Clean water is necessary for human survival and there is a need for development of cheap and easy water purification techniques to use in emergency situations when there is no access to safe drinking water. Bacteria contaminated water can cause lethal diarrheal diseases and is globally the second most common cause of death among children less than five years of age. Bacteria adsorbing filter paper made from cellulose could be an environmentally and economically sustainable alternative for disposable water purification filters. This thesis investigates the possibility to use polyelectrolyte multilayer modified cellulose pulp fibers and filter papers to adsorb and remove bacteria from water. The bacterial removal efficiency of the modified materials has been tested both in suspension and through filtration. The surface modification provides the cellulose fibers with a positively charged surface that can attract and bind the negatively charged bacteria. The bacterial adsorption through electrostatic interactions makes it possible to remove bacteria, even when the pore size of the cellulose filters is larger than bacteria. Bacterial reduction tests shows that it is possible to remove over 99.9 % of the bacteria when filtering water through the modified materials. An increased amount of adsorbed cationic polyelectrolyte, polyvinylamine, resulted in an increased bacterial removal capacity. It has also been shown that the bacterial removal efficiency increases with an increased the amount of bacteria adsorbing materials in the filter. The modified materials have been compared with a commercial product and the filtration efficiency has shown to be greater for the polyelectrolyte-modified materials, under the test conditions used in this thesis. Tests with natural water samples shows that it is important to use a filtration mode to remove particles from the water in combination with the bacterial adsorption, as the particles interfere with the bacterial adsorption. / Säkert dricksvatten är nödvändigt för överlevnad och det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla nya billiga och enkla tekniker för att rena vatten i nödsituationer där det inte finns tillgång till detta. Dricksvatten förorenat av bakterier kan orsaka dödliga diarrésjukdomar och är globalt den näst vanligaste dödsorsaken bland barn under fem år. Denna avhandling undersöker möjligheten att använda cellulosafibrer och filterpapper, ytmodifierade med multilager av katjoniska polyelektrolyter, för att adsorbera och avlägsna bakterier från vatten. Bakterieradsorberande filterpapper tillverkat av cellulosa kan vara ett miljövänligt och ekonomiskt hållbart alternativ för vattenreningsfilter för engångsbruk. De modifierade materialens förmåga att adsorbera bakterier har testats både i suspension och via filtrering. Ytmodifieringen ger cellulosafibrerna en positivt laddad yta som kan attrahera och binda de negativt laddade bakterierna. Avlägsnandet av bakterier genom elektrostatisk interaktion gör det möjligt att ta bort bakterier, även när filtret har en porstorleken som är större än bakterierna. Bakteriereduktionstesterna visar att det är möjligt att avlägsna mer än 99,9 % av bakterierna vid filtrering genom de modifierade materialen. En ökad mängd adsorberad katjonisk polyelektrolyt, polyvinylamin, resulterade i en ökad bakterieavlägsningskapacitet. Det har också visat sig att effektivitet ökar väsentligt med ökad mängd bakterieadsorberande material i vattenfiltren. De ytmodifierade materialen har jämförts med en kommersiell produkt för vattenrening med goda resultat. Filtreringstesterna utförda i den här avhandlingen visar att de modifierade materialen tar bort mer bakterier än vad det kommersiella filtret inaktiverar. Tester med naturliga vattenprov visar att det är viktigt att använda filtrering för att avlägsna partiklar från vattnet för att uppnå en önskad bakterieadsorption, eftersom partiklarna påverkar bakterieadsorptionen och minskar effektiviteten hos de bakterieadsorberande materialen / <p>QC 20170328</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6640.pdf: 3550944 bytes, checksum: d30528732e74d92750389a70e54b8387 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-23 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The gas filtration process has several advantages, such as to prevent damage to the environment and health of living beings and to avoid damage in the equipment used in various industrial processes. The filter media applied in these processes can be made of various materials, including metal, fiberglass, polypropylene, polyester and cellulose, with the latter being highlighted by its low cost. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the cellulose filters RAD + and RAD Plus, through permeability, filtration and porosity of the filter cake tests, when subjected to high pressures using the experimental apparatus located in the Environmental Control Laboratory in the Chemical Engineering Department at UFSCar and talc as particulate matter. The working conditions used in the experiments were pressures of 93, 193, 293, 393 and 493kPa, for the permeability tests, and 93, 293 and 493kPa, for the filtration tests. In the permeability tests, the superficial velocity of the gas was varied from 0 to 0.25m/s, while in the filtration tests, the velocities of filtration were 0.05 and 0.06 m/s. The porosity of the cake filtration was determined by mathematics correlations. The permeability constants calculated for both filter media could be considered constant with pressure. For filtration assays, it could be observed that increasing the pressure of the system was the mass withheld by filter media increased for the same pressure drop, without any significant variation with the filtration velocities studied. It was also observed an increase in porosity and a decrease in the resistance of cake filtration when the system pressure was raised. / O processo de filtração de gases possui diversas vantagens, tanto para prevenção de danos ao meio ambiente e saúde dos seres vivos quanto para prevenção de danos a equipamentos em diversos processos industriais. Os meios filtrantes usados nesses processos podem ser de vários materiais, entre eles os metálicos, de fibra de vidro, de polipropileno, de poliéster e de celulose, com este último sendo destacado pelo seu baixo custo. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho dos filtros de celulose RAD + e RAD Plus, através de ensaios de permeabilidade, filtração e porosidade da torta de filtração, quando submetidos a altas pressões usando o aparato experimental localizado no Laboratório de Controle Ambiental no Departamento de Engenharia Química da UFSCar e talco como material particulado. As condições de trabalho para realização dos experimentos foram as pressões de 93, 193, 293, 393 e 493kPa, para os ensaios de permeabilidade, e 93, 293 e 493kPa, para os ensaios de filtração. Nos ensaios de permeabilidade, variou-se a velocidade superficial do gás de 0 a 0,25m/s, enquanto que nos ensaios de filtração as velocidades superficiais de filtração foram de 5 e 6 cm/s. A determinação da porosidade da torta foi realizada através de correlações matemáticas. Observou-se a partir dos resultados obtidos, que as constantes de permeabilidade calculadas para ambos os meios filtrantes puderam ser consideradas constantes com a pressão. Para os ensaios de filtração pôdese observar que com o aumento da pressão do sistema houve um aumento da massa retida pelos meios filtrantes para uma mesma queda de pressão, não havendo variação significativa com as velocidades de filtração estudadas. Também foi observado um aumento da porosidade e uma diminuição da resistência da torta de filtração a medida que a pressão do sistema foi aumentada.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung funktionalisierter Cellulose-Tiefenfilterschichten. Dazu werden kommerzielle Kationenaustauscher in einer Kugelmühle nass zerkleinert und bei der Herstellung in die Tiefenfilterschichten eingebettet. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften und das Filtrationsverhalten dieser Schichten sind vergleichbar mit kommerziellen Produkten. Der maximale, technisch einsetzbare Masseanteil an Ionenaustauscher beträgt dabei ca. 40 %. In Durchströmungsversuchen wird die Funktion der eigesetzten Partikel innerhalb der Cellulose-Matrix untersucht. Die Adsorptionskinetik kann mit Hilfe eines in der Arbeit weiterentwickelten Modells nach Langmuir beschrieben werden. Für die Austauschkinetik wird auf der Basis dieses Modells eine abweichende Gesetzmäßigkeit ermittelt. Zudem wird eine Anlagen-Auslegung zur maximalen Kapazitätsausnutzung für einen Adsorptionsprozess vorgestellt.