A regulamentação do livre acesso aos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição possibilitou aos agentes do setor elétrico o direito à utilização dos sistemas elétricos mediante ressarcimento dos respectivos custos. O livre acesso é parte do processo de reestruturação do setor elétrico que visava ao atendimento da expansão da demanda de energia com a liberalização do mercado energético nacional, promovendo a competitividade entre os agentes. Com o livre acesso, surgiu a necessidade de desenvolver métodos eficientes de remuneração pelo uso dos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição, de modo a incentivar o acesso racional a essas redes, minimizando os custos com ampliações e otimizando a operação do sistema elétrico interligado (SIN) e das redes de distribuição. Nesse sentido, definiu-se uma metodologia para o cálculo das tarifas de uso dos sistemas de transmissão (TUST), que procura sinalizar o impacto individual causado pelos usuários na rede, enquanto que as tarifas de uso dos sistemas de distribuição (TUSD) foram definidas a partir dos Custos Marginais de Expansão para cada nível de tensão destes sistemas. Entretanto, a metodologia de TUSD implementada não se aplicava ao segmento geração, que passou a ser cobrado pelo menor valor do segmento consumo, ou ainda, por valores médios regionais da concessionária. O modelo de tarifação empregado, considerado provisório desde 1999, provocava distorções na sinalização econômica e na competitividade entre os agentes, além de não incentivar as centrais geradoras na busca dos melhores pontos de acesso às redes de distribuição. Em janeiro de 2009, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), com o objetivo de sanar as distorções existentes, publicou outra metodologia para o cálculo das TUSD de centrais geradores (TUSDg). Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar a nova metodologia estabelecida pela ANEEL para o cálculo da TUSDg, apresentando uma discussão sobre a metodologia adotada e os principais conceitos envolvidos, assim como uma variante metodológica focada no mesmo objetivo. / Since the free access regulation for the transmission and distribution power systems, the use of the networks is permited taking into account an appropriate charge, in order to compensate part of the systems cost to the grid owners. Electrical sector reforms, including the free access regulation, aim at to satisfy the electricity demand expansion that happened in consequence of the Brazilian electricity market liberalization, promoting competition between agents. Along with the free access, the need for efficient methods for establishing the transmission and distribution use of system\'s charge has emerged, aiming at to promote the rational access to the transmission and distribution networks, in order to minimize the expansion investments and to optimize the National Interconnected System and distribution grids operation. The methodology to calculate the TUOS charge (Transmission use of system charge) has been defined to show the individual impact caused by the net\'s users, and the DUOS charge (Distribution use of system charge) to compensate expansion costs in each network voltage level. However, the DUOS charge excluded the generation sector, that was charged by the smallest value of consumer\'s sector, or by their average of regional values. The methodology for the calculation of the Duos Charge used since 1999 was considered provisory and has caused distortions in the economic sign and also in the competitiveness between the agents. Furthermore, it didn\'t encourage the generator agents to look for the better access points in distribution systems. In January this year, the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL, in Portuguese initials) has defined another methodology to calculate the DUOS charge for generating agents in order to correct such distortions. This work analyses the new methodology, discussing its main characteristics and presenting another option to calculate the DUOS charge for generation plants, aiming at the same purpose.

A regulamentação do livre acesso aos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição possibilitou aos agentes do setor elétrico o direito à utilização dos sistemas elétricos mediante ressarcimento dos respectivos custos. O livre acesso é parte do processo de reestruturação do setor elétrico que visava ao atendimento da expansão da demanda de energia com a liberalização do mercado energético nacional, promovendo a competitividade entre os agentes. Com o livre acesso, surgiu a necessidade de desenvolver métodos eficientes de remuneração pelo uso dos sistemas de transmissão e distribuição, de modo a incentivar o acesso racional a essas redes, minimizando os custos com ampliações e otimizando a operação do sistema elétrico interligado (SIN) e das redes de distribuição. Nesse sentido, definiu-se uma metodologia para o cálculo das tarifas de uso dos sistemas de transmissão (TUST), que procura sinalizar o impacto individual causado pelos usuários na rede, enquanto que as tarifas de uso dos sistemas de distribuição (TUSD) foram definidas a partir dos Custos Marginais de Expansão para cada nível de tensão destes sistemas. Entretanto, a metodologia de TUSD implementada não se aplicava ao segmento geração, que passou a ser cobrado pelo menor valor do segmento consumo, ou ainda, por valores médios regionais da concessionária. O modelo de tarifação empregado, considerado provisório desde 1999, provocava distorções na sinalização econômica e na competitividade entre os agentes, além de não incentivar as centrais geradoras na busca dos melhores pontos de acesso às redes de distribuição. Em janeiro de 2009, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), com o objetivo de sanar as distorções existentes, publicou outra metodologia para o cálculo das TUSD de centrais geradores (TUSDg). Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar a nova metodologia estabelecida pela ANEEL para o cálculo da TUSDg, apresentando uma discussão sobre a metodologia adotada e os principais conceitos envolvidos, assim como uma variante metodológica focada no mesmo objetivo. / Since the free access regulation for the transmission and distribution power systems, the use of the networks is permited taking into account an appropriate charge, in order to compensate part of the systems cost to the grid owners. Electrical sector reforms, including the free access regulation, aim at to satisfy the electricity demand expansion that happened in consequence of the Brazilian electricity market liberalization, promoting competition between agents. Along with the free access, the need for efficient methods for establishing the transmission and distribution use of system\'s charge has emerged, aiming at to promote the rational access to the transmission and distribution networks, in order to minimize the expansion investments and to optimize the National Interconnected System and distribution grids operation. The methodology to calculate the TUOS charge (Transmission use of system charge) has been defined to show the individual impact caused by the net\'s users, and the DUOS charge (Distribution use of system charge) to compensate expansion costs in each network voltage level. However, the DUOS charge excluded the generation sector, that was charged by the smallest value of consumer\'s sector, or by their average of regional values. The methodology for the calculation of the Duos Charge used since 1999 was considered provisory and has caused distortions in the economic sign and also in the competitiveness between the agents. Furthermore, it didn\'t encourage the generator agents to look for the better access points in distribution systems. In January this year, the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL, in Portuguese initials) has defined another methodology to calculate the DUOS charge for generating agents in order to correct such distortions. This work analyses the new methodology, discussing its main characteristics and presenting another option to calculate the DUOS charge for generation plants, aiming at the same purpose.

Since the Employment Service Act was promulgated in 1992, the principle of foreign labor policy of Taiwan Government had changed a few times; unemployment among Taiwanese is very high, but the number of foreign laborers is still increasing. Employers prefer to hire foreign laborers because they will accept low wages and are very willing to work overtime. Because most of these businesses provide accommodations for foreign workers, and they employ more than sixty percent of all foreigners working in Taiwan, it is important to understand the management of foreign workers. This thesis makes use of literature review, statistical analysis of data, and on-site visits. On-site visits enabled discovery of some conditions and problems associated with the management of foreigners employed in business. Further discussion focuses on the related laws and regulations for management of foreign workers, on the actual situation of management, and on the external agency fee of foreign laborers. The Labor Standard Act ensures the basic rights of those foreign laborers employed by business, but the management still encounters some problems related to foreigners working and living in Taiwan during their employment. In conclusion, the difficulties depend on whether the employer carefully supervises their foreign laborers, and on the quality of service from the employment agency. In order to effectively resolve the issue of business¡¦s management of foreign laborers, it is necessary for the responsible authorities to revise related laws and regulations, to enhance the foreign workers¡¦ counseling and services, and to implement inspections.