Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Marcia da Silva Pedreira.pdf: 4243420 bytes, checksum: 2e2cd88befc9f0c49f34f0b8d43a0b8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-21 / This thesis aims to examine and interpret the process of competitive insertion and of socioeconomic transformation in the Extreme South of Bahia, Brazil, correlating it to the dynamics of regional development. Such process has taken place due to the expansion of the forest industry, led by great companies of the pulp and paper segment. Theoretical contributions which allow the understanding of the factors that affected regional integration, of the nature of the recent changes and of their relationship with the pattern of regional development have been established. In consonance with the theoretical and analytical references used, the study revealed that the integration of the Extreme South of Bahia, from the competitive exploration of its local resources for wood production (eucalyptus) and cellulose, constitutes an important example of the global production expansion movement - determined by the patterns and strategies of segmental and business competition. Besides the region s advantages, it was also clear that the action of the State based on approaches which associate development to progress, to spatial polarization of economic activities and competitive integration - played a major role in the redefinition of the development pattern and of regional insertion. The empirical analysis was based on data collection and on the systematization of data as well as of quantitative and qualitative information. It showed that the establishment and expansion of forest activities and of cellulose and paper production, on the one hand internalized flows of the global production cycle, and on the other hand, caused a set of transformations in the and social and productive structures in the region. This was expressed by several aspects, such as: i) a higher concentration of land ownership and an increase in business exploration; ii) the de-structuralization of the existing economic and social relationships; iii) the expansion of activities, occupations and lifestyles, predominantly, urban. Nevertheless, economic growth, especially urban, regarded as synonymous to development and modernization, has been of little use to the local society. Such evidences reveal not only the limitations in the spread of the benefits of global economic competitiveness for the local society, but also highlight the need for institutional arrangements and for synergic relationships between the local society and public and private spheres, as fundamental resources for economic and social development. Thus, in accordance with the institutionalist perspective, being competitive is not enough, it is also necessary to create an institutional atmosphere which provides coordination among the actors, enabling the use of local capacities on behalf of the development of such society. / O objetivo da tese ? examinar e interpretar o processo de inser??o competitiva e de transforma??o socioecon?mica da regi?o do Extremo Sul baiano, capitaneado pela expans?o do complexo florestal-celul?sico, correlacionando-os ? din?mica do desenvolvimento regional. Para tanto, foram estabelecidos os aportes te?ricos que permitem a compreens?o dos fatores que condicionaram a integra??o da regi?o, da natureza das mudan?as ocorridas e de sua rela??o com o padr?o de desenvolvimento regional. Em conson?ncia com as refer?ncias te?ricas e anal?ticas trabalhadas, a investiga??o revelou que a integra??o do Extremo Sul baiano, a partir da explora??o competitiva de seus atributos territoriais para produ??o de madeira (eucalipto) e celulose, constitui um exemplo revelador de movimento de expans?o da produ??o global condicionado aos padr?es e ?s estrat?gias da concorr?ncia setorial e empresarial. Evidenciou-se, tamb?m, que, al?m das vantagens competitivas locacionais, a a??o do Estado ancorada em abordagens que associam o desenvolvimento ao progresso, ? polariza??o espacial das atividades econ?micas e ? integra??o competitiva ao mercado exerceu um importante papel na redefini??o do padr?o de desenvolvimento e na inser??o regional. A an?lise emp?rica, com base na coleta e na sistematiza??o de dados e informa??es quantitativas e qualitativas, demonstrou que a implanta??o e a expans?o das atividades florestais e de produ??o de celulose e papel, ao tempo em que internalizaram fixos e fluxos do circuito da produ??o global, provocaram um conjunto de transforma??es na estrutura produtiva e social regional, expressos, entre outros aspectos: i) pela intensifica??o da concentra??o fundi?ria e incremento da explora??o empresarial; ii) pela desestrutura??o das rela??es econ?micos e sociais, tradicionalmente, vigentes; iii) pela expans?o de atividades, ocupa??es e modos de vida, predominantemente, urbanos. Entretanto, a dinamiza??o da economia, em particular a urbana, vista como sin?nimo de desenvolvimento e moderniza??o, tem se mostrado pouco prof?cua para a sociedade local. Tais evid?ncias, al?m de revelar limita??es no transbordamento dos benef?cios da competitividade econ?mica global para a sociedade local, trazem ? luz a necessidade de constru??o de arranjos institucionais e de rela??es de sinergias entre a sociedade local e as esferas p?blicas e privadas, enquanto recursos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento econ?mico e social. Assim, em conformidade com a perspectiva institucionalista, n?o basta ser competitivo: ? preciso criar um ambiente institucional, que proporcione formas de coordena??o entre os atores, capazes de acionar o conjunto das capacidades locais em prol do desenvolvimento da sociedade em foco.

Submitted by Kelson Anthony de Menezes (kelson@ucb.br) on 2016-12-19T18:17:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisFelipeSchroederDissertacao2014.pdf: 2932891 bytes, checksum: 9867ac60d140318b946ef45528984bca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T18:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisFelipeSchroederDissertacao2014.pdf: 2932891 bytes, checksum: 9867ac60d140318b946ef45528984bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-30 / There are different process being developed for cellulosic ethanol production, with possible different pretreatments with varying temperatures and pH, in addition to several biomasses can be used as the source of fermentable sugars. Among the important enzymes for deconstruction of plant biomass, stand out xylanases. These enzymes are responsible for deconstruction of the hemicellulose present in the structure of the plant cell walls. There are several ways to accomplish the identification of these enzymes: purification from an isolated microorganism is one. In this study, genomic and metagenomic approaches were used to carry out the prospection of the genes responsible for coding these enzymes. Clones from two libraries were used for detection and evaluation of activity on solid medium, supplemented with xylan and acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Nineteen clones of a goat rumen metagenomic library and five clones from an AB60 bacterium genomic library, with 15,000 clones constructed in this study, were selected initially. Fourteen clones from the metagenomic library were completely sequenced and their ORFs were analyzed. Four clones from the genomic library were partially sequenced and one clone had its sequence completely determined and 104 ORFs were obtained for all clones completely or partially sequenced ORFs were analyzed. Eleven ORFs showed some similarity to genes of importance for the degradation of complex polysaccharides. Among the most important ORFs and most likely to be related to the detected activity, are genes coding for ??-glucosidase, ??-xylosidase and ??-glucuronidase. Furthermore, also other ORFs with lower probability of relation with the activity or necessity to full sequencing of the clones for a few more conclusive analysis were identified. About 40% of the ORFs present in the rumen clones and 37.8% of the ORFs present in Acidobacteria clones showed similarity with hypothetical or uncharacterized proteins, which could be important in the activity detected. A ??-glucuronidase gene detected in a clone from the goat rumen metagenomic library was synthesized, its sequence was optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. However, in the present work, it was not possible to sub-cloning, made expression and purification of this enzyme. Some ORFs detected can be used for future studies of expression and characterization in order to improve knowledge about biotechnological potential present in the rumen and acidobacteria AB60, besides the ecological role of these microorganisms in their environment. / Existem diversos processos em desenvolvimento para a produ????o de etanol celul??sico, havendo diferentes poss??veis pr??-tratamentos, com temperaturas e pH variados, al??m das diversas biomassas que podem ser utilizadas como fonte de a????cares ferment??veis. Dentre as enzimas importantes para a desconstru????o de biomassa vegetal, destacam-se as xilanases. Estas enzimas s??o respons??veis pela desconstru????o da estrutura hemicelul??sica presente na parede celular das plantas. H?? diversas maneiras para alcan??ar a identifica????o destas enzimas: purifica????o a partir de micro-organismo isolado sendo uma delas. No presente trabalho, foram utilizadas abordagens gen??mica e metagen??mica a fim de realizar a prospec????o dos genes respons??veis pela codifica????o para estas enzimas. Foram utilizados clones oriundos de duas bibliotecas para a detec????o e avalia????o da atividade em meio s??lido suplementado com xilana e baga??o de cana-de-a????car pr??-tratado com ??cido. Dezenove clones de uma biblioteca metagen??mica de r??men de caprinos e cinco clones de uma biblioteca gen??mica da bact??ria AB60, com 15.000 clones constru??da no presente trabalho, foram selecionados inicialmente. Quatorze clones da biblioteca metagen??mica foram sequenciados completamente e tiveram as suas ORFs analisadas. Quatro clones da biblioteca gen??mica foram parcialmente sequenciados e um clone teve a sua sequ??ncia completa determinada e as ORFs analisadas. Das 104 ORFs obtidas de todos os clones completamente ou parcialmente sequenciados, onze ORFs apresentaram alguma similaridade com genes de import??ncia para a degrada????o de polissacar??deos complexos. Dentre as ORFs de maior import??ncia e com maior probabilidade de estarem relacionadas com a atividade detectada, est??o genes codificantes para ??-glicosidase, ??-xilosidase e ??-glicuronidase. Al??m disso, tamb??m foram identificadas outras ORFs com menor probabilidade de rela????o com a atividade ou necessidade de sequenciamento completo de alguns dos clones para uma an??lise mais conclusiva. Cerca de 40% das ORFs presentes nos clones selecionados de r??men e 37,8% das ORFs presentes nos clones selecionados de Acidobacteria apresentaram similaridade com prote??nas hipot??ticas ou prote??nas n??o caracterizadas que podem ter import??ncia na atividade detectada. Um gene de ??-glicuronidase detectado em um clone da biblioteca metagen??mica de r??men de caprino foi sintetizado, otimizando-se sua sequ??ncia para express??o em Escherichia coli . Entretanto, n??o foi poss??vel a sub-clonagem, express??o e purifica????o desta enzima no presente trabalho. Algumas ORFs detectadas podem ser utilizadas para estudos futuros de express??o e caracteriza????o a fim de aprimorar o conhecimento a respeito do potencial biotecnol??gico presente no r??men e na Acidobact??ria AB60, al??m do papel ecol??gico destes micro-organismos em seu ambiente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroFSF_DISSERT.pdf: 2707475 bytes, checksum: 2a6ef9226a3d6d607615f74305bb9e07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The need for new sources of energy and the concern about the environment have pushed the search for renewable energy sources such as ethanol. The use of lignocellulosic biomass as substrate appears as an important alternative because of the abundance of this raw material and for it does not compete with food production. However, the process still meets difficulties of implementation, including the cost for production of enzymes that degrade cellulose to fermentable sugars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the species of cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica and Nopalea cochenillifera, commonly found in northeastern Brazil, as raw materials for the production of: 1) cellulosic ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, using two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 and LNF CA-11), and 2) cellulolytic enzymes by semi-solid state fermentation (SSSF) using the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Before alcoholic fermentation process, the material was conditioned and pretreated by three different strategies: alkaline hydrogen peroxide, alkaline using NaOH and acid using H2SO4 followed by alkaline delignification with NaOH. Analysis of composition, crystallinity and enzymatic digestibility were carried out with the material before and after pretreatment. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images were used to compare qualitatively the material and observe the effects of pretreatments. An experimental design 2? with triplicate at the central point was used to evaluate the influence of temperature (30, 40 and 45 ?C) and the initial charge of substrate (3, 4 and 5% cellulose) in the SSF process using the material obtained through the best condition and testing both strains of S. cerevisiae, one of them flocculent (LNF CA-11). For cellulase production, the filamentous fungus P. chrysogenum was tested with N. cochenillifera in the raw condition (without pretreatment) and pretrated hydrothermically, varying the pH of the fermentative medium (3, 5 and 7). The characterization of cactus pear resulted in 31.55% cellulose, 17.12% hemicellulose and 10.25% lignin for N. cochenillifera and 34.86% cellulose, 19.97% hemicellulose and 15.72% lignin for O. ficus indica. It has also been determined, to N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, the content of pectin (5.44% and 5.55% of calcium pectate, respectively), extractives (26.90% and 9.69%, respectively) and ashes (5.40% and 5.95%). Pretreatment using alkaline hydrogen peroxide resulted in the best cellulose recovery results (86.16% for N. cochenillifera and 93.59% for O. ficus indica) and delignification (48.79% and 23.84% for N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, respectively). This pretreatment was also the only one which did not increase the crystallinity index of the samples, in the case of O. ficus indica. However, when analyzing the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, alkali pretreatment was the one which showed the best yields and therefore it was chosen for the tests in SSF. The experiments showed higher yield of conversion of cellulose to ethanol by PE-2 strain using the pretreated N. cochenillifera (93.81%) at 40 ?C using 4% initial charge of cellulose. N. cochenillifera gave better yields than O. ficus indica and PE-2 strain showed better performance than CA-11. N. cochenillifera proved to be a substrate that can be used in the SSSF for enzymes production, reaching values of 1.00 U/g of CMCase and 0.85 FPU/g. The pretreatment was not effective to increase the enzymatic activity values / A necessidade de novas fontes de energia e a preocupa??o com o meio-ambiente t?m impulsionado a pesquisa por fontes renov?veis de energia, como o etanol. O uso de biomassa lignocelul?sica como substrato aparece como uma importante alternativa devido ? abund?ncia desta mat?ria-prima e por n?o concorrer com a produ??o de alimentos. Entretanto, o processo ainda encontra dificuldades de implementa??o, entre elas o custo para produ??o das enzimas que degradam a celulose em a??cares fermentesc?veis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das esp?cies de palma forrageira Opuntia ficus indica (gigante) e Nopalea cochenillifera (mi?da), comumente encontradas na regi?o Nordeste do Brasil, como mat?rias-primas para produ??o de: 1) etanol celul?sico pelo processo de sacarifica??o e fermenta??o simult?neas (SFS) usando duas cepas diferentes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 e LNF CA-11) e 2) enzimas celulol?ticas atrav?s da fermenta??o em estado semiss?lido (FES) usando o fungo filamentoso Penicillium chrysogenum. Antes do processo de fermenta??o alco?lica, o material foi condicionado e pr?-tratado por tr?s diferentes estrat?gias: per?xido de hidrog?nio alcalino, alcalino usando NaOH e ?cido usando H2SO4 seguido de deslignifica??o alcalina com NaOH. An?lises de composi??o, cristalinidade e digestibilidade enzim?tica foram feitas com o material antes e depois do pr?-tratamento. Adicionalmente, imagens de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura foram usadas para comparar qualitativamente o material e observar os efeitos dos pr?-tratamentos. Um planejamento fatorial 2? com triplicata no ponto central foi utilizado para avaliar a influ?ncia da temperatura (30, 40 e 45 ?C) e da carga inicial de substrato (3, 4 e 5% de celulose) no processo SFS, usando o material obtido nas melhores condi??es de pr?-tratamento e testando duas cepas de S. cerevisiae, sendo uma delas floculante (LNF CA-11). Para a produ??o de celulase, o fungo filamentoso P. chrysogenum foi testado com a esp?cie de palma N. cochenillifera no estado in-natura (sem pr?-tratamento) e submetida a um pr?-tratamento hidrot?rmico, variando-se o pH do meio fermentativo (3, 5 e 7). A caracteriza??o das palmas forrageiras resultou em 31,55% de celulose, 17,12% de hemicelulose e 10,25% de lignina para a esp?cie N. cochenillifera e 34,86% de celulose, 19,97% de hemicelulose e 15,72% de lignina para a esp?cie O. ficus indica. Analisou-se ainda, para as palmas mi?da e gigante, o teor de pectina (5,44% e 5,55% de pectato de c?lcio, respectivamente), extrativos (26,90% e 9,69%, respectivamente) e cinzas (5,40% e 5,95%). O pr?-tratamento usando per?xido de hidrog?nio alcalino apresentou os melhores resultados de recupera??o de celulose (86,16% para a palma mi?da e 93,59% para a palma gigante) e de deslignifica??o (48,79% e 23,84% para as palmas mi?da e gigante, respectivamente). Este pr?-tratamento foi tamb?m o ?nico a n?o elevar o ?ndice de cristalinidade das amostras, no caso da palma gigante. Entretanto, quando analisada a digestibilidade enzim?tica da celulose, o pr?-tratamento alcalino foi o que proporcionou os melhores rendimentos e, portanto, este foi o escolhido para os testes de SFS. Os experimentos demonstraram maior rendimento da convers?o de celulose em etanol pela cepa PE-2 usando a palma mi?da pr?-tratada (93,81%) a 40 ?C e usando 4% de carga inicial de celulose. A palma mi?da demonstrou melhores rendimentos que a gigante e a cepa PE-2 resultou melhor desempenho que a CA-11. A palma mi?da se mostrou um substrato poss?vel de ser usado na FES para produ??o de enzimas, alcan?ando valores de 1,00 U/g de CMCase e 0,85 FPU/g. O pr?-tratamento n?o se mostrou eficaz para aumentar os valores de atividade enzim?tica