This thesis represents a human history of Tl’chés (Discovery and Chatham Islands) roughly between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. It presents Songhees and Settler life on the archipelago, as well as the dispossession of Songhees lands. Detailing processes of colonialism, as well as Songhees resistance to it, this thesis represents a microcosm of colonialism as it unfolded in the lands now called British Columbia. / Graduate

In order to understand a sentence fully, one must understand its parts and the way they work. A complete sentence, in its most simple form, is a substantive with a verb in agreement. Additions to this sentence may include other substantives and verbs, but most additions are modifiers, either adjectival or adverbial. These modifiers should enhance the substantive and its verb, elevating their existence within the sentence. However, modifiers may also detract from the substantive and verb. This occurs when the substantive and verb become lost among the additions. A simple, easily understood complete sentence, i.e. a sentence containing only a substantive with a verb in agreement, becomes with the addition of too many modifiers that are not really necessary a foudryant expression that is difficult, although not impossible to diagram for the purpose of grasping the relationships between words that are, in their present state, convoluded by the addition of modifiers within and without clauses, to decipher. In other words, too many modifiers make a sentence difficult to understand. While the simple complete sentence is concise by its very nature, a concise sentence may contain much more than a substantive with verb. A concise sentence contains the essential and whatever else, if anything, to elevate the essential. Modifiers are not bad per se, but modifiers must remain just that: modifiers. They must be chosen carefully and remain secondary to the essential (provided that their primacy is not the intent). Modifiers and their use within a sentence are distinguishing factors between carefully crafted prose or poetry and misleading verbosity. The beauty of the concise sentence is its ability to express the most while using the least. The same can be true for architecture. For this thesis I looked to the substantive for establishing a connection between a project and the existing architecture of its site. [Vita modified March 5, 2012. GMc] / Master of Architecture

The research field of genetics provides useful tools to investigate the biology of species that are difficult to observe and study and are especially valuable in guiding the conservation of endangered species. The Chatham Island Tāiko (Tchāik, Pterodroma magentae) is the world’s most endangered seabird with an estimated population size of just 120-150 birds, including only 8-15 breeding pairs. This thesis used genetic techniques to investigate aspects of Tāiko biology and relationships in order to aid Tāiko conservation. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and duplicated regions of domain I of the mitochondrial control region were DNA sequenced in almost the entire known Tāiko population. The level of genetic variation revealed in Tāiko was unexpectedly high considering endangered species typically exhibit low genetic diversity. Sequencing of ancient DNA from subfossil Tāiko bones allowed an investigation of the past level of genetic variation and the species’ previous geographic distribution. A large proportion of the genetic diversity of the extinct Tāiko populations was retained in the remnant population. However, genetic variation in Tāiko chicks was low, thus genetic diversity in the population could be lost in just a few generations. There are many nonbreeding Tāiko so DNA sexing was used to examine sex ratios in the population. Almost all unpaired birds were male, which signified a potential Allee effect (i.e. that a reduced density of potential mates is decreasing population productivity). Further understanding of the Tāiko mating system and behaviour was obtained by parentage, sibship and pairwise relatedness analyses of genotypes at eight microsatellite DNA loci. It is important that Tāiko are found so they can be protected from introduced predators. The results of mitochondrial DNA sequencing and microsatellite DNA genotyping indicated that there are likely to be more Tāiko breeding in undiscovered areas. Analysis of philopatry using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers can assist conservation by the identification of areas to search for these undiscovered individuals. Tāiko may have once and could still be found on islands near South America since DNA sequencing showed the Magenta Petrel type specimen (collected in 1867 in the South Pacific Ocean) is a Tāiko.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

In the late 1980s the endangered Chatham Island oystercatcher (Haematopus chathamensis) (CIO) was estimated at less than 110 individuals. Endemic to the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, it was feared to be declining and, based on existing productivity estimates, in danger of extinction within 50-70 years. These declines were thought to be caused by numerous changes since the arrival of humans, including the introduction of several terrestrial predators, the establishment of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) which changes dune profiles, and increased disturbance along the coastline. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has undertaken recovery planning and conservation management to increase CIO numbers since the late 1980s. Recovery planning raised some key research questions concerning the population dynamics, habitat selection, and breeding biology of Chatham Island oystercatcher (CIO), and the critical factors currently limiting the population. The objectives of this study were to collect and interpret data on: 1) population size, trends, and distribution across the Chathams, 2) basic breeding parameters, 3) recruitment and mortality rates, 4) habitat selection at the general, territorial and nest-site levels, 5) habitat factors that are correlated with territory quality, and 6) cues that elicit territorial behaviour in CIO.

No description available.

The Chatham Islands are located in the SW Pacific Ocean, approximately 850 km to the east of the South Island of New Zealand. This small group of islands is situated near the eastern margin of the Chatham Rise, an elongated section of submerged continental crust that represents part of the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic Gondwana accretionary margin. The location and much of the geology of the Chatham Islands are attributed to intra-plate basaltic volcanism, initiated during the Late Cretaceous, in association with development of a failed rifting system to the south of the Chatham Rise. Despite the volcanic nature of much of the geology, the majority of the Cenozoic sedimentary stratigraphic record on the islands comprises non-tropical skeletal carbonate deposits whose deposition was often coeval with submarine volcanics and volcaniclastic deposits. This has resulted in complex stratigraphic relationships, with the volcanic geology exerting a strong influence on the geometry and distribution of the carbonate deposits. These limestones, despite some general field descriptions, have been little studied and are especially poorly understood from a petrographic and diagenetic perspective. The carbonate geology in detail comprises eleven discrete limestone units of Late Cretaceous through to Pleistocene age which were studied during two consecutive field expeditions over the summers of 2005 and 2006. These limestone occurrences are best exposed in scattered coastal outcrops where they form prominent rugged bluffs. While many of the younger (Oligocene to Pliocene) outcrops comprise of poorly exposed, thin and eroded limestone remnants (it;5 m thick), older (Late Paleocene to Early Oligocene) exposures can be up to 100 m in thickness. The character of these limestones is highly variable. In outcrop they display a broad range of textures and skeletal compositions, often exhibit cross-bedding, display differing degrees of porosity occlusion by cementation, and may include rare silicified horizons and evidence of hardground formation. Petrographically the limestones are skeletal grainstones and packstones with a typical compositional makeup of about 70% skeletal material, 10% siliciclasts, and 20% cement/matrix. Localised increases in siliciclastics occur where the carbonates are diluted by locally-derived volcaniclastics. The spectrum of skeletal assemblages identified within the Chatham Island limestones is diverse and appears in many cases to be comparable to the bryozoan dominant types common in mainland New Zealand and mid-latitude Australian cool-water carbonates in general. However, some key departures from the expected cool-water carbonate skeletal makeup have been identified in this study. The occurrence of stromatolitic algal mats in Late Cretaceous and Early Eocene carbonate deposits indicates not cool-temperate, but certainly warm-temperate paleoclimatic conditions. A change to cool-temperate conditions is recorded in the limestone flora/fauna from the mid-Late Miocene times following the development and later northward movement of the Subtropical Front. An uncharacteristic mix of shallow-shelf (bryozoans) and deeper water fauna (planktic foraminifera), together with their highly fragmented and abraded nature, is indicative of the likely remobilisation and redistribution of carbonate, primarily during episodic storm events. The Chatham Islands limestones formed within the relative tectonic stability of an oceanic island setting, which was conducive to ongoing carbonate accumulation throughout much of the Cenozoic. This contrasts markedly with other mainland New Zealand shelf carbonates which formed over sporadic and short-lived geological periods, experiencing greater degrees of burial cementation controlled by a relatively more active tectonic setting. As a consequence of the tectonically stable setting, the Chatham Islands limestones have experienced little burial and exhibit a paucity of burial cementation effects. They remain commonly soft and friable. Detailed petrographic investigations have shown the limestones are variably cemented by rare uneven acicular spar fringes, poorly to well-developed syntaxial rim cements about echinoderm fragments, and equant/blocky microsparite. Staining of thin sections and cathodoluminescence petrography show these spar cement generations are non-ferroan and their very dull- to non-luminescent nature supports precipitation from Mn-poor oxygenated waters, likely of an either meteoric or combined marine/shallow burial origin. Micrite is the dominant intra- and inter-particle pore fill and occurs both as a microbioclastic matrix and as precipitated homogenous and/or micropeloidal cement. The rare fringing cements often seen in association with homogenous and/or micropeloidal micrite may be indicative of true early marine (seafloor) cement precipitation and localised hardground development. An interesting feature of the geology of the Chatham Islands is the occurrence of carbonate material within sedimentary dykes. The locations of the dykes are in association with volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits. Similarities between dyke characteristics at Red Bluff on Chatham Island with mainland occurrences from East Coast and Canterbury Basins (North and South Islands, respectively) on mainland New Zealand have been recognised. They show complex structures including sidewall striations, internal flow structures as revealed by grain sorting, and extra-clast inclusions of previous fill lithologies which are characteristic of carbonate injection. This is in contrast to other dykes which are known to be of a passive fill origin. Multiple phases of carbonate sediment injection can be recognised by crosscutting relationships enabling the determination of a parasequence of events. Possible injection mechanisms are most likely associated with sediment overloading or hydrothermal pressurisation associated with emplacement of submarine volcanics. The Chatham Islands provide an exciting example of a geologically unique and complex non-tropical carbonate depositional setting. The production of carbonates is controlled by volcanic and volcaniclastic sediment input with the types of carbonate deposits and water depth variations related to thermal uplift/subsidence in association with global eustatic sealevel and temperature changes associated with development of Southern Ocean water fronts from the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Carbonate deposition on the Chatham Islands is considered to relate to a rather variable and small scale oceanic, high energy, cool-water carbonate ramp setting whose geometry was continually evolving/changing as a consequence of periodic volcanic episodes.