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The aim of this thesis is to analyse Anglo-Dutch relations in this highly volatile period, as perceived and interpreted by both sides, and it also closes the gap between the notable theses of Grayson and Groenveld. On 23 August 1625 Charles I and the Dutch Republic concluded a partnership agreement for joint warfare at sea and a month later a treaty for war against Spain. In December 1625 England, Denmark and the Republic signed treaties to establish the nucleus of an alliance against the Austrian Habsburgs. Charles wanted an active role in continental politics. Also to compel Spain to support his aim to restore his exiled sister Elizabeth and husband Count Elector Frederick V to their Palatinate estates and Frederick to his Electoral dignities in the Empire. The Dutch wanted England as an active partner in their war with Spain. It was a partnership of convenience, with different objectives but with the intention that success would serve the interests of both. The perceptions of the partnership were also different. Charles saw it as a continuation from Dutch dependence on England in 1585 but in 1625 the Dutch saw themselves as strong enough on land and sea to withstand mighty Spain. However, their objective to have their sovereignty internationally acknowledged contrasted with Charles' wider foreign policy objectives. The successful diplomacy of the first nine months was followed by a premature Anglo-Dutch attack on Spain at Cadiz which met with defeat; it remained England's only military action against Spain. In 1627 England went to war with France in support of the Huguenots but had to withdraw. After the Cadiz expedition Charles expected the Dutch to join the Danes at war in the Empire and his own war against France, an atavistic notion that the Dutch in some vague sense were indebted to the English crown and would serve English interests.

This study is concerned with the nature of the parish ministry in the diocese of Canterbury and archdeaconry of Bedford, its educational, professional, economic and social status, its work and its relations with the laity. It is also concerned with the impact of the Civil War and Interregnum on the profession. The pre-Civil War clergy formed a professional group with its own hierarchy, set of rules, rudimentary form of training and career structure. There was a strong sense of professional identity amongst them. The parish ministry was a popular profession in which most ministers could expect resonable renumeration and some chance of promotion. It can be termed a distinct social group, reasonably close to the gentry in social standing. It is likely that most ministers fulfilled their duties; and it is also likely that behind many presentments for clerical negligence lay local conflicts. Between the Scylla and Charybdis of Arminianism and Laudianism on the one hand and Puritanism on the other lay the Anglicanism of the majority of the pre-Civil War clergy. The 1640's and 1650's was a period of extreme but temporary dislocation for the profession. A significant number of ministers were deprived of their livings. Few of these were avid Laudians or implacable opponents of parliament. Many ministers found it difficult to collect their tithes. However, the overall adverse effects of the upheavals of this period should not be exaggerated, for a number of the ejected ministers made peace with parliament and were given new livings. Others were restored to the Church in the early 1660%. Most ministers escaped ejection; and many Anglican ministers survived in their livings undisturbed and it is likely that a number still used the traditional liturgy. The Anglican Church thus survived at a local level into the Restoration period.

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ABSTRACT This thesis aims to (re)examine the breakdown of consensus that led to the outbreak of the English Revolution. It aims to do so from the particular perspective of a group of moderate godly laymen, commonly known as the 'Junto', who played a prominent role in the religious and political machinations of the Long Parliament before the outbreak of hostilities in 1642. Of particular concern is an exploration of the ideological background of these men in order to delineate possible contours of continuity of thought and action extending from the 1620s to the Long Parliament; an objective which has been facilitated via the deployment of a kind of micro-prosopographical methodology which focuses more on qualitative rather than quantitative 'ties of association'. With a view towards charting such contours of continuity, the 1630s provide the crux of the thesis. To this purpose, a number of ties of association have been interrogated including the involvement of these men in colonisation schemes (in particular the Providence Island Company); their resistive action to prerogative taxation; the efficacy of godly communitarian and social ties; and their association with the irenic schemes of John Dury and Samuel Hartlib. Deeply contextualised analysis of such ties of association has the potential to reveal and reframe previously obscured contours of continuity. Furthermore, this focus not only sheds light on this important yet relatively neglected decade but also contributes to a growing body of post-revisionist research by reappraising the revisionist emphasis on short-term and non-ideological causes of the English Revolution. This thesis demonstrates that, for these men at least, there can be discerned a continuity of dissident ideological thought and action stemming from the mid-1620s and receiving its fullest expression in the Grand Remonstrance of November 1641. Moreover, although this dissident ideological framework had political/constitutional implications, it was fundamentally religious in origin and nature, stemming as it did from a reaction to the Arminianism of the Caroline ecclesiastical establishment in the 1620s and its subsequent Laudian efflorescence in the 1630s. Thus this thesis demonstrates that for these men the causes of the English Revolution were essentially religious in nature.

Le but de ce projet est d'étudier la mise en récit de l'exécution du roi d'Angleterre Charles Ier (1649), en prenant pour point de départ un texte publié la même année, au moment même de la mort du roi, Eikon Basilike. Ce texte singulier se présente à l'origine comme une autobiographie spirituelle du roi, mais les nombreuses éditions, adaptations, ou traductions dont il fait l'objet au cours du XVIIe siècle, en Angleterre et dans le reste de l'Europe, transforment peu à peu cette publication, par des ajouts successifs d'auteurs divers, des commentaires, en une mise en récit singulière du discours politique et religieux aussi bien que de la représentation du roi, c'est-à-dire « l'image royale », ou eikon basilike. C'est cette « mise en récit » qui est l'objet principal de la recherche : comment se raconte l'histoire royale à travers ces diverses publications ? L’enjeu de l’étude est de comprendre comment l’image du roi s’adapte face à 1649 et ce que cette transformation nous révèle sur la société anglaise de la première modernité. Le projet de thèse entend étudier l'écriture, la réception, et l'impact de ce texte sur la représentation du roi et de la Monarchie. / The aim of the project is to study the representations of King Charles I (1649), starting with a book published a few days after his execution, Eikon Basilike. First, this text seems to be a spiritual autobiography of the king, but all the editions, translations and reviews, published in the seventeenth century in England and in the rest of Europe, transformed the view we had on this text. It became a representation of the political and religious problems of that time and a representation of the king, that is to say 'the royal portrait', or Eikon Basilike. It is this representation which is to be studied here: how the Royal history is told through these numerous publications? The purpose of this work is to understand how the king’s image is changing in order to respond to 1649, and to see what those changes reveal about the Early Modern English society. The aim is to study the writing, the reading and the impact of this text on the representation of the king and of the Monarchy.

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Anthony van Dyck's contemporary vision of sovereignty and knighthood made him the principal image-maker in England during the 1630s. His portraits of Charles I exemplified the Arcadian realm and philosophies held at court, as well as complying with the artistic and historical traditions of English painting. As a celebration of Monarchy by Divine Right, Van Dyck's portrayals of the Sovereign summarize the philosophical concepts of knighthood expressed in the Platonic Love theory and the Order of the Garter. Charles I was Defensor Fides, Pater Patriae, the suitor to his lady, and the courtly gentleman--all roles of the knight. Beyond his stylistic influence, Van Dyck's foremost contribution was the endowment of maiestas to the royal image, followed by divine apotheosis for posterity. A better understanding of Van Dyck's Charles as the Garter Sovereign leads us to modify our perception of the artist, since he became the painter of contemporary British history.