic part introduces terms and theories which are relate with studied problem. Practice part deals with methodology for detection of talented and gifted children. The thesis uses the question-form method. There is substantiated using questions and their evaluation . The important close is assignment that teachers and parents have a different view to children (from finding site). The teachers are closer to children, due to they have closer to find talented or gifted children. The thesis uses casuistic method for classification of children. Thesis also mentioned legislative ground in Czech Republic and organizations that is worked with talented and gifted children.

This thesis focuses on intricate and complex phenomenon of guilt. It does it by comparing two different approaches: approach of prophetic literature and social crisis literature. Both approaches are taught on Protestant Theological Faculty in Charles University of Prague but each of them is based on different presupposition. The first is theological, based on ancient thought of Israeli spiritual authorities, the second is modern, based on social work and it cooperates with psychology, sociology, anthropology but also theology and philosophy. Aim of this thesis is to enter the problematics and professional discussion about guilt through these two different approaches on the one hand and to compare and evaluate them on the other hand.

This master's thesis is primarily concerned with the philosophical conditions of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century England that encouraged the emergence of periodical literature and perpetuated the birth of the novel. While most connections between periodical literature and the novel are made on how the former created the readership that ensured the latter's success, I focus on how the epistemology unique to the advent of empirical science together with the growing prominence of casuistic thought created a space in which periodical literature could emerge and the early novel could flourish. I investigate the underlying assertion of a particular philosophical amalgam that I call casuistic-empiricism. Such philosophies encouraged the Renaissance trend that devalued letter-of-the-law thinking, which led ultimately to a significant epistemological transformation in seventeenth-century England. Recognizing the immensity of this epistemological shift, I focus on the early seventeenth-century practice of casuistry as an outgrowth fueled by seventeenth-century natural philosophy. By investigating the poetry and prose of John Donne, I emphasize the pervasive threads of casuistic thought that found parallels in empirical epistemology. I proceed in a linear fashion by following the evolution and growing pervasiveness of casuistic culture into its period of culmination marked by the birth of the Athenian Gazette. Readers' prominent attraction to the periodical is shown to run on a parallel with the incipient empiricism. Indeed, the two prominent lines of thought (empiricism and casuistry) form a dynamic binary where each feeds off of and is fed by the other, culminating in a unique epistemology that aided the emergence of the early novel. Extending this discussion of periodical literature's casuistical qualities into Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, I investigate how Defoe's ties to casuistry are reflected in and perpetuated by Crusoe, illustrating how the novel becomes a medium for resolving cases of conscience. The novel as a genre is shown to be more than just a close relative of the periodical, both genres being spurred into prominence by some of the more salient features attendant to casuistic-empirical philosophy. The novel becomes finally a type of culminating product of a unique casuistic-empirical practice that accounts for the full range of experiences involved in reaching justified conclusions.

La iuris prudentia ou « prudence du droit » désignait le savoir des jurisconsultes romains. Bien que son importance soit capitale pour l’histoire de notre droit, nous n’en connaissons qu’une seule et unique définition inscrite aux Institutes et au Digeste de l’empereur Justinien. L’auteur originaire en serait Ulpien qui définit cette « jurisprudence » comme « la connaissance des choses divines et humaines, la science du juste et de l’injuste » (iuris prudentia est diuinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, iusti atque iniusti scientia). Face à cette définition, les commentateurs ont souvent considéré que seul le second élément (« la science du juste et de l’injuste ») formait le véritable critère épistémologique de la science juridique en cause, diminuant ainsi la fonction de la connaissance des choses divines et humaines (diuinarum atque humanarum notitia). Or, nous pensons qu’au contraire cette rerum notitia n’est pas un simple accessoire rhétorique mais qu’elle réfère à une forme éminente du savoir antique : la sagesse. Forme suprême de l’intelligence et du vécu antique, elle n’est pas le fruit particulier d’une école philosophique ou d’une pensée religieuse. Relative à un savoir générique, la référence à la « sagesse » dans la définition de la iuris prudentia désigne la pensée même du jurisconsulte. Car comment abstraire les règles (regulae) depuis les cas (res) sans une médiation intellective entre les choses et le droit ? Comment opérer le choix entre le juste et l’injuste sans une forme de savoir conceptuel ? Toute science a besoin d’une théorie de la connaissance pour fonder sa méthode. Toutefois, la iuris prudentia dont l’objet était le droit d’une cité devenu empire, ne pouvait faire reposer sa pensée sur une doctrine philosophique déterminée. De même, léguée par les jurisconsultes païens aux princes législateurs chrétiens, elle ne pouvait se définir à travers le prisme d’une religion particulière. Or, la référence à la sagesse, but suprême de la connaissance, permet de neutraliser les différences dogmatiques pour faire ainsi de la « prudence du droit » la seule connaissance antique véritablement universelle. Ce qui explique selon nous que cette fameuse iuris prudentia connaîtra une longue postérité qui fera la fortune historique de la sagesse du droit d’origine romaine dont nous ressentons encore aujourd’hui les échos dans notre propre système juridique. / The iuris prudentia or wisdom in matters of law referred to Roman jurists’ knowledge. Even though its importance was primordial for the history of our law, we only know one and unique definition written in the Institutes and inside Emperor Justinian’s Digest. The original author could be Ulpian who defines this jurisprudence as “the awareness of divine and human things, knowledge of what is just or unjust” (iuris prudentia is diuinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, iusti atque iniusti scientia). Faced with this definition, many critics have often considered that only the second element (knowledge of what is just and unjust) formed the genuine epistemic criteria of the legal science in question, thus decreasing the duty of the knowledge in divine and human things (diuinarum atque humanarum notitia). On the contrary, we believe that this rerum notitia is not only a simple rhetorical accessory but it refers to an eminent antique knowledge: wisdom. As the ultimate form of the antique intelligence and background, it is not the particular result of a philosophical school or a religious thought. Relating to a generic knowledge, reference to “wisdom” in the definition of iuris prudentia refers to Roman jurist real thinking. Indeed how to allow for abstract rules (regulae) for cases (res) without a spiritual mediation between things and the law? How to operate a choice between just and unjust without a kind of ideational knowledge? Every science needs a theory of knowledge to have a basis for its method. Nevertheless, the iuris prudentia (whose purpose was the law of a city-state which became an empire) was not able to base its way of thinking on a determined philosophical doctrine. Likewise, bequeathed by pagan Roman jurists to Christian Imperators, it could not define itself through the prism of a particular religion. Yet reference to wisdom, the ultimate goal of knowledge, allows neutralizing dogmatic differences. Wisdom in matters of law is the only truly universal antique knowledge. This therefore makes it clear to us why iuris prudentia will continue to have such an influence in posterity and why we still hear echos today of a legal system established by the Romans. [Tr. PHILIPPE JULLIEN]