Objective: This study was conducted to compare the shear bond strengths, patterns of bond failure and enamel surfaces after debonding two ceramic brackets (ClearVu and Radiance Plus) and one standard metal bracket (Mini Uni-Twin). Background: Ceramic brackets are an esthetic alternative to metal brackets. The mean shear bond strength of ceramic brackets is significantly greater than for metal brackets. Excessive bond strength can result in pain upon debonding, damage to the bracket or permanent damage to the enamel including flaking, cracks or tooth fracture. Numerous studies have evaluated techniques to reduce the risk of enamel damage when debonding ceramic brackets, including the use of debonding pliers. Debonding pliers produce a concentrated stress within the adhesive, resulting in cohesive failures within the resin or adhesive failures outside the resin. Methods: A total of 75 caries-free extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups: ClearVu ceramic bracket (TP Orthodontics, LaPorte, IN), Radiance Plus ceramic bracket (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) and Mini Uni-Twin metal bracket (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA). The Instron Universal Testing Machine Model 8841 with a customized jig with a bracket removing plier was used to debond the brackets. The teeth were microscopically evaluated to determine the location of bond failure. Selected teeth were evaluated with the scanning electron microscope to evaluate for enamel cracks and tear-outs. Results: A one-way ANOVA was created and no significant differences in shear bond strength were discovered between the three groups. Using a chi-square test of independence it was determined that the brackets all possessed a different ARI score. After examining the standardized residuals, we found that Radiance Plus Ceramic bracket and ClearVu Ceramic bracket were both likely to have favorable bond failure patterns, compared to the Mini Uni-Twin Metal bracket. Radiance Plus was most likely to debond at the bracket-adhesive surface, with a majority or all of the adhesive on the tooth after debond. Teeth with unfavorable bond failure patterns (ARI score of 0 or 1) were evaluated with the scanning electron microscope. 11% of the total teeth in the study had enamel damage, including cracks and tear-outs. 62.5% of these teeth were from the ClearVu ceramic bracket group. Conclusions: Our results show that both Radiance Plus ceramic bracket and ClearVu ceramic brackets are comparable to the gold standard metal bracket used in this study, the Mini Uni-Twin, in terms of shear bond strength. Radiance Plus ceramic bracket had the most favorable bond failure pattern, but shattered more during debonding. ClearVu ceramic bracket had the most enamel damage when evaluated with the scanning electron microscope. American Orthodontics’ Radiance Plus Ceramic bracket is the recommended bracket of those studied.

Orthodontic attachments must be able to bond to a wide range of tooth and prosthetic surfaces. Despite the high prevalence of fluorosis in many parts of South Africa (Louw A, Chikte U 1997), only limited information is available on the integrity of the bond between orthodontic brackets and fluorosed teeth. The objective of this study was to measure and compare Shear Bond Strengths (SBSs) of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets on fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth. One hundred and twenty (60 fluorosed and 60 non-fluorosed) extracted premolar teeth were divided into four groups A to D, consisting of 30 teeth in each group. BluGloo® was used as an orthodontic adhesive to bond brackets on the buccal surface of each tooth. The experimental groups consisted of Group A, in which Nu-Edge® metal brackets were used and Group B, in which InspireIce® ceramic brackets were bonded to fluorosed teeth. Group C and D consisted of Nu-Edge® metal brackets and InspireIce® ceramic respectively, bonded to non-fluorosed teeth. Bonding techniques were kept the same and standardised for all four groups. An Instron testing device was used to debond and measure the SBSs. SBSs were compared using ANOVA with posthoc analysis done using Dunnett’s C test for pairwise comparisons. Significance was set at P<0.05. The results showed that SBS of Group B>Group C>Group D>Group A. Ceramic brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth had the highest SBS with a mean of 15.78 (SD=9.07) Megapascals (MPa), while metal brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth produced the lowest SBS of 8.41 (SD=4.68) MPa. The SBSs of ceramic brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth was significantly higher than that of SBS of metal brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth, but not significantly different from SBSs obtained from either brackets bonded to non-flurosed teeth. The BluGloo adhesive if used to bond ceramic brackets to fluorosed teeth can produce adequate SBS for clinical use. The recommendation from this study is that ceramic brackets can be used efficiently to bond to fluorosed teeth. A follow up study should be carried out to assess the nature of enamel damage caused during debonding of flourosed teeth. This is a laboratory study and thus the clinical application should be interpreted with caution. / Dissertation (MChD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Orthodontics / MChD / Unrestricted

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-13T13:59:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 emiliaadrianesilva.pdf: 2213397 bytes, checksum: 9d1b10517697f8e5f79ea9e57c98368a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:55:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 emiliaadrianesilva.pdf: 2213397 bytes, checksum: 9d1b10517697f8e5f79ea9e57c98368a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 emiliaadrianesilva.pdf: 2213397 bytes, checksum: 9d1b10517697f8e5f79ea9e57c98368a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-15 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico na adesão de bráquetes monocristalinos silanizados após processo de silicatização. O estudo foi autorizado pelo comitê de ética da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, parecer número 161/2010. Sessenta bráquetes de alumina monocristalina (Pure®, Orthotechnology, Tampa, FL, EUA) e sessenta dentes pré-molares superiores recém extraídos com finalidade ortodôntica foram randomicamente divididos em três grupos (n=20) de acordo com a estratégia de tratamento das superfícies adesivas: G1- sem tratamento (grupo controle); G2- jateamento com partículas de alumina revestidas por sílica-30 µm Cojet (3M ESPE, Irvine, CA, EUA) + aplicação do silano Monobond S (Ivoclar Vivadent, Shaan, Liechtenstein); e G3- jateamento com Cojet seguido de silanização e tratamento térmico da superfície com jato de ar (Secador Taiff Compacto Turbo, 6000W, São Paulo, SP) à 100ºC±1, a 1 cm por 60 s. Após os tratamentos de superfície, os bráquetes foram colados aos dentes com o adesivo ortodôntico Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive (3M ESPE, Irvine, CA, EUA). Os espécimes foram armazenados em estufa com água destilada a 37ºC por 100 dias. Durante este período, metade dos espécimes de cada grupo foi submetida à termociclagem (-T) (6000 ciclos, 5ºC±1 e 55ºC±1) com banhos alternados de 30 s. Com o auxílio de uma máquina universal para ensaios mecânicos (EMIC - DL 1000, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brasil – F.O. Unesp, São José dos Campos, SP) e um dispositivo tipo faca, os grupos foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento (1mm/min) até que ocorresse o descolamento dos bráquetes. As superfícies fraturadas foram observadas sob microscopia óptica (30×) para categorização dos tipos de falha e determinação do índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA). Doze amostras representativas (n=2) foram também observadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística ANOVA (2-fatores) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey com nível de significância em 5% para ambos os testes. Para os resultados de resistência adesiva, o teste ANOVA revelou significância estatística para a interação dos fatores tratamento de superfície e termociclagem (p= 0,013) e para o tratamento de superfície (p= 0,0). O fator termociclagem não influenciou estatisticamente os resultados (p = 0,6974). As maiores e menores médias de resistência adesiva com o desvio padrão foram encontradas respectivamente em G3-T (27,59 ± 6,4 MPa) e G2-T (8,45 ± 6,7 MPa). Na análise da superfície após o ensaio, foi constatada a fratura de esmalte e/ou dentina em dezesseis espécimes. Com exceção do grupo G2, todos os outros apresentaram fratura de estrutura dentária. O modo de falha tipo misto e IRA = 1 (49,12%) foram os mais frequentes. Conclui-se que o tratamento térmico das superfícies silanizadas após o jateamento com partículas de alumina revestidas por sílica produziu valores de resistência adesiva similares aos valores encontrados no grupo controle. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on bond strength of monocrystalline brackets silica coating and silanization process. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, autorization number 161/2010. Sixty brackets monocrystalline alumina (Pure®, OrthoTechnology, Tampa, FL, EUA) and sixty premolars recently extracted for orthodontic were randomly, divided in three groups (n=20) according to the strategy of treating surfaces adhesive: G1 – no treatment (control group), G2 – blasting with alumina particles coated with silica 30 µm Cojet (3M ESPE/ Irvine, CA, EUA) + application of silane Monobond S (Ivoclar Vivadent, Shaan, Liechtenstein), and G3 – blasting (Cojet) + silanization + heat treatment with a hairdryer (Taiff Compact Turbo Dryer, 6000W, São Paulo, SP) to 100ºC ± 1, to 1 cm, for 60 s. After surface treatments, the brackets were bonded to teeth with orthodontic adhesive Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive (3M ESPE, Irvine, CA, EUA). The specimens were stored in distilled water for 100 days. During this period, half of the specimens of each group was subjected to thermocycling (-T) (6000 cycles, 5ºC ± 1ºC and 55ºC ± 1) with baths of 30 seconds. With the support of a universal mechanical testing machine (EMIC – DL 1000, Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil – FO/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP) an device like a knife, the groups were submitted a shear bond strength test (1mm/min) until failure. The fractured surfaces were observed under debonded specimen surfaces were examined with a stereomicroscope (30×) to classify the types of failure and determine the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Twelve representative samples (n=2) were also observed in scanning electron microscopy. The results were statically analyzed using ANOVA (two-way) and means were compared by Tukey test with significance level of 5% for both tests. For the results of bond strength, the ANOVA revealed statistical significance for the interaction of surface treatment and thermocycling (p= 0,013) and the surface treatment (p= 0,0). The factor thermocycling did not influence the results statistically (p= 0,6974). The highest and lowest mean bond strength including the standard deviation were found in G3T (27,59 ± 6,4 MPa) and G2T (8,45 ± 6,7MPa). In the analysis of the surface after test was found sixteen specimens with enamel/dentin fracture. Except for G2, all others groups had fractured tooth structure. The failure mode mixed and IRA=1 (49,12%) were the most frequent. The heat treatment of the silanized surfaces after blasting with alumina particles coated with silica produced bond strength values similar to those found in the control group.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T13:54:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josemauriciodarocha.pdf: 1043351 bytes, checksum: cf01ad4dea7870b0a189a72005b608f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T13:46:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josemauriciodarocha.pdf: 1043351 bytes, checksum: cf01ad4dea7870b0a189a72005b608f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T13:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josemauriciodarocha.pdf: 1043351 bytes, checksum: cf01ad4dea7870b0a189a72005b608f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-03 / Este estudo objetivou avaliar, in vitro, a resistência ao cisalhamento apresentada por três marcas comerciais de bráquetes ortodônticos cerâmicos policristalinos e uma marca de bráquete metálico, todos com retenção mecânica, verificando os índices de resina remanescentes após os ensaios, e analisar, através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, as topografias superficiais do esmalte pós-descolagem, detectando o desprendimento de partículas minerais do esmalte após a remoção dos bráquetes. Foram utilizados 60 incisivos inferiores bovinos recém-extraídos. Os bráquetes cerâmicos policristalinos (Allure®, InVu® e Clarity®) e metálico (Geneus®) foram colados utilizando-se o adesivo Transbond XT®. Para os resultados referentes ao cisalhamento, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. O teste de Mann-Whtiney foi utilizado para comparar os diferentes tipos de bráquetes aos pares, quanto aos índices de resina remanescentes. Para a análise dos resultados referentes às composições químicas do esmalte aplicou-se o teste de Brown-Forsythe com significância estatística ao nível de 5%. As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando os testes Post Hoc de Games-Hoewell. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, quanto as cargas de cisalhamento, durante a descolagem dos bráquetes. Em relação ao IRA, quando comparados aos pares, foi possível observar diferenças estatísticas entre os bráquetes Clarity® e InVu® (p = 0,002), Allure® e InVu® (p = 0,006) e, Clarity® e Geneus® (p = 0,0022). Foi confirmada a prevalência do escore “4”, com um percentual de 40,4%. Em relação à topografia superficial do esmalte, o Geneus® foi o único que não apresentou perda de tecido superficial. O Clarity® foi o mais afetado em relação à topografia superficial e ao desprendimento de partículas minerais do esmalte (íons Ca). O InVu® e o Clarity® apresentaram fraturas coesivas de 33,3% de suas amostras e o Allure® de 50%, sendo o que mais apresentou fraturas durante a remoção. / This study aimed at evaluating, in vitro, the shear bond strength shown by three different brands of polycrystalline ceramic orthodontic brackets and a brand of metallic orthodontic bracket, all with mechanical retention, by verifying the adhesive remnant index after trials, and to analyze, by means of scanning electronic microscopy, the superficial enamel topographies after debonding, detecting the release of mineral particles of enamel after bracket removal. Sixty recently extracted mandibular bovine incisors were used in this study. Polycrystalline ceramic brackets (Allure®, InVu®, and Clarity®), and metallic brackets (Geneus®) were bonded with Transbond XT®. For the results concerning the shear bond strength the KruskalWallis test was applied with a significance level of 5%. The Mann Whitney test was performed to compare the different types of brackets by pair, in relation to the adhesive remnant. For the analysis of the results concerning the chemical composition of the enamel the Brown-Forsythe test was applied with a significance level of 5%. Comparisons between the groups were analyzed using the GamesHowell Post Hoc test. No statistically significant differences were observed in relation to shear loads during bracket debonding. In relation to ARI, when the pairs are compared, it was possible to observe statistically significant differences between Clarity and InVu brackets (p = 0,002), Allure and InVu (p = 0.006), and Clarity and Geneus (p = 0.0022). The prevalence of score “4” was confirmed with a percentile of 40.4%. In relation to the superficial enamel topography, the Geneus® bracket was the only one which did not show loss of superficial tissue. Clarity® brackets was the most affected in relation to superficial topography and to the release of mineral particles of enamel (Ca ions). InVu® and Clarity® brackets showed cohesive fractures in 33.3% of their samples and the Allure® in 50%, the latter being the one that presented most fractures during removal.