Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to provide a complex overview of selection of toll system fees for the usage of charged sections of highways and first class roads in countries Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Czech Republic in present time. Familiarization with various types of toll systems used in Europe, with legislative preconditions for pricing of road infrastructure in European Union and with basic principles of freight and road transport. A part of thesis is a description of companies' functioning which intermediate payments for the usage of charged road communications. Followed by a proposal of common toll system for countries of Visegrad Four, its technical aspect, price calculation and legislative requirements for its introduction into practice. At the end of thesis there are recommendations and possibilities of this system implementation into commom european toll system.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19882号 / 理博第4209号 / 新制||理||1605(附属図書館) / 32959 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 中家 剛, 教授 谷森 達, 教授 永江 知文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

For my thesis I have decided to use this time, these 100 days to develop my own practice through the form of an architectural manifesto.

This project encompasses the implementation of a computational model to simulate the microfluidic separation of like-charged particles in a continuous flow environment. By accomplishing this task the model can be used to optimize future fractionations by tailoring the process parameters to the properties of the target particles. The primary goal of this project is to develop a vectorized code within Matlab® that captures a sufficient quantity of the physics in separations to assist with the optimization and design of microfluidic systems. This project differs from other computational models in that it utilizes a personal computer to run the simulation in an optimized format rather than utilizing a highly parallelized system for the computing. Based on previous literature from computational models of fluid-particle systems a model was developed to simulate the separation process. Computational experiments of separation processes were conducted with this model to validate the simulation and to investigate the impacts of microfluidic fractionation parameters on the purity and yield of like charged particles in a continuous flow environment. By adapting the input parameters the separation results can be customized for the particles in the sample. The implementation and use of this this model can improve the efficiency of separation processes.

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In this thesis, we review the basics of phenomenology in particle physics at neutrino beam dump experiments and hadron colliders. We then consider the phenomenology of various new particles, with masses between 1 MeV and 1 TeV, at the intensity and energy frontiers. We perform sensitivity analyses for physics beyond the standard model at particle colliders (LEP and LHC) and a number of past and future neutrino beam dump experiments (SHiP, DUNE, LSND, MicroBooNE, MiniBooNE and SBND). In particular, we motivate searches for new heavy neutral leptons in single photon events at neutrino and collider experiments (and also via supernova cooling), millicharged particles in single electron events at neutrino experiments, lepton flavor violating scalars via standard model induced mixed flavor neutrino trident production at neutrino experiments, and colored scalar doublets at colliders in events with many jets, soft leptons and low missing energy. In the process, we set novel new bounds on the parameters of these theories and propose powerful new searches that can be performed. We also motivate the construction of a new detector at the LHC called milliQan, and perform a full Geant4 simulation to calculate its projected sensitivity for millicharged particles. The milliQan experiment has since been approved and is currently undergoing construction. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In this thesis, we review the basics of particle physics at neutrino experiments and particle colliders. We then motivate and develop key searches that can be performed to look for new particles at a series of existing and future experiments. We focus on new particles with masses between the electron mass and 1000 times the proton mass. The many searches we consider involve looking for processes that produce a single ray of light, a single electron, a pair of oppositely charged "electron-like" events, new collider signatures, and/or modifications of star explosions. In the process, we set novel new bounds on many theories. We also motivate the construction of a new detector at the Large Hadron Collider called milliQan, and perform a full simulation to assess its future performance. The milliQan experiment has since been approved and is currently undergoing construction.

Novel on-line methods are presented for the extraction, preconcentration and analysis of zwitterionic biomolecules using sol-gel-coated columns coupled to a conventional UV/visible detector. The presented approaches do not require any additional modification of the commercially available standard CE instrument. Extraction, stacking, and focusing techniques were used in the preconcentration procedures. The positively charged sol-gel coatings were created using N-octadecyldimethyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl) proply]ammonium chloride (C18-TMS) in the coating sol solutions. Due to the presence of a positively charged quaternary ammonium moiety in C18-TMS, the resulting sol-gel coating carried a positive charge. The negatively charged sol-gel coatings were due to the presence of sulfonate groups, which was formed from the oxidation of thiol groups in precursor mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) by hydrogen peroxide. Besides MPTMS, tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and n-octadecyltriethoxysilane (C18-TEOS) were also used to prepare the sol solution for the creation of the negatively charged coatings. For extraction, the pH of the samples was properly adjusted to impart a net charge opposite to the sol-gel coatings. When a long plug of the sample was passed through the sol-gel-coated capillary, extraction was achieved via electrostatic interaction between the charged sol-gel coating and the charged sample molecules. The extracted analytes were then desorbed and focused via local pH change and stacking. The local pH change was accomplished by passing buffer solutions with proper pH values, while a dynamic pH junction between the sample solution and the background electrolyte was utilized to facilitate solute focusing. The developed methods showed excellent extraction and preconcentration effects on both positively and negatively charged sol-gel-coated columns. On-line preconcentration and analysis results obtained on the sol-gel coated columns were compared with those obtained on an uncoated fused silica capillary of identical dimensions using conventional sample injections. The described procedure provided a 150 000-fold enrichment effect for alanine on the positively charged sol-gel-coated column. On the negatively charged sol-gel-coated column, the presented sample preconcentration technique provided a sensitivity enhancement factor (SEF) on the order of 3 x 103 for myoglobin, and 7 x 103 for asparagines. The developed methods provided acceptable repeatability in terms of both peak height and migration time.

The mass of carbon trapped in methane hydrates exceeds that in conventional fossil fuel reservoirs. While methane in coarse-grained hydrate-bearing sediments is technically recoverable, most methane hydrates are found in fine-grained marine sediments where gas recovery is inherently impeded by very low gas permeability. Using experimental methods and analyses, this thesis advances the understanding of fine-grained sediments in view of gas production from methane hydrates. The research scope includes: a new approach for the classification of fines in terms of electrical sensitivity, the estimation of the sediment volume contraction during hydrate dissociation, a pore-scale study of gas migration in sediments and the self-regulation effect of surfactants, the formation of preferential gas migration pathways at interfaces during gas production, pressure core technology for the characterization of hydrate bearing sediments without causing hydrate dissociation, and the deployment of a bio-sub-sampling chamber in Japan.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Several experiments [1, 2, 3, 4] have shown that e ective attractive interactions exist between con ned like-charged macromolecules. Theoretical approaches have not reached consensus as to precisely what the mechanism for the attraction is, but it is agreed that comprehending the role of the counterion arrangement around macromolecules is crucial for understanding the e ective macromolecule interactions. It is generally assumed that attraction only occurs in the limit of strong electrostatic coupling and is driven by correlation e ects that are neglible in a mean- eld approach, which is valid in the weak-coupling limit. However, in some experimental situations attraction occurs even in the limit of weak-coupling. We consider a eld-theoretic approach that includes uctuations to study the Coulomb interactions of con ned counterions with a single exible charged spherical macromolecule that can expand or collapse uniformly by changing its radius. We show how the linearised eld-theory (valid in the weak-coupling limit) is mapped onto the square-well potential of Quantum Mechanics. The con nement leads to bound states being present in the spectrum at all times. Bound states are non-perturbative and we investigate the role they play in the physics of the system. Some of the e ects are rather counter-intuitive. Firstly, upon expanding the macromolecule in a xed con nement volume, the uctuation part of the free energy favours a decrease in the free energy. Secondly, upon increasing the temperature to high but nite values, the uctuation contribution does not dominate the free energy as would be expected. The mathematical origins of these e ects are dicussed in detail and as part of the analysis we introduce a novel regularisation scheme for computing the functional determinant arising in the model considered where the cut-o is speci ed unambiguously in terms of physical parameters. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie eksperimente [1, 2, 3, 4] toon dat makro-ione met gelyksoortige ladings, in `n eindige volume, `n e ektiewe aantrekkende krag ondervind. Alhoewel daar nog geen konsensus oor die presiese meganisme vir die aantrekking bereik is nie, is dit duidelik dat die rol van \counter-ion" rangskikking rondom die makro-ione belangrik is om die e ektiewe wisselwerkings te verstaan. Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat die aantrekkende krag slegs in die limiet van sterk elektrostatiese koppeling plaasvind en dat dit `n gevolg van \counter-ion" korrelasies is wat weglaatbaar is in `n gemiddelde veld benadering, wat geldig is in die limiet van swak elektrostatiese koppeling. Daar bestaan egter eksperimentele situasies waar die aantrekking in die limiet van swak elektrostatiese koppeling waargeneem word. Ons bestudeer die Coulomb wisselwerking tussen \counter-ions" en `n enkele rekbare sferiese makro-ioon vanuit `n veld-teoretiese beskouing wat uktuasies in ag neem. Die sferiese makro-ioon kan vergroot of verklein deur sy radius uniform te verander. Ons toon aan dat die gelineariseerde veldeteorie (geldig in die limiet van swak elektrostatiese koppeling) op die eindige-diepte put Kwantummeganiese model afgebeeld kan word. Die eindige volume van die sisteem het tot gevolg dat daar altyd gebonde toestande in die spektrum voorkom. Gebonde toestande is `n suiwer nie-steuringsteoretiese e ek en ons ondersoek die rol wat dit speel in die sika van die sisteem. Die teenwoordigheid van die gebonde toestande in die spektrum het `n paar teen-intuitiewe e ekte tot gevolg. Eerstens word die vrye energie verlaag soos die makro-ioon in `n eindige volume vergroot. Tweedens oorheers die uktuasie bydrae nie die vrye energie met toenemende temperatuur soos verwag sou word nie. Ons bespreek die wiskundige oorsprong van hierdie e ekte. As deel van die analise ontwikkel ons `n nuwe regulariseringstegniek vir die berekening van funksionaalintegrale waar die regulariseringsparameter ondubbelsinnig in terme van siese hoeveelhede uitgedruk kan word.