Total hip joint prostheses made of CoCrMo heads versus ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) cups have a limited lifetime, mainly due to the wear of the UHMWPE cups as a result of high friction between the articulating surfaces leading to osteolysis and implant loosening with revision surgery becoming inevitable in more active patients. Tribology plays an important role in developing the design, minimizing wear and reducing friction of hip joint prostheses in order to improve their long-term performance, with good lubricating properties. Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing prostheses have shown significantly lower wear rates compared with conventional metal-on-polyethylene implants and thus osteolysis is potentially reduced leading to increased lifetime of the prosthesis. Nevertheless, excessive wear of metal-on-metal joints leads to metal ion release, causing pseudo-tumours and osteolysis. An alternative approach to such bearings is the use of newly developed carbon fiber-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (CFR PEEK) acetabular cups articulating against ceramic femoral heads due to their better wear resistance compared to UHMWPE. In this study, therefore, friction and lubrication properties of large diameter, as cast, Co-Cr-Mo metal-on-metal hip resurfacing implants with various diameters and clearances have been investigated and compared to those of the newly developed zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic femoral heads articulating against carbon fiber reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (CFR PEEK) acetabular cups with different diameters and clearances. Friction hip simulator was used to measure frictional torque and then friction factors were calculated along with Sommerfeld numbers leading to Stribeck analysis and hence the lubricating mode was also investigated. This involved using lubricants based on pure bovine serum (BS) and diluted bovine serum (25 vol. %BS+75 vol. %distilled water) with and without carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (as gelling agent). Standard Rheometer was used to measure lubricant viscosity ranged from 0.0014 to 0.236 Pas at a shear rate of 3000 . Pure bovine serum, diluted bovine serum without CMC and with CMC (25BS+75DW+0.5gCMC and +1gCMC) showed pseudoplastic flow behaviour up to shear rate of ~139 s⁻¹ above which a Newtonian flow with significant increase in shear stress was observed. The viscosity flow curves for the 25BS+75DW+2gCMC, +3.5gCMC and +5gCMC showed only shear thinning up to a shear rate of 3000 . The shear rate application modified the flow behaviour of bovine serum from a pseudoplastic to a Newtonian flow depending on its purity and CMC content. This will cause a different frictional behaviour depending on joint diameter and clearance, as seen in this work. The experimental data were compared with theoretical iv predictions of the lubricating regimes by calculating theoretical film thickness and lambda ratio. The metal-on-metal Biomet ReCaps showed similar trends of Stribeck curves, i.e. friction factors decreased from ~0.12 to ~0.05 as Sommerfeld numbers increased in the range of viscosities ~0.001-0.04Pas indicating mixed lubrication regimes above which the friction factor increased to ~0.13 at a viscosity of 0.236Pas. The Stribeck analyses suggested mixed lubrication as the dominant mode with the lowest friction factor in the range ~0.09 - ~0.05 at the physiological viscosities of ~0.01 to ~0.04 Pas and that such joints can be used for more active patients as compared to the conventional total hip replacement joints with 28mm diameter. The Stribeck curves for all ZTA ceramic-on-CFR PEEK components illustrated a similar trend with BS fluids showing higher friction factors (in the range 0.22-0.13) than the diluted BS+CMC fluids (in the range 0.24-0.05). The friction tests revealed boundary-mixed lubrication regimes for the ZTA ceramic-on-CFR-PEEK joints. The results, so far, are promising and suggest clearly that the newly developed ZTA ceramic femoral heads articulating against CFR PEEK cups have similar friction and lubrication behaviour at optimum clearances to those of currently used metal-onmetal hip resurfacing implants at the range of viscosities 0.00612 to 0.155Pas. These results clearly suggest that the ZTA ceramic-on-CFR-PEEK joints showed low friction at the physiological viscosities of ~0.01Pas in the range ~0.1-0.05, suggesting that these novel joints may be used as an alternative material choice for the reduction of osteolysis. The result of this investigation has suggested that the optimum clearance for the 52mm diameter MOM Biomet ReCaps could be ~170μm. However, 48 and 54mm joints showed lower friction due to clearances to be >200μm. For the 52mm ZTA ceramic-on-CFR-PEEK joints the optimum clearance seems to be ≥ 630μm radial clearance. These results suggested that increased clearance bearings have the potential to generate low friction and hence no risk of micro- or even macro-motion for the ceramic-on-CFR-PEEK joints. This study found no correlation between theoretical predictions and experimental data for all metal-onmetal and ZTA ceramic-on-CFR PEEK bearings at the physiological viscosity (0.0127Pas). However, at lubricant viscosity of 0.00157Pas, the theoretical prediction of lubrication regime correlated well with the experimental data, both illustrating boundary lubrication. As expected, a decrease in viscosity resulted decrease in the film thickness.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-10-19T17:51:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andressa Schebeliski.pdf: 2757161 bytes, checksum: 6245735bd7e8fc12f408a8368a4b7f69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-19T17:51:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andressa Schebeliski.pdf: 2757161 bytes, checksum: 6245735bd7e8fc12f408a8368a4b7f69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Neste trabalho, eletrodos de carbono cerâmico (ECC) foram confeccionados a partir da utilização de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNT), a fim de se aprimorar as características do ECC. Para a confecção dos ECC à base de MWCNT (ECC/MWCNT), inicialmente foi realizada a funcionalização dos MWCNT, os quais foram submetidos ao refluxo, na presença de ácido nítrico e ácido perclórico. A caracterização espectroscópica dos MWCNT foi realizada por difratometria de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia RAMAN e espectroscopia FTIR. A eficácia da funcionalização dos MWCNT foi confirmada por DRX pela presença do pico em 2θ = 26,02°, referente à reflexão (002). O espectro Raman mostrou as bandas D, G e G‘ característicos dos materiais de carbono, o que também pode confirmado nos espectros de FTIR pela presença de grupos funcionais carboxílicos e hidroxílicos característicos. A caracterização morfológica por MEV-FEG demonstrou que o tratamento oxidativo não danificou a estrutura dos tubos. Os ECC confeccionados, tanto com MWCNT quanto grafite, foram caracterizados por MEV-FEG, a qual demonstrou a incorporação dos nanotubos à rede de sílica e a presença de grafite na forma de lamelas. A espectroscopia Raman apresentou as bandas D, G e G' e as bandas na região entre 400 e 1200 cm-1 referentes à ligação Si-O, enquanto que no espectro FTIR, foram observados os estiramentos/deformações relacionados aos modos vibracionais dos grupos SiO2 e Si-CH3.A caracterização eletroquímica do ECC/MWCNT, realizada por voltametria cíclica (VC) e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), na presença de K4Fe(CN)6/ K3Fe(CN)6, demonstrou que a incorporação de MWCNT ao ECC aprimora as características eletroquímicas do eletrodo. Um aumento na resposta de corrente de pico (cerca de 50% de incremento) e um menor valor de ΔEp foram obtidos com o ECC/MWCNT em comparação com ECC/grafite. Esse comportamento está de acordo com os resultados do EIE, nos quais o ECC/MWCNT apresentou menor resistência à transferência de carga (Rct) em relação ao grafite (ECC/MWCNT = 27,37Ω, ECC /grafite = 33,39Ω). Para verificar a potencialidade do ECC/MWCNT como sensor eletroquímico, foram determinados os fármacos sulfacetamida sódica (SFC) e sulfadiazina (SFD). Ambos apresentaram um processo de oxidação irreversível em torno de +1,0 V em meio a tampão fosfato (pH 7,0). Verificou-se que o pH do eletrólito de suporte teve influência direta no potencial de pico anódico dos analitos, o que pode ser atribuído ao envolvimento de prótons no processo de oxidação. O valor de pH ótimo foi de 6,0 para ambos os fármacos, sendo este utilizado para todas as análises. O ECC/MWCNT exibiu uma relação linear entre a corrente de pico e a concentração das sulfonamidas na faixa de 9,9 a 177,0 μmol L-1, com limite de detecção (LD) e limite de quantificação (LQ) de 1,06 e 3,54 μmol L-1 para SFC e 4,75 e 15,83 μmol L-1 para SFD, respectivamente. Além da boa sensibilidade para a detecção dos antibióticos, o eletrodo desenvolvido mostrou boa repetibilidade e níveis de reprodutibilidade (DPRrepet = 0,99% e DPRreprod = 0,95% para SFC, DPRrepe=2,47% e DPRreprod = 0,07% para SFD), confirmando o promissor desempenho analítico do ECC/MWCNT para a eletroanálise de SFC e SFD em amostras reais. / In this work, ceramic carbon electrodes (CCE) were synthetized using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to improve the electrochemical properties of this electrode material. For the construction of MWCNT-based CCE (CCE/MWCNT), the MWCNT functionalization was initially performed, which were refluxed in presence of nitric acid and perchloric acid. The spectroscopic characterization of MWCNT was performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), RAMAN spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The effectiveness of the MWCNT functionalization was confirmed with XRD pattern by the presence of the peak at 2θ = 26.02°, which corresponds to the (002) reflection. Raman spectrum showed the D, G and G‘ bands, characteristic of carbon materials, which can also be confirmed in the FTIR spectra by the presence of characteristic carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups. The morphological characterization by FESEM demonstrated that the oxidative treatment did not affect the tubular structure of the samples. The CCE made, both with MWCNT and graphite, were characterized by FESEM, which demonstrated the uniform incorporation of the nanotubes and graphite flakes into the silica matrix. The Raman spectroscopy presented the D, G and G‘ bands and the bands between 400 and 1200 cm-1 attributed to the Si-O bond, while the FTIR spectrum showed stretching/ deformations related to the vibrational modes of SiO2 and Si-CH3 groups. The electrochemical characterization of CCE/MWCNT performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in presence of K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6, demonstrated that the incorporation of MWCNT in the CCE improved the electrochemical properties of the electrode. A higher current response (about 50% of increment) and a lower ΔEp value were achieved with the CCE/MWCNT compared to CCE/graphite. This behavior was in good agreement with the EIS results, in which the CCE/MWCNT showed a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) in relation to graphite based electrode (CCE/MWCNT = 27.37Ω; CCE/graphite = 33.39Ω). In order to verify the potentiality of the CCE/MWCNT as an electrochemical sensor, the sodium sulfacetamide (SFC) and sulfadiazine (SFD) pharmaceuticals were determined. Both analytes showed an irreversible oxidation wave at +1.0 V in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). It was verified that the pH of the support electrolyte had a direct influence in the anodic peak potential of the analytes, which can be attributed to the involvement of protons in the oxidation process. The optimum pH value was 6.0 for both pharmaceuticals, so it was employed for further analysis. The CCE/MWCNT exhibited a linear relationship between the peak current and sulfonamide concentration in the range of 9.9 to 177.0 μmol L-1, with detection (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) of 1.06 and 3.54 μmol L-1 for SFC and 4.75 and 15.83 μmol L-1 for SFD, respectively. Besides the good sensitivity for detecting the antibiotics, the developed electrode showed good repeatability and reproducibility levels (RSDrepeat= 0.99% and RSDreprod= 0.95% for SFC; RSDrepeat = 2.47% and RSDreprod = 0.07% for SFD), which confirmed the promising analytical performance of CCE/MWCNT for the electroanalysis of SFC and SFD in real samples.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvane Machado.pdf: 3592159 bytes, checksum: eb40ce07788b3e465452f6695e411555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the ruthenium arene complex of general formula [Ru(6-p-cymene)(ampy)Cl]+ (Ru-ampy) containing the 2-aminomethylpiridine ligand was obtained from the cleavage of the chloride bridges of the [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(-Cl)Cl]2 complex. The structure of the Ru-ampy was elucidated by X-ray diffraction, which was compared to the optimized structure DFT theoretical level and there was distinct values of length of Ru-N bond, proving that Ru is coordinated to the ampy ligand by atom of nitrogen N-pyridine ring as the amine nitrogen atom. Experimental electronic spectra, and the theoretical spectra obtained by TDDFT method performed in various solvents showed a small displacement of the bands due to the solvation caused by the nature of the solvent to the complex. From the composition analysis of the orbital, bands observed at 320 and 450 nm were attributed to metal charge transfer transitions to the ligand. In the vibrational spectra observed a shift of the bands of ampy and arene ligands for smaller wavenumber values when they are coordinated to pyridine complex, which results corroborated with the NMR 1H results where there was an increase in shielding of the hydrogen of the p-cymene of the complex Ru-ampy compared with the proton of the precursor. In the electrochemical behavior of Ru-ampy obtained by cyclic voltammetry in CH3CN it was found that a chemical step occurs with the arene labilization and replacement of the solvent after the oxidation of [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(ampy)Cl]+ to [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(ampy)Cl]2+ at 1.5 V, forming the species [Ru(CH3CN)3(ampy)Cl]2+. In order to explore the electrochemical potentiality of Ru-ampy, this was used as a ceramic carbon electrode modifier (CCE-Ru). The cyclic voltammogram of CCE-Ru in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 7.0) showed only an almost reversible process with oxidation and reduction peaks at 0.39 and 0.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively, characterized by diffusion process on the electrode surface. With instrumental parameters square wave voltammetry (SWV) optimized (f = 20 s-1, a = 80 mV, ΔEs= 1 mV) analytical curves were constructed in the presence of paracetamol in the concentration intervals 1.99x10-6 - 3.10 x10-5 mol L-1 (R = 0.997), the values detection limit and quantification limit obtained, 1.94 x 10-6 and 5.83 x 10-7mol L-1 respectively are similar to electrodes reported in literature. The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of paracetamol in commercial pharmaceutical formulations (tablets and oral solution), the obtained results are in good agreement with the standard UV-Vis method at a 95% confidence level. / Neste trabalho o complexo de rutênio-areno coordenado ao ligante 2-aminomeltipiridina de fórmula [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(ampy)Cl]PF6 (Ru-ampy) foi obtido a partir da clivagem das pontes do clorido do complexo binuclear [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(-Cl)Cl]2. A estrutura do Ru-ampy foi elucidada por técnica de difração de raios X e comparada à estrutura otimizada em nível da teoria DFT. A combinação dsses resultados comprova a coordenação do ampy ao Ru pelo átomo de nitrogênio do anel N-piridínico e amínico. Os espectros eletrônicos experimentais e teóricos obtidos por método TDDFT, realizados em diferentes solventes, apresentaram um deslocamento das bandas devido à solvatação causada pela natureza do solvente ao complexo. A partir da análise de composição dos orbitais, as bandas observadas foram atribuídas à transição intraligante e transferência de carga do metal para o ligante. Nos espectros vibracionais constatou-se um deslocamento das bandas do ligante ampy e areno deslocam para menores valores de número de onda em relação aos ligantes coordenados. Este resultado corrobora com o aumento da blindagem dos átomo de hidrogênio do 6-p-cimeno em comparação com os prótons do complexo precursor observado por RMN de 1H. No estudo eletroquímico do Ru-ampy obtido por voltametria cíclica em CH3CN constatou-se que uma etapa química ocorre com a labilização do areno e substituição do solvente após a oxidação do [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(ampy)Cl]+ a [Ru(6-p-cimeno)(ampy)Cl]2+ em 1,57 V, formando a espécie [Ru(CH3CN)3(ampy)Cl]2+. O Ru-ampy foi utilizado como modificador de eletrodo de carbono cerâmico (ECC-Ru) a fim de explorar sua potencialidade eletrocatalítica na determinação de paracetamol em tampão Britton–Robinson (pH 7,0). O ECC-Ru apresentou um processo quase-reversível com picos de oxidação e redução em 0,39 e 0,35 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectivamente, caracterizados por processo difusional na superfície do eletrodo. Os parâmetros instrumentais da voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ) foram otimizados (f = 20 s-1, a = 80 mV, ΔEs= 1 mV) e as curvas analíticas construídas na presença de paracetamol no intervalo de 1,99x10-6 a 3,10 x10-5 mol L-1 (R=0,997) apresentaram valores de limites de detecção e de quantificação de 5,83 x 10-7 mol L-1 e 1,94 x 10-6mol L-1, respectivamente. O ECC-Ru foi aplicado para determinação de paracetamol em diferentes amostras (comprimido e solução oral) por VOQ e quando comparados aos resultados obtidos pelo método farmacopeico (UV-Vis) não apresentam diferença significativa em um nível de confiança de 95%.