Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is an extremely debilitating condition, characterized by chronic pain with associated trophic changes. The 1st description of this condition dates back to 1864. The condition has been variously described over the years as “causalgia”, “Sudeck’s dystrophy” and “reflex sympathetic dystrophy”. In 1993 the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) introduced the term Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) with diagnostic criteria that are currently used. CRPS was subdivided into type I and type II. CRPS type I is diagnosed when there is no obvious nerve injury, whereas CRPS type II refers to cases with nerve injury. It follows that the present diagnostic criteria depend solely on meticulous history and physical examination without any confirmation by specific gold standard tests. The pathophysiology of this pain syndrome is poorly understood; however there is growing evidence for an inflammatory or sympathetic cause. It is therefore not surprising that there is no uniform approach to its management. Therapy is often based on a multi-disciplinary team approach with use of non –pharmacological therapy (physiotherapy and occupational therapy), pharmacological therapy (analgesics, neuroleptics, bone metabolism drugs), and invasive therapy (stellate ganglion blocks and sympathectomy). This review acknowledges the humble beginnings of this condition, and provides an understanding for the evolution of its terminology. It objectively reviews the current IASP diagnostic criteria, challenging its efficacy and sensitivity. Despite its pathophysiology remaining an enigma, the latest pathophysiological advances are reviewed in the endeavour to better understand this condition and enhance treatment options. The role of surgical sympathectomy for this condition is reviewed, highlighting its importance and underappreciated success in the management of CRPS. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T20:48:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_FredericoIgorRibeiroCalaça.pdf: 1370304 bytes, checksum: 71a2aecbdbf0396629f53e443d8b84e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-05-09T13:28:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_FredericoIgorRibeiroCalaça.pdf: 1370304 bytes, checksum: 71a2aecbdbf0396629f53e443d8b84e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T13:28:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_FredericoIgorRibeiroCalaça.pdf: 1370304 bytes, checksum: 71a2aecbdbf0396629f53e443d8b84e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-09 / Introdução: A entorse de tornozelo é responsável por 25% de todas as lesões musculoesqueléticas. O tipo em inversão é predominante em grau 1, com recidiva em 80% dos casos, o que torna a instabilidade funcional de tornozelo uma condição comum. Inúmeros são os tratamentos propostos, dentre eles a Mobilização com Movimento (MWM) e Tape do Conceito Mulligan. Mulligan sugere que a causa das recidivas de entorse é a falha posicional intra-articular, entre a fíbula e tíbia, na articulação tibiofibular distal. Objetivos: Investigar a influência do MWM e Tape em aspectos funcionais (estático e dinâmico) e dor em indivíduos com instabilidade funcional crônica de tornozelo, secundariamente averiguar se existe diferença entre se fazer o tape com material rígido ou material elástico. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado e cego. A amostra foi de 46 sujeitos (23 ± 5 anos; 65 ± 13,28 Kg; 1,65 ± 6 cm) divididos em três grupos, grupo MWM e Tape rígido (MWM-TR), grupo MWM e Tape elástico (MWM-TE) e grupo Controle. Os instrumentos utilizados no estudo foram a Escala Visual Analógica da Dor (EVA), estabilometria, Y Balance Test, Square Hop Test e Standing Heel Rise Test. As avaliações ocorreram em quatro momentos: dia 1, ao chegar e após a aplicação da terapia e dia 2 (48 horas depois) ao chegar e depois da retirada do tape. Os dados foram analisados no SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) versão 22.0, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na dor e no alcance póstero-lateral no Y Balance Test somente no grupo MWMTR e no Square Hope Test nos três grupos do estudo (p<0,05). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o MWM com Tape influenciam imediatamente e após 48 horas em aspectos funcionais dinâmicos e dor em indivíduos com instabilidade funcional crônica de tornozelo. Em relação ao material utilizado como Tape foi observado que o material rígido proporcionou diminuição no quadro de dor em indivíduos com dor mais intensa. / Introduction: Ankle sprains account for 25% of all musculoskeletal injuries. The type in inversion is predominant, with recurrence in 80% of the cases, which makes functional ankle instability a common condition. There are many proposed treatments, among them Mobilization with Movement (MWM) with Mulligan Concept Tape. Mulligan suggests that the cause of sprain recurrences is the intra-articular positional failure between the fibula and tibia in the distal tibiofibular joint. Objectives: To investigate the influence of the MWM with Tape on functional aspects (static and dynamic) and pain in individuals with chronic ankle functional instability, secondly to determine if there is a difference between making the tape with rigid material or elastic material. Methods: This is a randomized controlled blinded clinical trial. The sample consisted of 46 subjects (23 ± 5 years, 65 ± 13,28 kg, 1.65 ± 6 cm) divided into three groups, MWM and Rigid Tape (MWM-TR), MWM and Elastic Tape (MWM-TE) and Control group. The instruments used in the study were the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS), Stabilometry, Y Balance Test, Square Hop Test and Standing Heel Rise Test. The evaluations occurred at four times: day 1, upon arrival and after application of the therapy and day 2 (48 hours later) upon arrival and after removal of the tape. The data were analyzed in the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 22.0, with significance level of p <0,05. Results: Were found statistically significant differences in pain and postero-lateral reach in the Y Balance Test only in the MWM-TR group and in the Square Hope Test in the three groups of the study (p<0,05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the MWM with Tape influences immediately and after 48 hours in dynamic functional aspects and pain in individuals with chronic ankle functional instability. Regarding the material used as tape, it was observed that the rigid material provided functional improvement and decrease in pain.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1997. / Bibliography: leaves 95-108.