Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carneiro_mpm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 235961 bytes, checksum: b550ffb03275106e14d42610f77dca3b (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da infecção por parasitas dos gêneros Babesia e Hepatozoon em gatos domésticos, por meio da identificação em esfregaços sangüíneos corados por Giemsa e pela Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR). Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 144 animais, sendo 113 do Estado de São Paulo e 31 do Distrito Federal. Os animais foram escolhidos aleatoriamente e não foram feitas distinções quanto à raça, idade, sexo ou estado de saúde dos gatos. A maioria dos animais habitava áreas rurais (52,8%) e, quando urbanas (47,2%), eram animais com livre acesso à rua. A extração do DNA das amostras de sangue foi realizada utilizando o GFXTM Genomic Blood DNA Purification Kit, de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Para a realização da PCR foram utilizados os oligonucleotídeos PiroA1 e PiroB para Babesia spp. e HepF e HepR para Hepatozoon spp. Pela análise dos esfregaços sangüíneos foram observadas estruturas intraeritrocitárias semelhantes à piroplasmídeos em cinco (3,47%) gatos, porém, apenas um (0,69%) foi positivo pela PCR para Babesia sp., com banda visualizada em 450pb. O seqüenciamento dessa amostra positiva demonstrou 100% de similaridade com Babesia canis vogeli já caracterizada no Brasil. Todas as amostras foram negativas para Hepatozoon spp., tanto pelo esfregaço quanto pela PCR. Por meio dos resultados obtidos neste estudo pode-se concluir que a freqüência desses hemoparasitas em gatos domésticos nessas regiões é muito baixa e técnicas moleculares são necessárias para o correto diagnóstico dessas hemoparasitoses nesses animais. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of infection by parasites of the genus Babesia and Hepatozoon in domestic cats. Infection was identified using Giemsa stained blood smears and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The blood samples were collected from one hundred and forty four (144) cats that resided in São Paulo (113) state and the Federal District (31). The DNA extraction of blood samples was performed with the GFXTM Genomic Blood DNA Purification Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PiroA1 and PiroB primers for Babesia spp. and the HepF and HepF primers for Hepatozoon spp were used for PCR execution. Blood smear examinations, demonstrated the presence of intraerythrocytic structures resembling piroplasmids in five (3.47%) cats, however, only one (0.69%) was positive for Babesia sp., by PCR, with a band visualized at 450 bp. The sequencing of this positive sample demonstrated close identity with Babesia canis vogeli, which has already been characterized in Brazil. All blood smear and PCR samples were negative for Hepatozoon spp. The frequency of these hemoparasites in domestic cats in Brazil is very low and molecular techniques are necessary for the correct diagnostic of these hemoparasitosis in these animals.

Orientador: Flávio Quaresma Moutinho / Resumo: Objetivando avaliar a viabilidade da técnica de biopsia renal "de janela" modificada com exteriorização do rim em gatos, foram estudadas as complicações decorrentes do procedimento e a qualidade das amostras obtidas. Para tanto, foram utilizados 25 gatos, sem raça definida, adultos, machos e com peso corporal entre 2,5 e 5 kg, pertencendo a um único grupo. A biopsia renal, pela técnica "de janela" modificada foi realizada nos rins esquerdo e direito utilizando-se agulhas do tipo "Spring-Cut", semi-automatizadas de 18 gauge. Os animais foram avaliados antes e após a biopsia, em intervalos de 2, 24 e 168 horas. Os animais foram acompanhados por meio de exame clínico e testes laboratoriais durante este período. A qualidade das amostras de biopsia foi avaliada pela microscopia de luz, de acordo com o número de glomérulos existentes, sendo considerado como padrão para a classificação da amostra, a presença de no mínimo cinco glomérulos por biopsia. As principais alterações clínicas observadas após a biopsia renal foram presença de hematúria transitória e formação de hematomas perirrenais. Nenhum animal do experimento veio a óbito ou apresentou complicações maiores. Das amostras de biopsia avaliadas, 84% apresentaram cinco ou mais glomérulos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a técnica estudada associada ao tipo de agulha utilizada ("Spring-Cut" semi-automatizada) pode ser considerada segura e de grande valor diagnóstico. / Abstract: Aiming to evaluate the technical viability of modified "keyhole" renal biopsy with open up of the Kidney in cats, it was studied the involvement originated from the procedures and the quality of the acquired samples. For that, it was used 25 cats with no defined breed, adults, male and weighing between 2 and a half and 5 kilos, belonging in just on group. The renal biopsy, by modified "keyhole" technique was performed in the right and left kidney using "Spring Cut" needles, semiautomatic of 18 gauge. The animals were evaluated before and after the biopsy, in a period of 2, 24 and 168 hours.The animals wore to be present at by clinic examination and laboratory tests during this period. It was done the observation by light microscopy, according to existent glomeruli, it was considered as pattern for the sample classification, the presence of at least 5 glomeruli for the biopsy. The main observed clinical alterations after the renal biopsy was the presence of transitory haematuria and formation of subcapsular haematomas. No animal from the experience has died or shoed serious complications. From the evaluated biopsy samples, 84% showed five or more glomeruli. Then, it is inferred that the studied technique associated with the used needle ("Spring-Cut" semiautomatic) can be considered safe and great diagnostic value. / Mestre

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Since the introduction of the lipid emulsion formulation in 1986, propofol has become established for induction as well as for maintenance of anaesthesia in veterinary practice1 including cats2;3-8. Propofol is rapidly metabolized by hepatic glucuronidation in most species and it has also been shown to undergo extrahepatic metabolism9-13, so that total body clearance may exceed liver blood flow in certain species. Because of their highly carniverous diet, cats are little exposed to antiherbivory compounds so that they have become deficient in UGP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)14. Consequently, a number of drugs are eliminated slowly15;16, often giving rise to prolonged half-lives of the parent drugs. Cats are therefore sensitive to the adverse effects of many drugs and toxins that are normally glucuronidated before elimination. It is therefore likely that the disposition of propofol may differ markedly from that of humans and other animal species17. Adam et al18 reported that for the cremophor propofol formulation in cats, volumes of distribution were smaller and elimination halflives were longer than those of pigs, rats and rabbits. In addition, pulmonary uptake has been demonstrated to occur in cats,19 however propofol’s pharmacokinetics have not been studied formally. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic behaviour of propofol after single intravenous injections. In comparison with man, the apparent central volume of distribution in domestic cats is small (0.56L.kg-1 body weight vs. 0.228L.kg-1) for the human pharmacokinetic parameter set of Marsh et al20 and the clearance (0.0086 L.kg-1.min-1 vs. 0.027 L.kg- 1.min-1) is approximately 2½ times slower in cats when compared with humans. Slow clearance should not influence recovery from anaesthesia following standard induction doses, because the early decreases in blood concentrations are predominantly due to redistribution of drug to various tissues (similar to the disposition of thiopentone which exhibits a slow total body clearance21. However it is possible that drug may accumulate within the body after prolonged infusions, resulting in delayed recovery times. This phenomenon is best described by calculating “context-sensitive” decrement-times by computer simulation22-24. Computer software♣ were used to calculate the 20%, 50% and 80% context-sensitive decrement times for the cat pharmacokinetic model. For comparative purposes, similar calculations were performed for an adult human male (weight 70 kg) using the pharmacokinetic parameter-set of Marsh et al20. Assuming that recovery from anaesthesia occurs after a 50% decrease in blood concentrations has taken place, it is apparent from the 50% context-senstive decrement-time graph that for infusions lasting up to 20 minutes (during which concentrations are kept constant), recovery can be expected to be rapid and predictable. However if infusions are administered for longer than 20 minutes, the recovery times of the “average” cat increase rapidly, reaching a plateau of 36 minutes, while recovery times of the human remain short, albeit increasing slowly. Awakening times become dramatically prolonged and unpredictable in both cats and humans if propofol concentrations are required to decrease by 80% for recovery to occur. Under these circumstances the 80% decrement time after a two-hour infusion is approximately two hours in cats and 45 minutes in humans. On the other hand, if dosing is conservative, so that blood concentrations need to decrease by only 20% for awakening to occur, then recovery times are short and predictable, being only a few minutes, regardless of the duration of the preceding infusion. These findings are in accordance with those of Pascoe et al25 who reported that cats took longer to recover after a short (30 min) infusion than after a long (150 min) infusion. In their crossover study, the propofol infusion rates were adjusted so that the cats were maintained at a light level of anaesthesia at which they responded sluggishly to pedal stimulation. It is therefore likely that propofol concentrations were kept steady and were similar during the 30-minute as well as during the 150-minute infusions. Delayed recovery has also been reported when propofol was administered to cats on consecutive days26. Conclusions and clinical relevance: We recommend that propofol infusions be administered to cats only for fairly short procedures and that for prolonged surgery, maintenance of anaesthesia should be accomplished using other drugs. In order to decrease the propofol dose, premedication and analgesic supplements should be co-administered to provide “balanced” anaesthesia. ♣ TIVA Trainer version 8, author Frank Engbers, Leiden University Medical Centre Copyright / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of • Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology and the South African Institute for Medical Research, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa. December 1991. / Numerous studies have assessed the effects of single fatty acids on various aspects of lipid metabolism, particularly cancer. Established cell lines have largely been used for this purpose. The choice of control cells, however, has often been inappropriate. There is also a surprising lack of knowledge of the effects of fatty acids in the 'real world", in which normal cells in vivo are presented with mixtures of dietary fatty acids. Before transformed cells can be used as models of disease states, it is essential to fully understand fatty acid metabolism in normal (control) cells / IT2018

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