Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-164).

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 G66 / Master of Science

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Johann F. Coetzee / The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Animal Health Code categorizes bovine anaplasmosis as a notifiable disease. Many species of the genus Anaplasma cause anaplasmosis. Co-infections with two or more Anaplasma spp. occur in cattle. A competitive ELISA is regarded as a reliable test for identifying A. marginale-infected cattle. However, cross-reactivity among related Anaplasma spp. has been reported when using cELISA. In the absence of effective treatment strategies and vaccine availability, anaplasmosis control strategies are primarily focused on disease identification and prevention and development of chemosterilization strategies. Four studies were completed to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of bovine anaplasmosis. In the first study, a real-time qRT-PCR was developed to detect as few as 100 copies of 16S rRNA of both A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum in the same reaction. This detection limit was equitable to the minimum infective unit of one A. marginale bacterium. In the second study, qRT-PCR results determined needle-free injection was superior to needle injection for controlling iatrogenic transmission of A. marginale in cattle. The qRT-PCR demonstrated 100% sensitivity by 21 days post-infection and 21 days prior to 100% sensitivity with cELISA. The third study determined the pharmacokinetic parameters of chlortetracycline in group fed, ruminating Holstein steers: volume of distribution (40.9 L⁄kg); rate constant (0.0478 h-1); dose-normalized area under the curve (0.29 h•µg⁄L); clearance (1.8 L⁄kg⁄h); elimination half-life (16.2 h); maximum concentration/dose (4.5 ng⁄mL); and time of maximum concentration (23.3 h). Dose linearity was confirmed for oral chlortetracycline dosages of 4.4, 11, and 22 mg/kg/day. The final study established an in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship between chlortetracycline and anaplasmosis carrier clearance in bovine plasma (85.3 ng/mL). The qRT-PCR confirmed chemosterilization of all oral chlortetracycline-treated cattle within 49 days of treatment. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was an effective alternative to the subinoculation of splenectomized cattle for accurate and precise disease classification. The diagnosis, treatment, and control of anaplasmosis were enhanced through the application of qRT-PCR. Further studies are necessary for determining the mechanism of action between chlortetracycline binding to the 30S ribosome of A. marginale and carrier clearance.

A mariposa Plutella xylostella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), conhecida popularmente como traça das crucíferas, é uma importante praga da cultura das brássicas no Brasil e em diversos países. Seu controle normalmente é realizado com aplicações freqüentes de inseticidas convencionais, porém esse controle tem se mostrado ineficiente, além dos problemas ambientais, econômicos e de resistência de insetos que pode causar. A quimioesterilização apresenta-se como uma alternativa para o manejo desta praga, utilizando inseticidas modernos, mais seletivos aos inimigos naturais e de menor impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o emprego de alguns inseticidas com propriedades esterilizantes sobre a fase adulta de Plutella xylostella determinando as dosagens adequadas que atuaram sobre sua reprodução. Os produtos foram fornecidos às mariposas em forma de iscas que consistiram em: solução do produto + melaço 10%. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens foram abamectina (0,0025 g i.a./L calda), diflubenzurom (0,005 g i.a./L calda), lufenurom (0,005 g i.a./L calda) e piriproxifem (0,01 g i.a./L calda), além da testemunha. Apenas o tratamento com abamectina afetou a fecundidade de Plutella xylostella, apresentando 10,23 ± 4,41 ovos em média, enquanto na testemunha obteve-se 64,54 ± 15,11 ovos, porém a fertilidade foi afetada por todos os produtos. A viabilidade média dos ovos dos tratamentos com abamectina, diflubenzurom, lufenurom e piriproxifem foi, respectivamente 3,35%; 46,69%; 9,31% e 12,47%; todos diferiram estatisticamente da testemunha que apresentou viabilidade de 83,89%. A longevidade dos insetos tratados com os produtos não diferiu dos não tratados, com exceção dos indivíduos tratados com abamectina que apresentaram uma redução no tempo de vida. Quando os produtos testados foram oferecidos isoladamente para machos e fêmeas, a ação esterilizante apenas pode ser observada em fêmeas desta espécie, os machos não apresentaram nenhuma diferença com relação à testemunha quando alimentados com as iscas esterilizantes. / Plutella xylostella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), commonly known as diamondback moth, is an important pest of Brassicaceae in Brazil and several other countries. Its control is usually done with frequent applications of conventional insecticides. However, this approach is sometimes ineffective, besides some drawbacks such as environmental contamination, the high cost of application and the development of insecticides resistance. Chemosterilization using modern insecticides presents an alternative for this pest management. The aim of this study was to evaluate a range of insecticides with sterilizing properties on the adult reproduction of Plutella xylostella. Pesticides were provided to moths in baits, diluted in 10% molasses water solution. The insecticides used and respective doses were: abamectin (0.0025 g a.i./L), diflubenzuron (0.005 g a.i./L), lufenuron (0.005 g a.i./L) and pyriproxyfen (0.01 g a.i./L). A 10% molasses solution was used as a control treatment. Only abamectin affected the fecundity of Plutella xylostella, with a reduction from 64.54 ± 15.11 eggs/moth obtained in the control treatment to 10.23 ± 4.41 eggs/moth, when adults were fed this pesticide. However, fertility was affected by all pesticides. Egg viability when adults were feed abamectin (3.35%), diflubenzuron (46.69%), lufenuron (9.31%) and pyriproxyfen (12.47%) were reduced when compared to the control (83.89%). Only adults that were abamectin fed had their longevity reduced as compared to all other treatments. When the tested pesticides were offered isolated to males or females, their sterilizing activity was observed only when females had access to treated baits.

A mariposa Plutella xylostella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), conhecida popularmente como traça das crucíferas, é uma importante praga da cultura das brássicas no Brasil e em diversos países. Seu controle normalmente é realizado com aplicações freqüentes de inseticidas convencionais, porém esse controle tem se mostrado ineficiente, além dos problemas ambientais, econômicos e de resistência de insetos que pode causar. A quimioesterilização apresenta-se como uma alternativa para o manejo desta praga, utilizando inseticidas modernos, mais seletivos aos inimigos naturais e de menor impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o emprego de alguns inseticidas com propriedades esterilizantes sobre a fase adulta de Plutella xylostella determinando as dosagens adequadas que atuaram sobre sua reprodução. Os produtos foram fornecidos às mariposas em forma de iscas que consistiram em: solução do produto + melaço 10%. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens foram abamectina (0,0025 g i.a./L calda), diflubenzurom (0,005 g i.a./L calda), lufenurom (0,005 g i.a./L calda) e piriproxifem (0,01 g i.a./L calda), além da testemunha. Apenas o tratamento com abamectina afetou a fecundidade de Plutella xylostella, apresentando 10,23 ± 4,41 ovos em média, enquanto na testemunha obteve-se 64,54 ± 15,11 ovos, porém a fertilidade foi afetada por todos os produtos. A viabilidade média dos ovos dos tratamentos com abamectina, diflubenzurom, lufenurom e piriproxifem foi, respectivamente 3,35%; 46,69%; 9,31% e 12,47%; todos diferiram estatisticamente da testemunha que apresentou viabilidade de 83,89%. A longevidade dos insetos tratados com os produtos não diferiu dos não tratados, com exceção dos indivíduos tratados com abamectina que apresentaram uma redução no tempo de vida. Quando os produtos testados foram oferecidos isoladamente para machos e fêmeas, a ação esterilizante apenas pode ser observada em fêmeas desta espécie, os machos não apresentaram nenhuma diferença com relação à testemunha quando alimentados com as iscas esterilizantes. / Plutella xylostella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), commonly known as diamondback moth, is an important pest of Brassicaceae in Brazil and several other countries. Its control is usually done with frequent applications of conventional insecticides. However, this approach is sometimes ineffective, besides some drawbacks such as environmental contamination, the high cost of application and the development of insecticides resistance. Chemosterilization using modern insecticides presents an alternative for this pest management. The aim of this study was to evaluate a range of insecticides with sterilizing properties on the adult reproduction of Plutella xylostella. Pesticides were provided to moths in baits, diluted in 10% molasses water solution. The insecticides used and respective doses were: abamectin (0.0025 g a.i./L), diflubenzuron (0.005 g a.i./L), lufenuron (0.005 g a.i./L) and pyriproxyfen (0.01 g a.i./L). A 10% molasses solution was used as a control treatment. Only abamectin affected the fecundity of Plutella xylostella, with a reduction from 64.54 ± 15.11 eggs/moth obtained in the control treatment to 10.23 ± 4.41 eggs/moth, when adults were fed this pesticide. However, fertility was affected by all pesticides. Egg viability when adults were feed abamectin (3.35%), diflubenzuron (46.69%), lufenuron (9.31%) and pyriproxyfen (12.47%) were reduced when compared to the control (83.89%). Only adults that were abamectin fed had their longevity reduced as compared to all other treatments. When the tested pesticides were offered isolated to males or females, their sterilizing activity was observed only when females had access to treated baits.