INTRODUÇÃO: A terminalidade da vida humana e a assistência ao paciente com doença que ameaça a vida envolvem questões éticas que devem ser enfrentadas por profissionais de saúde e outros envolvidos no cuidado. Conhecer os problemas éticos vivenciados na prática dos cuidados paliativos e discuti-los à luz de um referencial bioético favorece a deliberação para tomada de decisão e contribui à adequada assistência. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e analisar questões éticas reconhecidas por profissionais de uma equipe de Cuidados Paliativos, sob o referencial Bioético da Casuística; identificar quais os recursos e apoio para tomada de decisão. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa, com análise de conteúdo, em que profissionais atuantes em Cuidados Paliativos há pelo menos um ano responderam a entrevista semiestruturada. Realizada análise temática, adotando a Casuística como referencial teórico. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Foram entrevistados onze profissionais de nível superior. A média de idade foi 41,3 anos. A média de exercício profissional foi de 14,5 anos, sendo em média 5,6 anos em Cuidados Paliativos. As principais questões éticas identificadas foram: Relativas às indicações terapêuticas: erros na compreensão sobre Cuidados Paliativos, que levam a falhas em encaminhamentos, pouca eficácia de interconsultas e desprestígio à equipe; divergências entre a conduta acordada entre equipe e paciente/família e a seguida no pronto socorro; futilidade terapêutica; encenação de reanimação do paciente; autoquestionamento sobre efetividade de intervenções cuja utilidade é provada em outros contextos de assistência; uso de determinados medicamentos, ventilação não invasiva e alimentação/hidratação artificial. Com relação às preferências do paciente: Respeito à autonomia do paciente; veracidade e direito à informação; habilidades de comunicação; cerco do silêncio; participação no processo de deliberação; documentação das preferências do paciente; escolha do local de tratamento e morte. Sobre qualidade de vida: componentes da qualidade de vida; divergências entre avaliações feitas pelo paciente ou outra por pessoa; proporcionalidade terapêutica; qualidade de morte. Relativo aos aspectos contextuais: disponibilidade de recursos para assistência e cuidados; conflitos de interesses de familiares; trabalho em equipe; ensino clínico. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Questões éticas relevantes foram identificadas e discutidas. A Casuística mostrou-se adequada para a reflexão bioética na área. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de formação de recursos humanos para atuação em Cuidados Paliativos incluindo conteúdos relacionados à ética e bioética para fazer frente às demandas do cotidiano da assistência. / INTRODUCTION: Terminality of human life and the support to patients with diseases that threatens life involve ethical questions that must be faced by health professionals and other people involved in patients care. Awareness of the ethical problems faced in palliative care practice and its discussion through the prism of bioethical references favors decision-making deliberations and contributes to adequate care. OBJECTIVES: Identification and analysis of ethical questions recognized by professionals of a palliative care team, under the bioethical reference of Casuistry; identification of resources and support for the decision-making. METHODS: Exploratory research, qualitative, with content analysis, in which Palliative Care practitioners who have worked for at least one year participated in a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was undertaken, adopting Casuistry as theoretical reference. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Eleven professionals, with at least a Bachelor of Science degree, were interviewed. The mean age was 41.3 years. The average time in the profession was 14.5 years, of which 5.6 years were spent on the practice of Palliative Care. The main ethical questions identified were: Relative to the therapeutic indications: errors in the comprehension of Palliative Care, which lead to failures in referrals, low efficacy of internal consultations and lack of prestige of the team, divergence between the conduct agreed upon by the team and the patient/family and the follow-up to the emergency room; medical futility; the role play of patient resuscitation; self-questioning about the effectiveness of interventions that have been proved in other contexts of support; use of certain medication, noninvasive ventilation and artificial feeding/hydration. Relative to the patients preferences: Respect to the autonomy of the patient; truthfulness and right to information; communication skills; silence conspiracy; participation in the deliberation process; documentation of patients preferences; choice of the location of treatment and death. Regarding quality of life: components of quality of life; divergence between assessments made by the patient or other people; therapeutic proportionality; death quality. Relative to contextual aspects: availability of resources for assistance and care; conflict of interests by family members; team work; clinical teaching. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Relevant ethical questions were identified and discussed. Casuistry was found to be adequate for the bioethical reflection in the area. Results reinforce the need for training of Palliative Care practitioners, including ethics and bioethics issues to meet the demands of everyday practice.

INTRODUÇÃO: A terminalidade da vida humana e a assistência ao paciente com doença que ameaça a vida envolvem questões éticas que devem ser enfrentadas por profissionais de saúde e outros envolvidos no cuidado. Conhecer os problemas éticos vivenciados na prática dos cuidados paliativos e discuti-los à luz de um referencial bioético favorece a deliberação para tomada de decisão e contribui à adequada assistência. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e analisar questões éticas reconhecidas por profissionais de uma equipe de Cuidados Paliativos, sob o referencial Bioético da Casuística; identificar quais os recursos e apoio para tomada de decisão. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa, com análise de conteúdo, em que profissionais atuantes em Cuidados Paliativos há pelo menos um ano responderam a entrevista semiestruturada. Realizada análise temática, adotando a Casuística como referencial teórico. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Foram entrevistados onze profissionais de nível superior. A média de idade foi 41,3 anos. A média de exercício profissional foi de 14,5 anos, sendo em média 5,6 anos em Cuidados Paliativos. As principais questões éticas identificadas foram: Relativas às indicações terapêuticas: erros na compreensão sobre Cuidados Paliativos, que levam a falhas em encaminhamentos, pouca eficácia de interconsultas e desprestígio à equipe; divergências entre a conduta acordada entre equipe e paciente/família e a seguida no pronto socorro; futilidade terapêutica; encenação de reanimação do paciente; autoquestionamento sobre efetividade de intervenções cuja utilidade é provada em outros contextos de assistência; uso de determinados medicamentos, ventilação não invasiva e alimentação/hidratação artificial. Com relação às preferências do paciente: Respeito à autonomia do paciente; veracidade e direito à informação; habilidades de comunicação; cerco do silêncio; participação no processo de deliberação; documentação das preferências do paciente; escolha do local de tratamento e morte. Sobre qualidade de vida: componentes da qualidade de vida; divergências entre avaliações feitas pelo paciente ou outra por pessoa; proporcionalidade terapêutica; qualidade de morte. Relativo aos aspectos contextuais: disponibilidade de recursos para assistência e cuidados; conflitos de interesses de familiares; trabalho em equipe; ensino clínico. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Questões éticas relevantes foram identificadas e discutidas. A Casuística mostrou-se adequada para a reflexão bioética na área. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de formação de recursos humanos para atuação em Cuidados Paliativos incluindo conteúdos relacionados à ética e bioética para fazer frente às demandas do cotidiano da assistência. / INTRODUCTION: Terminality of human life and the support to patients with diseases that threatens life involve ethical questions that must be faced by health professionals and other people involved in patients care. Awareness of the ethical problems faced in palliative care practice and its discussion through the prism of bioethical references favors decision-making deliberations and contributes to adequate care. OBJECTIVES: Identification and analysis of ethical questions recognized by professionals of a palliative care team, under the bioethical reference of Casuistry; identification of resources and support for the decision-making. METHODS: Exploratory research, qualitative, with content analysis, in which Palliative Care practitioners who have worked for at least one year participated in a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was undertaken, adopting Casuistry as theoretical reference. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Eleven professionals, with at least a Bachelor of Science degree, were interviewed. The mean age was 41.3 years. The average time in the profession was 14.5 years, of which 5.6 years were spent on the practice of Palliative Care. The main ethical questions identified were: Relative to the therapeutic indications: errors in the comprehension of Palliative Care, which lead to failures in referrals, low efficacy of internal consultations and lack of prestige of the team, divergence between the conduct agreed upon by the team and the patient/family and the follow-up to the emergency room; medical futility; the role play of patient resuscitation; self-questioning about the effectiveness of interventions that have been proved in other contexts of support; use of certain medication, noninvasive ventilation and artificial feeding/hydration. Relative to the patients preferences: Respect to the autonomy of the patient; truthfulness and right to information; communication skills; silence conspiracy; participation in the deliberation process; documentation of patients preferences; choice of the location of treatment and death. Regarding quality of life: components of quality of life; divergence between assessments made by the patient or other people; therapeutic proportionality; death quality. Relative to contextual aspects: availability of resources for assistance and care; conflict of interests by family members; team work; clinical teaching. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Relevant ethical questions were identified and discussed. Casuistry was found to be adequate for the bioethical reflection in the area. Results reinforce the need for training of Palliative Care practitioners, including ethics and bioethics issues to meet the demands of everyday practice.

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-103).

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-103).

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-103).

The general purpose of this dissertation is to explore casuistry--case-based reasoning--as a discredited, rehabilitated, and, most importantly, persistent form of moral reasoning. Casuistry offers a much needed corrective to principle-based approaches. I offer a defense of a "principle-modest" casuistry and explore the epistemology of casuistry, describing the prerequisite knowledge required for casuistry. I conclude by arguing that casuistry is best understood as a neo-premodernist approach to moral reasoning.

Thesis--Université de Paris I, 1974. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-333).

The casuistical manner of dealing with ethical issues goes as far as to the antiquity, and afterwards it was considerably developed in Christianity. Nevertheless from the half of the 17th century it was criticized because of abusing and due to the supposedly "unscientific" character and subsequently it has been abandoned. The ridiculous criticism of Blaise Pascal in his "Provincial Letters" has presented the casuistry as a way in which it is possible to justify almost any behaviour and this evaluation has remained up to the present day. In the same era the mathematization of natural sciences has led to impressive successes and the similar mathematical exactness was expected also in other fields of the human knowledge. Also ethics was concerned with seeking such abstract general principles, which were supposed to describe, cover and explain the whole field of morality. The value of casuistry was seen only as an illustration of such principles in an individual case. In my diploma thesis I attempted to rehabilitate the casuistry as an ethical method. I discussed the book of American authors Albert R. Johnes and Stephen Toulin "The Abuse of Casuistry" from the year 1988. The presentation of this publication is one of purposes of my thesis. Then I examined the casuistry as an ethical method in cases of...

The thesis is focused on the topic of verbal assessment at primary school and its potential to be objectively reflective of the progress of pupil's knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes. The predictive value is analysed through creating an image of the pupil on the basis of the casuistry of all his verbal assessments. The segments of the report are classified by making a graph with the aim to predict further progress without any contact to the pupil. Finally, I realized an interview with the pupil which allowed me to compare the image to reality. The research part of the thesis points out the limited potential of using verbal assessment as a report. The thesis also focuses on transformation of the analyzed reports using the vocabulary of RVP ZV, which I consider an objective language of all the teachers.

The work deals with the psychological aspects and impacts of clients of social services during the transformation process. It tries to show the practical situation and the reactions of clients who completed the transformation. How to perceive the different stages and what problems they faced. The first part describes the various phases of transformation, closer familarization with transforming unit and specifics of mental disability and psychiatric illness. The second part introduces humanistic psychology and its representatives. The third part is practical. It refers to the specific situations that have arisen in various stages and provides specific procedures for their solution. Discussion section refers to specific situations that clients have experienced. Approach and solutions that were used in these situations are based on humanistic psychology and it is based on the theory C. Rogers, R. and A. H. Maslow.