Ensuring the bloodstream is one of the most frequently indicated invasive procedures, especially in the pre-hospital emergency and intensive care. All invasive inputs are nowadays an integral part of intensive care. Despite careful daily care, vascular accesses are at risk of complications, which annually effects many patients institutionalized at intensive care units. Catheter sepsis is undoubtedly one of the most serious. Although a significant proportion of these infections are considered highly preventable, they still contribute to high morbidity and mortality among these patients. The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse nursing care for vascular inputs. One of the partial goals is to evaluate and compare the relevance of the nursing standard of a medical facility with scientific knowledge and current recommendations of professional societies. The research method is a quantitative questionnaire survey focused on nursing staff working in the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation. The analysis of the vascular inputs re-dressings was performed in patients hospitalized in the same ward, where the research itself took place. The results of the research survey show a discrepancy between the given procedure in the nursing standard and common practice in the ward. In view of the...

In der vorliegenden retrospektiven Studie werden die Daten von 103 Patienten mit Resektionen am Ösophagus am Klinikum Sankt Georg, Leipzig, welche vom 01.01.2000 bis zum 31.12.2011 durchgeführt wurden, analysiert. Es wird die Bedeutung der Feinnadelkatheterjejunostomie (FKJ) als Möglichkeit der frühen postoperativen enteralen Ernährung für ein visceralchirurgisches Patientengut dargelegt, bei dem nach den Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) ein hohes ernährungsmedizinischem Risiko besteht. Bei den 91 angelegten FKJ im Studienkollektiv beträgt die Rate von Dislokationen oder Okklusionen der FKJ-Sonden insgesamt 5,5%, wobei sich im Vergleich mit 22 anderen Publikationen mit insgesamt 5220 Patienten Raten von 0,3% bis 7,7%, bei einem Median von 1,3, zeigten. Im vorliegenden Studienkollektiv waren keine operativen Revisionen aufgrund FKJ-assoziierter Komplikationen notwendig und es kam im Zusammenhang mit den FKJ zu keiner Komplikation mit letalem Ausgang. Die FKJ als Möglichkeit zur postoperativen enteralen Ernährung bei Patienten nach komplexen visceralchirurgischen Eingriffen am Ösophagus kann empfohlen werden. Des Weiteren wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob ein chirurgisches Zentrum, welches nach dem Katalog für Mindestmengen des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses (G-BA) Fallzahlen für komplexe chirurgische Eingriffe am Ösophagus im Bereich dieser Mindestmengen erfüllt, mit großen Zentren hinsichtlich der intraoperativen und postoperativen Komplikations-, Morbiditäts- und Letalitätsraten vergleichbar ist. Im Vergleich mit 20 Publikationen über die postoperativen Komplikationen nach Ösophagektomien mit Patientenzahlen von 32 bis 17395 zeigten sich die Daten der eigenen Studie ohne signifikante Abweichungen hinsichtlich pulmonaler, kardialer oder septischer Komplikationen. Intraoperativ kam es zu keinem Todesfall. Die Qualität der Behandlungsergebnisse eines visceralchirurgischen Zentrums ist abhängig von der langjährigen Erfahrung und den Fallzahlen der Operateure, sowie von der erfolgreichen interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit im perioperativen Management der Patienten.

<p>Knowledge of the leftventricular (LV) pressure-volume relation, along withparameters derived from this relation, have led to newpossibilities for the characterisation of cardiac pumpfunction, in both experimental studies and clinicalsettings.</p><p>The pressure-volume diagram is apowerful tool for visualising LV performance, but in order tobe clinically useful it is necessary to make plots continuouslyand on-line. The conductance catheter technique offers thispossibility. The conductance catheter system has experiencedgrowing interest among cardiologists, physiologists, surgeons,and anaesthesiologists around the world as a powerful newresearch tool, but the invasiveness of this technique has beena limiting factor for most clinical applications. The catheterneeds to be thinner and softer in order to make this techniquemore suitable for human use.</p><p>This thesis reports of a newthin and soft conductance catheter for continuously and on-linemeasurements of LV pressure and volume.</p><p>One way to reduce both cathetersize and stiffness is to decrease the number of electrodes onthe catheter. Theoretical calculations shown in this thesisproves that it is possible to obtain the same performance witha single segment catheter as with a five-segment catheter. Thethin catheter has been tested and compared to a commercialfive-segment conductance catheter in animal studies.</p><p>We conclude that the thin singlesegment conductance catheter can measure left ventricularvolume and pessure. The regression coefficient between the twomethods is good independent of loading condition and duringbaseline conditions the catheters produce very similar volumecurves. During preload reduction the estimated volume reductionis different in the two systems.</p><p>Our thin catheter does notdisturb the heart's normal electrophysiology, neither by thecatheter current nor by any mechanical stimuli. The resultsdemonstrates that our thin, soft, single segment conductancecatheter has performance characteristics which warrant furtherdevelopment, with the goal to make the method available forhuman use.</p>

Aim: To describe innovative uses of catheter based treatment in a variety of native and post surgical stenoses in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Background: Cardiac catheterization in man was first described 1929 and since then there has been a drive to develop endovascular techniques to investigate and treat both congenital and acquired heart disease. Many of the advances are being made in congenital heart disease. Methods: A number of congenital cardiac stenotic lesions were studied including baffle obstruction after atrial switch for transposition of the great arteries, aortic stenosis in infants, coarctation of the aorta, peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis and superior vena caval obstruction. The use of angioplasty balloons, cutting balloons, stents and alternative catheter approaches were investigated for these lesions. Results: Following atrial redirection surgery for transposition of the great arteries balloon angioplasty improved baffle haemodynamics. The technique of anterograde balloon dilation of the aortic valve was developed and had superior outcomes in terms of aortic insufficiency compared to a retrograde approach in neonates with severe aortic valve stenosis. In an animal model of peripheral pulmonary arterial stenosis, the application of cutting balloon angioplasty produced effective relief in a controlled fashion. Balloon mounted stents were used in patients with native and post surgical coarctation of the aorta with significant relief of stenosis and relief of hypertension. Finally, a group of patients with superior vena obstruction syndrome after surgical repair of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage had successful treatment using balloon mounted stents. Conclusions: Catheter based treatment of congenital and post surgical vascular stenoses of the heart and great arteries using angioplasty balloons, cutting balloons and balloon mounted stents is safe and appears to be effective in the short and medium term. It may represent a useful alternative to surgery and will reduce the number of surgical procedures required over a lifetime. Future directions will include bio-absorbable stents and hybrid techniques involving surgery.

Os acessos venosos são indispensáveis para assistência do paciente em situação crítica. O cateter venoso central (CVC) é um acesso que viabiliza a terapêutica dessa clientela, mas o seu uso pode levar à infecções. Estas infecções ocasionam maior permanência hospitalar, elevam os custos totais das instituições e aumentam a morbidade e a mortalidade do paciente. O uso de curativos como cobertura do sítio de saída do CVC é eficaz na prevenção das infecções relacionadas a estes cateteres, em particular, o uso de curativos impregnados com antissépticos como o curativo gel de clorexidina. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a efetividade do curativo gel de clorexidina com a do filme transparente de poliuretano na prevenção da colonização do cateter venoso central em pacientes adultos críticos. Trata-se de estudo experimental, do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, com tratamentos em paralelo, prospectivo e monocêntrico, realizado de acordo com as recomendações do Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). O estudo foi realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e na Unidade Coronariana de um hospital de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 102 indivíduos hospitalizados nestes locais, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo intervenção, no qual o tipo de cobertura utilizada foi o curativo de gel de clorexidina e grupo controle, que utilizou como cobertura o filme transparente de poliuretano. O desfecho primário mensurado foi a colonização do cateter e os desfechos secundários foram a infecção clínica do sítio de saída, a infecção microbiológica do sítio de saída e a infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter. Para a coleta de dados foi elaborado um instrumento, e este validado quanto ao seu conteúdo e forma por 13 enfermeiros pertencentes aos locais do estudo. Estes profissionais foram treinados para a realização dos curativos e coleta das pontas dos cateteres centrais, swabs dos sítios de saída e hemoculturas. Análises descritivas foram usadas para todas as variáveis do estudo. O teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar as proporções de cada desfecho nos grupos de intervenção e controle, e a regressão logística para explorar se a colonização no CVC poderia ser associada com o tempo de uso do cateter e com o Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) dos pacientes do estudo. De acordo com os resultados não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a colonização nos dois grupos (p valor = 1.00), para a infecção microbiológica do sítio de saída (p valor = 0.08), para a infecção clínica do sítio de saída (p valor = 0.77) e para as infecções da corrente sanguínea relacionadas ao cateter (p valor = 1,00). Conclui-se que o presente estudo pode contribuir para que as unidades de saúde tenham subsídios para realizar a escolha do tipo de curativo baseado em suas necessidades institucionais e no desenvolvimento de protocolos relacionados à medidas de inserção e manutenção do cateter, bem como medidas educativas permanentes / The venous access is essential to patient care in critical condition. The central venous catheter (CVC) is an access point that allows the treatment of patients, but its use can lead to infections. These infections increase the period of hospital permanence, the total costs of institutions and the patients\' morbidity and mortality. The use of dressings for coverage of the CVC exit-site is effective in preventing infections related to these catheters, in particular, the use of dressings impregnated with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine gel. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel dressing with the transparent polyurethane film in preventing colonization of central venous catheter in critical adult patients. This randomized experimental study with parallel treatment, prospective and monocentric, which is conducted according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. The research was performed in an Intensive Care Unit and in a Coronary Care of a teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study included 102 patients hospitalized in these units, randomly divided into two groups: the intervention group, which used chlorhexidine gel dressing and the control group, which used the transparent polyurethane film dressing. The primary outcome measured was the colonization of the catheter and the secondary outcomes were the clinical infection and microbial infection of the exit-site and the catheter-related bloodstream infection. Data were collected through an instrument developed and validated in terms of content and form by 13 nurses of the Units where the study was performed. These professionals were trained to use the dressings and to collect the tips of central catheters, swabs of the exit-site and blood cultures. Descriptive statistics were used for all study variables. The Fisher\'s exact test was used to compare the proportions of each outcome in the groups of intervention and control. The logistic regression analysis was used to explore if the colonization of the CVC could be associated with the catheter usage time and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) of the research\'s participants. According to the results there was no statistically significant difference between colonization in both groups (p value=1:00), for exit-site microbial infection (p value=0:08), for exit- site clinical infection (p value = 0.77) and for catheter-related bloodstream infection (p-value=1.00). The results of this study may contribute in providing subsidies to health units to make the choice in the use of the type of dressing based on their institutional needs and in the development of protocols related to integration measures and maintenance of the catheter, as well as permanent educational measures

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_gcv_me_botfm.pdf: 521554 bytes, checksum: 4e1594735e9b4ade8985592087d02570 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foi realizado estudo experimental em cães para avaliar a eficácia da anestesia peridural torácica e seus efeitos na respiração, comparando-se dois volumes, 0,25 e 0,33 ml/kg do anestésico local ropivacaína a 0,75%. Para isso foram utilizados oito animais, sem raça definida, com idade entre um e três anos, com peso médio de 24,7 ± 6,3 Kg, em boas condições de saúde. Para isso foi necessária anestesia prévia dos animais a fim de se determinar a concentração anestésica mínima na qual o animal apresentasse resposta positiva a um estímulo elétrico. Sendo assim a indução foi realizada com isofluorano na concentração inicial de 5% no vaporizador calibrado, através de máscara facial e a intubação foi efetuada. O estímulo elétrico foi realizado com corrente de 50 V em 50 ciclos/s de 10 milisegundos. Se a resposta fosse negativa, a concentração era reduzida em 0,2%, sendo o procedimento repetido até que o animal apresentasse resposta positiva para a determinação do estímulo supra máximo positivo. Um cateter peridural foi introduzido do espaço lombossacro até a região torácica das vértebras T1-T2. Foi administrada ropivacaína e as avaliações foram realizadas por dois avaliadores que não tinham conhecimento do tratamento utilizado. Os parâmetros aferidos foram freqüência cardíaca, respiratória, pressões arteriais, ritmo cardíaco, concentração expirada de CO2, volume minuto, volume corrente, hemogasometria e temperatura esofágica. A avaliação do bloqueio sensitivo foi realizada através da avaliação do estímulo elétrico e de pinçamento da pele para avaliação do panículo nervoso. Houve redução da freqüência cardíaca e de pressão arterial, o que revela um bloqueio simpático com os dois grupos. Houve depressão respiratória, pois os dois grupos apresentaram elevação do CO2, e foram colocados sob ventilação controlada... / Experimental study was conducted in dogs to assess the effectiveness of the thoracic epidural anesthesia and their effects on respiration, compared two volumes, 0.25 and 0.33 ml / kg of local anesthetic ropivacaine at 0.75%. For that eight animals were used, mixed breed, aged between one and three years, with average weight of 24.7 ± 6.3 kg, in good health. For this was required anesthesia of the animals prior to find the minimum anesthesia concentration that the animal had a positive response to electrical stimulation. Thus the induction was performed with isoflurane in the initial concentration of 5% in precision vaporizer by face mask and intubation was performed. The electrical stimulation was performed with current of 50 V at 50 cycles / s, 10 milliseconds. If the purposeful gross movement was negative, the concentration was reduced by 0.2%, and the procedure repeated until the animal had a positive response for determining the maximum positive stimulus above. An epidural catheter was introduced into the space lombossacro to the region of thoracic vertebrae T1-T2. Ropivacaine was administered and the evaluations were conducted by two evaluators who were not aware of treatment used. The parameters were measured heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, expired concentration of CO2, minute volume, tidal volume, blood gas and esophageal temperature. The assessment of sensory block was done through evaluation of electrical stimulation and clamping the skin to assess the panículous nervous. Decreased heart rate and blood pressure, which shows a sympathetic block with the two groups. There was respiratory depression, since both groups had elevation of CO2, and were placed under controlled ventilation, which prevented the evaluation of spontaneous ventilation. The pinch of the skin test showed a blockage in extensive loss of nerve panículous in two groups, with no statistical... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are responsible for 100,000 patient deaths per year, creating a critical need for prevention of these deadly infections that occur with central venous lines (CVLs). Alternative forms of IV access such as midline catheters (MLCs) may offer lower rates of infection than those seen with CVLs. MLCs were implemented at the practice setting in 2016; however, no evaluation of their effectiveness had been conducted. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of MLCs using a retrospective, pre- post- comparison of CLABSI rates and device utilization rates (DUR) obtained from the practice setting before and after implementation of MLCs. Infection control and Lewin's change theories were used to provide a foundation for the project. This retrospective, pre-post comparison of CLABSI and DUR 6 months before and after introduction of MLCs sought to determine if MLC use affected either rate. Results of a Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed no statistical differences (p > .05) in CLABSI rates and DUR when comparing the rates from the specified 6 month periods. A secondary purpose was to identify the characteristics and conditions in which MLCs were used. Patients with cardiovascular, neuro, and infection diagnoses constituted 43% of the 262 MLC placements. No statistically significant improvement in infection rates was demonstrated by this project; however, these findings illuminate the types of patients or conditions where MLCs are a viable alternative for IV access, and this knowledge may assist providers in options for patient care. This project promotes positive social change by raising awareness of potential strategies for reducing infections in patients when they are at their most vulnerable.

<p>Each year, over 13,000 people in the United States die from a primary malignant brain tumor. Currently, primary BTs are treated most commonly by surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy, though each of these methods carries a risk of complications or acute side effects.</p><p>Ultrasound hyperthermia has been investigated as way to open the blood-brain barrier for improved chemotherapeutic drug delivery, but previous methods have involved either invasively removing skull bone via surgery or non-invasively dealing with the high ultrasound attenuation, reflection, and phase aberration resulting from the skull and its variable thickness. Dual-mode ultrasound transducers for image-guided therapy have also been investigated for several applications; in some instances, phased arrays are ideal, allowing control over the ultrasound energy deposition pattern and inherent spatial registration between imaging, treatment, and monitoring.</p><p>Additionally, thermosensitive liposomes can be configured to encapsulate drugs and actively target regions of tumor angiogenesis. When used in combination with localized hyperthermia, thermosensitive liposomes can provide targeted control of drug release that may enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy in many clinical settings. Meanwhile, catheter devices and endovascular techniques are used by interventional neuroradiologists to treat various intracranial diseases, including intracranial aneurysm and dural venous sinus thrombosis. These procedures can be extended to the treatment of intracranial tumors (advancement of a 5 Fr catheter as far as the frontal portion of the superior sagittal sinus has been demonstrated).</p><p>The objective of the work presented in this dissertation was the realization of a dual-mode catheter transducer for a minimally-invasive, vascular approach to deliver localized, image-guided ultrasound hyperthermia to an intracranial tumor target. Toward this end, a series of prototype ultrasound transducers were designed, simulated, built, and tested for imaging and therapeutic potential.</p><p>Two 14-Fr phased-array prototypes were built with PZT-5H ceramic and tested for real-time 3D intracranial imaging and focused-beam hyperthermia capability. These were able to visualize the lateral ventricles and Circle of Willis in a canine model, and generate a temperature rise over 4&deg;C at a 2-cm focal distance in excised tissue.</p><p>Single-channel intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) coronary imaging catheters as small as 3.5 Fr were then considered as a construction template; several possible transducer apertures were simulated before fabricating prototypes with PZT-4. The transducers exhibited a dual-frequency response, due to the presence of thickness-mode and width-mode resonances. A thermal model was developed to estimate the +4&deg;C thermal penetration depth for a given transducer aperture, predicting an effective therapeutic range of up to 12 mm with a 5 × 0.5 mm aperture.</p><p>A 3.5-Fr commercial mechanical IVUS catheter was retrofitted with a PZT-4 transducer and tested for 9-MHz imaging performance in several animal studies, successfully visualizing anatomical structures in the brain and navigating a minimally-invasive vascular pathway toward the brain. An identical PZT-4 transducer was used to build a 3.3-MHz therapy prototype, which produced a temperature rise of +13.5&deg;C at a depth of 1.5 mm in live xenograft brain tumor tissue in the mouse model.</p><p>These studies indicate that a minimally-invasive catheter transducer can be made capable of visualizing brain structures and generating localized hyperthermia to trigger drug release from thermosensitive liposomes in brain tumor tissue.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-118). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-107).