A detailed analysis of data taken on an oceanographic survey of Chatham Sound in the spring and summer of 1948 is presented. The primary purpose of the survey was to determine, if possible, whether there was any obvious characteristic of the water in the region which could be correlated with the known migration of salmon to the spawning grounds up the Nass and Skeena Rivers. The path taken by the fresh water between the river mouths and the more open waters of Dixon Entrance and Hecate Strait is shown to depend on the volume of fresh water discharged from the rivers. The rivers reach their peak discharge in late May or early June and during this period the amount of fresh water in the sound is 3 - 4 times the average. The effect of tides on the distribution of properties is also discussed. Anchor stations occupied for periods varying from 10 - 40 hours indicates that as a rule there is a good correlation between tidal, salinity, and temperature cycles. Dynamic calculations giving velocities, volume and fresh water transports have been made. During normal river discharge conditions, the agreement with the observed velocities, and fresh water discharge determined from gauge readings, suggests that even in these coastal waters there is an approximate balance between the horizontal pressure gradients and the coriolis force associated, with the motion. Stations at the mouth of Portland Inlet exhibit an apparent balance at all times which suggests that transverse inertial and fractional forces are slight compared with the transverse pressure gradient and coriolis force. Evidence of a variation in geopotential slope as the result of tidal variation is proposed. The relatively large tidal amplitudes together with the wide and rapid fluctuations in river discharges make it exceedingly difficult to obtain reliable synoptic observations over the entire Sound. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Au Québec, d’importants dépôts d’argile marine ont été mis en place lors de la dernière déglaciation. Ces argiles peuvent devenir sensibles suite au lessivage des ions contenus dans leur eau interstitielle. Des glissements de terrain majeurs peuvent alors se produire dans ces dépôts d’argile sensible, ce qui constitue une menace pour les infrastructures civiles et les populations établies dans ces secteurs. Parmi les méthodes géophysiques d’investigation de proche surface, la mesure de la résistivité électrique présente un bon potentiel pour déceler les variations de la salinité de l’eau interstitielle dans un dépôt argileux. Afin de tester ce potentiel, une campagne d’investigation géophysique et géotechnique d’un dépôt argileux a été réalisée dans la vallée du ruisseau des Vases à Brownsburg au Québec. Cette campagne incluait un profilage de polarisation provoquée de 1,6 km de longueur, six essais de pénétration au piézocône avec mesure de la résistivité électrique et cinq forages avec échantillonnage. Différentes mesures géotechniques et chimiques ont aussi été réalisées sur les échantillons d’argile et sur leur eau interstitielle. Selon les résultats obtenus, des variations de résistivité électrique, de résistance au cisaillement du sol à l’état remanié et de la salinité ont été observées le long de la vallée. Des écarts importants jusqu’à 20 Ωm ont été notés entre les différentes méthodes de mesure de la résistivité électrique. Des corrélations empiriques ont été établies entre la résistivité électrique, la salinité et la résistance au cisaillement du sol à l’état remanié. Pour les argiles de Brownsburg, une résistivité électrique supérieure à 3 Ωm indique qu’un lessivage important s’est produit et que les argiles sont suffisamment sensibles pour qu’un grand glissement de terrain s’y produise. C’est le cas de toute la section du dépôt d’argile étudié, à l’exception d’une petite portion au nord du ruisseau des Vases où le dépôt est plus épais, moins lessivé et dont la résistivité électrique est plus faible. / In Quebec, thick marine clay deposits were formed during the last glaciation. Following the leaching of salts in the pore water of these deposits, the clays can become sensitive. Such deposits of sensitive clay are prone to large landslides and constitute a threat for the population established in those areas and man-made infrastructure built on these deposits. Due to the variations in salinity of pore water in a clay deposit, the measurement of electrical resistivity appears as an appropriate near-surface geophysical method for the investigation of sensitive clays. To assess this potential of none destructive investigation, a geophysical and geotechnical campaign has been carried out in the Vases Creek Valley in Brownsburg, Quebec. In addition to a 1.6 km-long induced polarization survey, six cone penetration tests with pore pressure and electrical resistivity measurements, and five boreholes with soil sampling have been performed along this geophysical survey line. Geotechnical and chemical properties of clay samples and pore water extracted from these samples have also been measured. Significant variations in electrical resistivity, remoulded shear strength and salinity have been observed along the survey line. Difference as large as 20 Ωm between the methods has been noted. Empirical correlations have been established between electrical resistivity, salinity and remoulded shear strength. For electrical resistivity values lower than 3 Ωm in the Brownsburg clays, the salts leaching is enough to make the clay become sensitive and to increase the potential for large landslides. Except for a small section located north of the Vases Creek where the clay deposit is thicker and less leached than the other sections with electrical resistivity lower than 3 Ωm, the clay deposit investigated at Brownsburg is sensitive and prone to large landslides.

Dans une première partie, ce mémoire présente l'analyse de l'étalement latéral d'octobre 1988 à Brownsburg-Chatham. Québec. La rupture s'est développée dans un dépôt argileux de la mer de Champlain faiblement surconsolidé (OCR entre 1.1 et 1.4) ayant une résistance au cisaillement non drainé plus faible que 30 kPa, et des indices de liquidité variant entre 1.4 et 2.4. La présence de forts gradients hydrauliques en pied de talus a possiblement contribué au développement d'une instabilité à cet endroit. Dans la seconde partie du mémoire, la caractérisation géotechnique et géomorphologique de la vallée a permis de mettre en évidence que la distribution des coulées argileuses observées le long de la vallée à Brownsburg-Chatham est clairement contrôlée par la salinité de l'eau interstitielle du sol et la hauteur des talus. Les analyses réalisées n'ont pas permis d'identifier le ou les facteurs pouvant expliquer le développement des étalements latéraux. Toutefois, il semble que ce type de mouvement requiert des caractéristiques du sol assez semblables à celles nécessaires au développement de coulées argileuses.

This study critically assesses the appropriateness of the governance system used to control all aspects of oil exploration and production within the Nigeria São Tomé and Príncipe Joint Development Zone (NSTP-JDZ). The motivation for carrying out the research emerged from a review of the literature on oil and gas joint venture operations which straddle more than one country’s borders. In the case of the NSTP-JDZ, several reports had criticised its governance practices but had failed to provide a rigorous analysis to substantiate their claims. The study therefore contributes to the literature relating to the governance of oil and gas joint development zones. A mixed method approach was used in the empirical research and the results were analysed against a globally acknowledged good governance theoretical framework. The results confirmed that there are major flaws in the NSTP-JDZ governance system, although there are also positive aspects of the practices. Four areas of concern were identified: Firstly, inadequate personnel skills were impairing management of the zone to such an extent that it could not be guaranteed that resources will be safeguarded for the benefits of future generation. Secondly, control of resources was severely impaired by an uncertainty about who had the authority to implement actions and, of more concern, by political and other conflicting interventions in the management decisions of the NSTP-JDA. Thirdly, the findings indicated the need for improvement in the audit procedures and communication culture between local communities and NSTP-JDZ operators. Lastly, there was a body of opinion that employment practices within the zone were unfair. In addition to identifying the above deficiencies in the governance system, the study has identified and analysed differences in views on governance issues between key stakeholders in the zone. These differences are important as they may well pinpoint why the governance system is deficient and, more importantly, reveal how the governance system can be improved. The vested interests of stakeholders are known to shape stakeholder views and, when there are stakeholders from different countries representing their nation’s interests, these differences can be acute; the findings may be extrapolated to other joint development zones although the various characteristics of the parties involved in each zone will affect the degree to which it is applicable. Finally, the study may have significant economic consequences for both Nigeria and the São Tomé and Príncipe - bearing in mind the importance of oil resources to both countries.

A global extinction event has been documented in protozoan foraminifera in the late Pliocene to Pleistocene. The timing of the extinction event varied depending on location, however for Ocean Drilling Project Site 1125, disappearances occurred between 2.5 and 0.57 Ma, with the major decline approximately 1.1 Ma. In order to determine if this event affected benthic organisms other than protozoans, this study was undertaken to determine how podocopid ostracods (Crustacea) recovered Ocean Drilling Program Site 1125 responded. The present study was hindered by the small number of valves recovered; the fact that a large proportion of taxa found were undescribed and new to science; and the current state of taxonomic scheme that is under significant revision. These factors meant that a comprehensive comparison could not be achieved. Despite this, counts of ostracod valves and assessments of diversity from this study reveal a significant increase in both parameters from approximately 900-600 ka. Three possible causes were investigated to account for this increase, sediment type and sample size; affects of taphonomy, mainly dissolution; or an actual biotic 'event'. Statistical analyses showed that although sample size did have some effect, it was not the sole reason for the increase in ostracod numbers. Dissolution had an expected affect on the percentage of juveniles but no correlations were found with other sample characteristics. Sedimentation rate was investigated but this also proved unrelated. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in total ostracod valves and diversity which occurs between 900 and 600 ka was in fact a natural, biotic 'event'. This preliminary evidence suggests that an oceanographic event that has negatively impacted on the foraminifers has had the reverse affect on the ostracod assemblage, in the sense that both population size and diversity increase during that time.

The Quaternary geology of Chatham Island has been investigated using several different techniques, including: tephrochronology, mineralogy, palynology and stratigraphy; in an attempt to draw together a Quaternary history for the Island. The Quaternary record of Chatham Island comprises mainly deposits from terrestrial environments, predominantly thick blanket peats and aeolian sand, all of which range from latest Castlecliffian to Haweran/Recent in age. Quaternary deposits that demonstratably predate this age range (i.e. > Oxygen Isotope Stage 12) have not been recognised anywhere on the Island. Their absence is, at this stage, attributed to a major marine transgression across much of the northern and central portions of the Island during Oxygen Isotope Stage 11. Two rhyolitic tephra produced during two of the largest eruptions from the Taupo Volcanic Zone are present on Chatham Island. The 27.1 ka Kawakawa Tephra is well preserved across most of the Island, occurring within most pre-Holocene sequences. The 345 ka Rangitawa Tephra, not previously recognised on Chatham Island, is found in a few scattered coastal locations where older, late Castlecliffian sediments are preserved. In the absence of any other forms of radiometric age control these two tephras have provided the principal means for time control within and between stratigraphic sequences on the Island. Palynology has been used predominantly to determine climatic conditions at the time of sediment accumulation. Palynological investigations of seven sections of peat deposits have also demonstrated that cyclic changes in vegetation patterns have occurred throughout the Quaternary on Chatham Island. However these changes have not been as significant as those that occurred on mainland New Zealand over the Quaternary. It is concluded that this indicates climatic deterioration during glacials may not have been as pronounced on Chatham Island as on the mainland. Marine terraces created during former high sea level stands are preserved in several areas on Chatham Island. Quaternary terrace surfaces ranging in age from Last Interglacial (OIS 5e) to OIS 11 occur at heights of 3-5 m, 9 – 10 m, 16 m, 20 m and 30 - 40 m above sea level. An exhumed surface of Late Pliocene age occurs at 7 – 14 m a.s.l.. Terrace ages have been determined using cover-bed stratigraphy, and in particular the presence or absence of tephra marker beds. Height-age relationships of marine terraces have been used to develop preliminary rates of tectonic uplift on Chatham Island. The resulting values range between 0.01 – 0.13 mm/yr and are very low compared with more tectonically active areas of mainland New Zealand. However, there is considerable variation in these rates across Chatham Island, indicating that the tectonic history of the Island over the Quaternary may be complex. This thesis has also demonstrated that considerably more work is required to fully understand the Quaternary history of Chatham Island. In particular, better numerical age control on key deposits; more detailed, high-resolution pollen records from key locations; and obtaining stratigraphic records from a greater range of locations. This is particularly so for the southern uplands where older records are virtually inaccessible due to a thick blanketing of post-glacial peat deposits.

Studies of the political reactions of both the ‘county’ community and various provincial towns during the English Civil War have been tackled over the past fifty years. However no individual modern study has been undertaken of a Kent town or city for this period; neither has an examination of the relationship between two neighbouring strategic towns. This thesis intends to examine the relationship between the cathedral city of Rochester and adjacent dockyard town of Chatham in Kent from 1640 to 1660, which were both vital strategically to maintain the Parliamentarian stranglehold over the county. There is much debate in recent historiography whether those below the gentry had access to and participated in the current ideological debates. This study explores the political and religious reactions of Rochester and Chatham inhabitants to the upheaval of the English Revolution with the contention that those below the gentry were both able to understand the wider discussions and participate in them. The townsfolk were both articulate and able to couch their responses and concerns within a wider ideological framework. They expressed their opinion to central government by a variety of means, exploiting whatever weaponry was at hand. Local people’s reactions and allegiance did not standstill, but shifted with the changing circumstances of civil war. Current research has demonstrated that the religious radicalism of the English Revolution created both diversity and conflict; particularly in the county of Kent. Yet no detailed study of the impact of religious radicalism upon a local community has so far been attempted. Part of this thesis investigates the effect that a proliferation of different religious groups had upon the Medway Towns of Rochester and Chatham. Whilst some people embraced the new sects and ideas circulating, others felt threatened by the changes taking place and responded by attacking these radical beliefs and preachers. Religious diversity was to a degree tolerated, but when it threatened the perceived social order the authorities were quick to act and prevent the spread of ‘erroneous’ ideas.

A global extinction event has been documented in protozoan foraminifera in the late Pliocene to Pleistocene. The timing of the extinction event varied depending on location, however for Ocean Drilling Project Site 1125, disappearances occurred between 2.5 and 0.57 Ma, with the major decline approximately 1.1 Ma. In order to determine if this event affected benthic organisms other than protozoans, this study was undertaken to determine how podocopid ostracods (Crustacea) recovered Ocean Drilling Program Site 1125 responded. The present study was hindered by the small number of valves recovered; the fact that a large proportion of taxa found were undescribed and new to science; and the current state of taxonomic scheme that is under significant revision. These factors meant that a comprehensive comparison could not be achieved. Despite this, counts of ostracod valves and assessments of diversity from this study reveal a significant increase in both parameters from approximately 900-600 ka. Three possible causes were investigated to account for this increase, sediment type and sample size; affects of taphonomy, mainly dissolution; or an actual biotic 'event'. Statistical analyses showed that although sample size did have some effect, it was not the sole reason for the increase in ostracod numbers. Dissolution had an expected affect on the percentage of juveniles but no correlations were found with other sample characteristics. Sedimentation rate was investigated but this also proved unrelated. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in total ostracod valves and diversity which occurs between 900 and 600 ka was in fact a natural, biotic 'event'. This preliminary evidence suggests that an oceanographic event that has negatively impacted on the foraminifers has had the reverse affect on the ostracod assemblage, in the sense that both population size and diversity increase during that time.

Thesis (D.W.S.)--Robert E. Webber Institute for Worship Studies, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-127).

Thesis (D.W.S.)--Robert E. Webber Institute for Worship Studies, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-127).