Dentro de las ciencias sociales se produjeron importantes avances respecto al conocimiento de las formas culturales de la crianza y la educación infantil. Sin embargo, en el sentido común y también en parte del discurso académico, persisten importantes reduccionismos que no hacen más que retomar solo algunos aspectos del cuidado infantil. En el siguiente artículo nos proponemos analizar los procesos y las relaciones que atraviesan las iniciativas ligadas con el cuidado y la educación infantil en contextos marcados por la desigualdad. Para ello nos basamos en los registros de tipo etnográfico que realizamos en barrios populares del Gran Buenos Aires, Argentina. Como daremos cuenta con el análisis, las iniciativas ligadas con la socialización y educación de los chicos que viven en las barriadas populares se definen en tramas de intervención a cargo de actores sociales que incluyen y rebasan a las instituciones esperables para ello. nos referimos a actores que definimos como «sociales» y «políticos» en tanto producen significados sobre la educación en vinculación con distintas dimensiones de la vida social y en el marco de relaciones sociales atravesadas por el poder. / Important advances have been made in the social sciences with respect to our understanding of cultural variation in forms of childrearing and education.  However, common sense and certain academic discourses are persistently reductionist in taking only some aspects of childhood into consideration. In this article I analyze the processes and relations that surround activities related to childcare and education in contexts of marked social inequality.  The analysis is based on ethnographic fieldwork in popular neighbourhoods of Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. I demonstrate how the socialization and education of children living in poor neighbourhoods are embedded in networks of intervention that depend on diverse social actors that include but also exceed the bounds of the institutions that might be expected to relate to this sector.  These actors, discussed as «social» and «political,» produce meanings that refer to education in its connections to different dimensions of social life, in a framework of social relations that are shot through with power.

The purpose of this study was to identify childrearing attitudes of Mexican-American mothers with children ages three to five years of age. Specifically the first purpose of this study was to determine childrearing attitudes of Mexican-American mothers with ten years of education or fewer and Mexican-American mothers with eleven years of education or more as identified by the Parent As A Teacher Inventory (PAAT). The second purpose was to identify the relationship of the following demographic variables to childrearing attitudes: mother's age, mother's marital status, family income, sex of child, age of child, access to child, generational status, mother's language and mother's ethnicity. The PAAT and the Parent Information Questionnaire were administered to 112 Mexican-American mothers; 54 Mexican- American mothers with ten years of education or fewer and 58 Mexican-American mothers with eleven years of education or more. The population from which these subjects were drawn were mothers from Mexican-American communities in a North Texas county. Responses on the sample were analyzed using multivariate statistics. Based on the analysis of the data, the following conclusions seem tenable. 1. The Mexican-American mothers with eleven years of education or more have childrearing attitudes which are more positive than the Mexican-American mothers with ten years of education or fewer. 2. Control and teaching-learning are related to the mother's educational level, income, generational status and language. The mothers with more education and a higher income, who are third generation and who prefer English usage, tend to allow their children more independence. 3. Agreement may be expected between the childrearing attitudes of the Mexican-American mothers with ten years of education or fewer and Mexican-American mothers with eleven years of education or more toward creativity, frustration, and play.

The effects of an Adlerian-based parent education program on parents' attitudes toward their children's behavior and techniques used in child rearing were examined in this study. Parents in one primary elementary school were invited by letter to participate in a parent education program.

As práticas educativas parentais são consideradas determinantes primários no desenvolvimento de comportamentos socialmente competentes, problemas de comportamento e comportamentos relacionados à saúde na infância. Na adolescência, a influência parental sobre esses comportamentos tem literatura divergente, visto que diversos autores acreditam que a influência parental continua central, enquanto outros defendem a idéia de que a principal determinação vem do grupo de pares. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi o de relacionar as práticas educativas maternas e paternas aos comportamentos de proteção e risco à saúde na adolescência, bem como as variáveis de competência social (CS), problemas de comportamento (PC) e dificuldades com os pares, avaliando o grau de predição das práticas parentais sobre os comportamentos do adolescente. Para atingir tais objetivos, participaram deste estudo 485 adolescentes, divididos em três faixas etárias (11 a 13 anos, 14 e 15 anos, 16 e 17 anos). Todos responderam ao Inventário de Estilos Parentais materno e paterno, Inventário de auto-relato para jovens (YSR) e questionário de estilo de vida (HBSC). Os dados foram analisados através estatística descritiva, análises de correlação, de inferência estatística e análises multivariadas. Os principais resultados foram: 1) práticas educativas maternas e paternas não variaram em função do sexo dos adolescentes, porém foram diferentes entre as três faixas etárias (considerando p ≤ 0,05); 2) não houve diferença quanto à CS entre meninos e meninas, porém estas alcançaram maiores PC; 3) CS se relacionou às práticas positivas maternas (PPM) entre os mais jovens, e às PPM e às práticas positivas paternas (PPP) entre os mais velhos; 4) a partir da categorização dos índices de estilo parental em famílias com estilo parental de risco, intermediária e de proteção, observou-se que aquelas consideradas de proteção tiveram filhos com escores mais positivos de CS e menores escores nas escalas de PC, sendo que as famílias intermediárias tiveram seus filhos mais próximos das famílias de proteção na CS e mais próximo das famílias de risco nas escalas de PC nas três faixas etárias; 5) em relação aos comportamentos de proteção, os adolescentes mais jovens relataram maior freqüência desses, enquanto que os mais velhos alcançaram maiores escores nos comportamentos de risco; 6) as correlações entre estilo parental e comportamentos de proteção e risco foram significativos nas três faixas etárias, porém decaíram com o aumento da idade; 7) a partir da categorização de estilo parental, observouse que entre os adolescentes mais jovens, os de famílias de proteção tiveram filhos com escores significativamente melhores nos comportamentos de saúde e de risco; o que se manteve nas outras faixas etária, porém, em geral, não de forma significativa.; 8) os modelos de análise multivariada (modelo de regressões múltiplas e modelagem de equações estruturais) indicaram que as práticas parentais são preditoras de CS e PC nas três faixas etárias. Diante desses resultados, a pesquisa indica que a influência parental na adolescência ocorre de forma distinta em função da idade, sendo direta na fase inicial e esvanece gradualmente com o aumento da idade, porém ainda mostrando-se significativa, em especial no que concerne às práticas parentais negativas e aos comportamentos de risco. / The parental educational practices are considered primary determining in the development of socially competent behaviors, behavioral problems and behavior related to childhood health. At adolescence, the parental influence over those behaviors has divergent literature, given that several authors believe that the parental influence continues central, while others defend the idea that the main determination comes from the pair groups. In that context, the overall objective of this research was to relate the maternal and paternal educational practices to the behaviors of protection and risk to the health at adolescence, as well as the social competence (SC) variables, behavioral problems (BP) and difficulties with the pairs, evaluating the degree of prediction of the parental practices over the adolescent\'s behaviors. In order to achieve such objectives, 485 teenagers participated in this study, divided into three age groups (11 to 13; 14 and 15; 16 and 17 year-olds). They all answered the Maternal and Paternal Parental Style Inventory; the Young Self Relate (YSR) and the questionnaire of lifestyle (QLS). The data have been analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, of statistics inferring and multi varied analysis. The main results were: 1) maternal and paternal practices did not vary according to the adolescents\' gender, on the other hand, were different according to the age groups (considering p ≤ 0,05); 2) there was no difference in SC between boys and girls, however these reached higher PC; 3) SC related to the Maternal Positive Practices (MPP) among the youngest, and to the Paternal Positive Practices (PPP) among the oldest; 4) with the categorization of the families\' parental style as risky, intermediate and protective, it has been observed that those considered protective had children with the highest SC scores and lower BP scores, being that the intermediate families had their children closer to the protective families\' SC scores and closer to the risky families in the BP scores for all three age groups; 5) concerning the protective behaviors, the youngest teenagers stated more frequency of those, while the oldest reached higher risky behavior scores; 6) the correlations between parental style and risk and protection behaviors were significant at all three age groups, however, decreased at higher ages; 7) from the categorization of parental style, it has been observed that among the younger teenagers, the ones from the protective families had kids with significantly higher scores at health and risk behaviors; which was maintained at the other age groups, although in general, not significantly; 8) the models with multi varied analysis ( multiple regression model and structural equations modeling) indicated that the parental practices are predictor of SC and BP at the three age groups. With those results, the research indicates that the parental influence in adolescents occurs in different ways according to the age, being more direct in the initial phase and vanishing gradually as age increases, although still significant, especially concerning the negative parental practices and the risk behaviors.

As práticas educativas parentais são consideradas determinantes primários no desenvolvimento de comportamentos socialmente competentes, problemas de comportamento e comportamentos relacionados à saúde na infância. Na adolescência, a influência parental sobre esses comportamentos tem literatura divergente, visto que diversos autores acreditam que a influência parental continua central, enquanto outros defendem a idéia de que a principal determinação vem do grupo de pares. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi o de relacionar as práticas educativas maternas e paternas aos comportamentos de proteção e risco à saúde na adolescência, bem como as variáveis de competência social (CS), problemas de comportamento (PC) e dificuldades com os pares, avaliando o grau de predição das práticas parentais sobre os comportamentos do adolescente. Para atingir tais objetivos, participaram deste estudo 485 adolescentes, divididos em três faixas etárias (11 a 13 anos, 14 e 15 anos, 16 e 17 anos). Todos responderam ao Inventário de Estilos Parentais materno e paterno, Inventário de auto-relato para jovens (YSR) e questionário de estilo de vida (HBSC). Os dados foram analisados através estatística descritiva, análises de correlação, de inferência estatística e análises multivariadas. Os principais resultados foram: 1) práticas educativas maternas e paternas não variaram em função do sexo dos adolescentes, porém foram diferentes entre as três faixas etárias (considerando p ≤ 0,05); 2) não houve diferença quanto à CS entre meninos e meninas, porém estas alcançaram maiores PC; 3) CS se relacionou às práticas positivas maternas (PPM) entre os mais jovens, e às PPM e às práticas positivas paternas (PPP) entre os mais velhos; 4) a partir da categorização dos índices de estilo parental em famílias com estilo parental de risco, intermediária e de proteção, observou-se que aquelas consideradas de proteção tiveram filhos com escores mais positivos de CS e menores escores nas escalas de PC, sendo que as famílias intermediárias tiveram seus filhos mais próximos das famílias de proteção na CS e mais próximo das famílias de risco nas escalas de PC nas três faixas etárias; 5) em relação aos comportamentos de proteção, os adolescentes mais jovens relataram maior freqüência desses, enquanto que os mais velhos alcançaram maiores escores nos comportamentos de risco; 6) as correlações entre estilo parental e comportamentos de proteção e risco foram significativos nas três faixas etárias, porém decaíram com o aumento da idade; 7) a partir da categorização de estilo parental, observouse que entre os adolescentes mais jovens, os de famílias de proteção tiveram filhos com escores significativamente melhores nos comportamentos de saúde e de risco; o que se manteve nas outras faixas etária, porém, em geral, não de forma significativa.; 8) os modelos de análise multivariada (modelo de regressões múltiplas e modelagem de equações estruturais) indicaram que as práticas parentais são preditoras de CS e PC nas três faixas etárias. Diante desses resultados, a pesquisa indica que a influência parental na adolescência ocorre de forma distinta em função da idade, sendo direta na fase inicial e esvanece gradualmente com o aumento da idade, porém ainda mostrando-se significativa, em especial no que concerne às práticas parentais negativas e aos comportamentos de risco. / The parental educational practices are considered primary determining in the development of socially competent behaviors, behavioral problems and behavior related to childhood health. At adolescence, the parental influence over those behaviors has divergent literature, given that several authors believe that the parental influence continues central, while others defend the idea that the main determination comes from the pair groups. In that context, the overall objective of this research was to relate the maternal and paternal educational practices to the behaviors of protection and risk to the health at adolescence, as well as the social competence (SC) variables, behavioral problems (BP) and difficulties with the pairs, evaluating the degree of prediction of the parental practices over the adolescent\'s behaviors. In order to achieve such objectives, 485 teenagers participated in this study, divided into three age groups (11 to 13; 14 and 15; 16 and 17 year-olds). They all answered the Maternal and Paternal Parental Style Inventory; the Young Self Relate (YSR) and the questionnaire of lifestyle (QLS). The data have been analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, of statistics inferring and multi varied analysis. The main results were: 1) maternal and paternal practices did not vary according to the adolescents\' gender, on the other hand, were different according to the age groups (considering p ≤ 0,05); 2) there was no difference in SC between boys and girls, however these reached higher PC; 3) SC related to the Maternal Positive Practices (MPP) among the youngest, and to the Paternal Positive Practices (PPP) among the oldest; 4) with the categorization of the families\' parental style as risky, intermediate and protective, it has been observed that those considered protective had children with the highest SC scores and lower BP scores, being that the intermediate families had their children closer to the protective families\' SC scores and closer to the risky families in the BP scores for all three age groups; 5) concerning the protective behaviors, the youngest teenagers stated more frequency of those, while the oldest reached higher risky behavior scores; 6) the correlations between parental style and risk and protection behaviors were significant at all three age groups, however, decreased at higher ages; 7) from the categorization of parental style, it has been observed that among the younger teenagers, the ones from the protective families had kids with significantly higher scores at health and risk behaviors; which was maintained at the other age groups, although in general, not significantly; 8) the models with multi varied analysis ( multiple regression model and structural equations modeling) indicated that the parental practices are predictor of SC and BP at the three age groups. With those results, the research indicates that the parental influence in adolescents occurs in different ways according to the age, being more direct in the initial phase and vanishing gradually as age increases, although still significant, especially concerning the negative parental practices and the risk behaviors.

There are a considerable number of Saudi Arabian students who attend U.S. schools. To date, no published studies exist that relate to the Saudi Arabian students, their families, and how they acculturate to the American society. Acculturation affects parents and children in different ways, and it can affect the way parents raise their children. Using semi–structured interviews, this study examined Saudi mothers' perspectives on acculturation to American society and how those perspectives affect their childrearing beliefs and their children's behaviors. The descriptive qualitative study acknowledges mothers' perceptions about adaptation of Saudi children to American society and if those parents observe behavioral changes in their children. The results showed there are some changes that occurred regarding parental beliefs of parents due to acculturation, but there were not any behavioral problems caused by acculturation to the American culture in the Saudi children.

No description available.

The purposes of this study were to compare the childrearing attitudes of church-related Korean American immigrant parents and Korean parents as measured by the Parent As A Teacher Inventory (PAAT), and to identify relationships between the PAAT childrearing subsets and demographic variables including sex of child, sex of parent, education of parent, family income level, maternal employment, accessibility to the child, language of parent, and length of residence in America.

No description available.

Esta pesquisa focaliza a produção do analista austro-húngaro Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) voltada para o tema dos cuidados na primeira infância. Ela visa, em última instância, contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento e a discussão a respeito das ideias de Reich no universo da pesquisa acadêmica. Com esse intuito, efetuamos um trabalho de articulação (aproximações e distanciamentos) entre as formulações de Reich e as do psicanalista inglês Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971), uma vez que o analista inglês se dedicou intensamente ao assunto cuidados na primeira infância. De início, realizamos um levantamento bibliográfico para identificar investigações endereçadas, de alguma forma, ao pareamento entre as ideias de Reich e Winnicott. A partir do material encontrado e do estudo das abordagens de Reich e Winnicott, elegemos quatro eixos de análise: a) potencial humano; b) o ambiente: responsáveis, funções e condições; c) concepção de saúde e o saber singular e d) possíveis efeitos das falhas nos primeiros cuidados. Em termos de resultados, algumas linhas de convergência entre as ideias de Reich e Winnicott foram sugeridas. Ressaltamos, nesse domínio, uma possível aproximação entre as noções de contato substituto (Reich) e falso-self (Winnicott). Por outro lado, distanciamentos também se fizeram presentes. Por exemplo, o psicanalista inglês procurou traçar os caminhos pelos quais, com base nas falhas nos cuidados iniciais, determinada psicopatologia poderia ser gerada. Já Reich abordou o assunto com uma orientação mais geral, sempre apontando os prejuízos globais ao organismo decorrentes de falhas nos primeiros cuidados / This research focuses on the production of the Austro-Hungarian psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) with respect to the early childhood care. Primarily, it intends to help to deepen the knowledge of, and discussion on, Reichs ideas in the academic research universe. With this purpose, we conducted a work of articulation (proximities and distances) between Reichs formulations and those of the English psychoanalyst Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971), considering that Winnicott intensively studied the early childhood care. Initially, we conducted a bibliographic survey to identify investigations in any manner intending to establish a parallel between Reichs and Winnicotts ideas. Based on the material found and the study of Reichs and Winnicotts approaches, we elected four axes of analysis: a) human potential; b) the environment: persons responsible, functions and conditions; c) the conception of health and the singular knowledge, and d) possible effects of failures in the early childhood care. In the results, some lines of convergence between Reichs and Winnicotts ideas were suggested. In this regard, we point out a possible proximity between the notions of substitute contact (Reich) and fake self (Winnicott). On the other hand, distances were also found. For instance, Winnicott attempted to trace back the paths by which, based on such early caregiving failures, a certain psychopathology might be generated. Reich, instead, addressed the matter through a more general approach, always stressing the general harms resulting from early caregiving failures