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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Isotopic composition of gadolinium, samarium and europium in the Abee meteorite

Loveless, Arthur John January 1970 (has links)
The writer has measured the isotopic composition of gadolinium, europium and samarium in the Abee meteorite and in two terrestrial ores. Gd, Eu and Sm have large thermal neutron capture cross sections; they may therefore be used to reveal differences in the irradiation histories of samples containing trace amounts of these elements. It is widely believed that the contracting protosun passed through a phase of high energy particle radiation during the early history of the solar system. The interaction of these particles with the material of the solar nebula may have produced a large thermal neutron flux. The Abee enstatite chondrite is representative of the most highly reduced class of chondritic meteorites. The chondrites are stones which are thought to be very primitive material of the solar system. Mason, Miyashiro and others have proposed that variations in the oxidation state of chondrites result from their formation in different regions of the nebula: the enstatite chondrites represent material which was derived from the hot inner region of the solar nebula, while the highly oxidized carbonaceous chondrites had their origin in the cooler, outer region. On the basis of this theory, the earth was probably derived from an intermediate region of the nebula. Isotopic analyses were performed on microgram quantities of Gd, Eu and Sm. A precision of 0.02-0.2% (at the 95% confidence level) was achieved for all isotopic ratios of interest. Prior to 1970 the best published isotopic analyses of these elements had a precision of 1-2%. The higher precision reported here was made possible through improvements in the mass spectrometer ion optics and the use of digital recording of mass spectra. This work is comparable to recent meteorite analyses on Gd by Eugster, Tera, Burnett and Wasserburg at the California Institute of Technology, although their lunar analyses were of superior quality and had a precision of 0.01%. No significant Gd, Eu or Sm isotopic anomalies were observed for the Abee and terrestrial samples. The Gd¹⁵⁷/Gd¹⁵⁸ ratio, which is the most sensitive to neutron irradiation, was identical for the three samples studied within 0.1%. This places an upper limit of 3 x 10¹⁵ neutrons/cm² for the differential irradiation of the source material from which the earth and the Abee meteorite were derived. A similar conclusion was reported by the Caltech group. The absence of any anomalies may be attributed to uniform irradiation and dilution of the source material, efficient shielding inside large planetary bodies during the irradiation phase, the absence of an intense irradiation phase, or a common spatial origin within the solar nebula for chondritic and terrestrial matter. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate
2

Meteorites of Iran and hot deserts : classification and weathering / Météorites d'Iran et les autres déserts chauds : classification et altération

Pourkhorsandi Soufiani, Hamed 19 February 2018 (has links)
Les météorites sont parmi les sources d’information les plus importantes sur la structure et l’évolution du système solaire. Cette thèse présente une étude des météorites d’Iran, en particulier celles retrouvées dans le désert de Lut et leur comparaisons avec celles des autres déserts chauds du monde. Les météorites de Lut sont étudiées en détail en vu de comprendre le potentiel de ce désert dans l’accommodation et la classification des météorites, les âges terrestres, la météorisation, distribution spatiale et ‘pairing’. Nous démontrons la présence de deux champs de strewnfields de météorites et mettons en évidence les conditions favorables à la conservation, accumulation et collection des météorites. Nos données révèlent les différences entre les effets chimiques et minéralogiques de le météorisation (l’altération) sur les météorites en provenance de différents déserts. Parmi les centaines de météorites classifiées des déserts chauds, nous présentons notre étude détaillée sur un chondrite non-classifié (El Médano 301). Cette météorite, pourrait représenter un nouveau sous-groupe des chondrites ordinaire (OCs) avec une composition chimique moins réduite par rapport aux OCs standards. Famenin et Moshampa, deux météorites tombées en été 2015 dans le nord-ouest d’Iran, sont également étudiées en détail. Famenin est un chondrite ordinaire de type 3 qui présente des charactéristiques intermédiaires entre les chondrites H et L. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats de notre étude sur la météorite de Moshampa qui est une chondrite brecciated de type LL5. / Meteorites are amongst the most important sources of information about the structure, formation, and evolution of the solar system. This thesis reports studies on the meteorites from Iran, in particular the Lut desert and their comparison with the meteorites from other hot deserts. Lut desert meteorites are studied in detail to understand the potential of this desert for hosting meteorites, meteorite classification, terrestrial ages, terrestrial weathering, spatial distribution and pairing. We shows the presence of two main meteorite strewnfields and evidence suitable conditions for preservation, accumulation and finding of meteorites. Meteorites from different hot deserts are studied in order to document meteorite abundances, classification, and their terrestrial alteration. Our data reveal differences between the chemical and mineralogical effects of terrestrial weathering on meteorites from different deserts. Among the hundreds of classified hot desert meteorites, we present a detailed study on an ungrouped chondrite (El Médano 301). This meteorite might be representative of a new grouplet of ordinary chondrites (OCs) showing more reduced compositions than standard OCs. Famenin and Moshampa, two meteorites fallen during summer 2015 in NW Iran, are studied in detail. Famenin is a type 3 ordinary chondrite showing characteristics intermediate between H and L chondrites. Together with similar intermediate meteorites, we suggest the existence of a separate ordinary chondrite grouplet for which a different designation (H^L) is proposed. Classification results of Moshampa brecciated LL5 chondrite are reported.
3

Tin Isotope Cosmochemistry / Cosmochimie des isotopes de l'étain

Wang, Xueying 27 January 2017 (has links)
Une nouvelle méthode de haute précision pour analyser les isotopes de Sn à avec double-spike 117Sn-122Sn a été développée. / A new high-precision isotope method for analyzing Sn using the 117Sn-122Sn double-spike technique was developed.
4

Shock Metamorphism in Ordinary Chondrites: Constraining Pressure and Temperature History

January 2016 (has links)
abstract: Shock metamorphism in meteorites constrains the impact histories of asteroids and planets. Shock-induced high-pressure (HP) minerals can provide more precise estimates of shock conditions than shock-induced deformation effects. In this research, I use shock features, particularly HP minerals, in ordinary-chondrite samples to constrain not only shock pressures but also the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths they experienced. Highly shocked L5/6 chondrites Acfer 040, Mbale, NWA 091 and Chico and LL6 chondrite NWA 757 were used to investigate a variety of shock pressures and post-shock annealing histories. NWA 757 is the only highly shocked LL chondrite that includes abundant HP minerals. The assemblage of ringwoodite and majoritic garnet indicates an equilibration shock pressure of ~20 GPa, similar to many strongly shocked L chondrites. Acfer 040 is one of the only two chondrite samples with bridgmanite (silicate perovskite), suggesting equilibration pressure >25 GPa. The bridgmanite, which is unstable at low-pressure, was mostly vitrified during post-shock cooling. Mbale demonstrates an example of elevated post-shock temperature resulting in back-transformation of ringwoodite to olivine. In contrast, majoritic garnet in Mbale survives as unambiguous evidence of strong shock. In these two samples, HP minerals are exclusively associated with shock melt, indicating that elevated shock temperatures are required for rapid mineral transformations during the transient shock pulse. However, elevated post-shock temperatures can destroy HP minerals: in temperature sequence from bridgmanite to ringwoodite then garnet. NWA 091 and Chico are impact melt breccias with pervasive melting, blackening of silicates, recrystallization of host rock but no HP minerals. These features indicate near whole-rock-melting conditions. However, the elevated post-shock temperatures of these samples has annealed out HP signatures. The observed shock features result from a complex P-T-t path and may not directly reflect the peak shock pressure. Although HP minerals provide robust evidence of high pressure, their occurrence also requires high shock temperatures and rapid cooling during the shock pulse. The most highly shocked samples lack HP signatures but have abundant high-temperature features formed after pressure release. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2016
5

Development of laser micro-sampling and electrothermal vaporization techniques for ICP-mass spectrometry and its cosmochemical implications on opaque assemblages in chondrites / ICP質量分析法を用いた微量元素同位体分析に向けたレーザー局所サンプリング法および電気加熱気化法の開発とその宇宙化学物質への応用

Okabayashi, Satoki 24 March 2014 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18086号 / 理博第3964号 / 新制||理||1571(附属図書館) / 30944 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 岳史, 教授 田上 高広, 准教授 三宅 亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
6

In-situ quantitative analysis of trace elements in metal grains from H,L and LL ordinary chondrites using femtosecond laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry / フェムト秒レーザーアブレーションICP質量分析法によるH, L, LL普通コンドライト中金属粒子の局所微量元素分析

Yokoyama, Takaomi 23 July 2014 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18495号 / 理博第4010号 / 新制||理||1578(附属図書館) / 31381 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 岳史, 准教授 伊藤 正一, 教授 土`山 明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
7

Étude minéralogique fine des matériaux et de leurs bioaltérations : implications sur les chondrites à enstatite / Bioweathering of a reduced chondritic material : implications for Enstatite chondrite

Avril, Caroline 30 November 2011 (has links)
Dans un premier temps, nous avons synthétisé et caractérisé une chondrite à enstatite reconstituée. En étudiant cet objet, nous avons pu identifier et comprendre le signal Raman des sulfures présents dans les météorites à enstatite. La réponse Raman de ces phases est obtenue via l'activation des modes infra-rouge suite à une modification de la symétrie dans le réseau cristallin. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilise cet analogue pour comprendre le processus de bio-alteration des chondrites à enstatite dans les conditions terrestres actuelles, donc en aérobiose. Afin de bien comprendre ce phénomène de bio altération sur ce matériau complexe, il a été indispensable d'étudier ce mécanisme sur chacune des phases présentes dans celui-ci. Ainsi l'analogue de chondrite à enstatite, l'enstatite, la troilite, l'alliage Fe-Si et aussi de l'olivine ont été altérés abiotiquement et bio altérés par les souches Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans et Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, ¨¤ pH ¡Ö 2 ¨¤ T = 20¡ãC. Cette étude a permis d'obtenir et d'interpréter à l'échelle de la microscopie électronique à balayage les principales phases et microstructures qui se développent lors de l'altération abiotique ou biologique d'une chondrite à enstatite. En parallèle, des mesures régulières de la chimie du milieu aqueux ont permis d'étudier la cinétique de lixiviation de ces expériences de bio-alteration et de la comparer à une modélisation thermodynamique et cinétique, que nous avons effectué avec le programme Jchess. Nos résultats montrent qu'en opposition avec ce qui a été observe sur les phases séparées, les cinétiques de dissolution sont très différentes lorsque les différentes phases sont associées dans l'analogue de chondrite à enstatite : la troilite se dissout bien plus lentement que dans les expériences sur phases séparées alors que l'enstatite se dissout plus vite. La dissolution plus lente de la troilite est attribuée à la présence de monosulfures très solubles dans le matériau de départ. Ces observations pourront être utilisées pour modéliser et interpréter l'évolution d'une chondrite à enstatite à la surface de la Terre et, au delà, de matériaux réduits associant métaux, sulfures et silicates. Les chondrites à enstatite constituent un substrat approprié pour les deux souches bactériennes étudiées qui, en présence de cet assemblage minéral, ont montré de l'activité biologique, en particulier la formation de biofilms, et ont accéléré les vitesses de dissolution / The aim of this study is to investigate the mineralogical and chemical processes which take place during the bioweathering of an enstatite chondrite by bacteria. Synthetic enstatite chondrites were made in laboratory in order to begin this complex study with simplified and well-defined materials. These analogs were shown to contain the major phases of enstatite chondrites: enstatite, Si-rich kamacite, troilite and unusual sulfides such as oldhamite or niningerite. First, the Raman study of this analog allowed to identify and understand the specific Raman signal of sulphides present in enstatite meteorites. The Raman signal of these phases is explained by infrared activation due to a symmetry modification in the crystal lattice. Then, in order to better understand the aqueous alteration of enstatite chondrites, each major phase and olivine were separately submitted to aqueous and aerobic alteration with or without Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans at pH ¡Ö 2 ¨¤ T = 20¡ãC. All experiments were characterized before and after alteration using scanning electron microscopy. Regular measurements og the chemistry of the aqueous medium were used to study the kinetics of leaching experiments of bio-alteration and compared to thermodynamic and kinetic modeling with JChess. Our results show that contrary to the observations on the separate phases, the dissolution kinetics are very different when the whole phases are associated in the enstatite chondrite analogue: troilite dissolves more slowly than in experiments on separate phases while enstatite dissolves faster. The slower dissolution of troilite is ascribed to the presence of oldhamite and niningerite in the starting material. These observations will be useful to understand and model the evolution of enstatite chondrites at the surface of the Earth and, beyond that, of reduced assemblages containing metals, sulphides and silicates. Enstatite chondrites are shown to be an appropriate substrate for the two bacterial strains which have shown biological activity, especially by the formation of biofilms and which have accelerated the dissolution kinetics
8

Formation des chondres et relation avec leurs auréoles de matrice à grains fins / Chondrule formation and relation with their fine-grained rims

Soulié, Camille 10 December 2014 (has links)
Les météorites les plus primitives, appelées chondrites, sont les témoins privilégiés de la formation des premiers solides du système solaire et des processus qui ont conduit à la naissance des premiers corps planétaires. Les chondres, qui sont des sphérules ferromagnésiennes ignées, et leur matrice finement cristallisée constituent l’essentiel du volume des chondrites primitives. L’origine des chondres comme celle de la matrice est encore largement débattue. Cette thèse interroge les relations qui existent entre les chondres et la matrice à grains fins qui les auréole fréquemment, notamment dans les chondrites carbonées. En prenant l’exemple de la chondrite Vigarano (CV3) nous explorons la piste d’un continuum des conditions physico-chimiques pour former les chondres et leurs auréoles de matrice à grain fin. La thèse aborde cette problématique par une double approche : une approche expérimentale consacrée à la quantification des vitesses de dissolution de l’olivine dans des liquides silicatés caractéristiques des chondres de type I et une approche de caractérisation détaillée de la minéralogie, des fabriques et de la composition isotopique de l’oxygène des chondres et de leurs auréoles de matrice à grains fins dans Vigarano. Ces travaux suggèrent que chondre et matrice pourraient enregistrer une continuité d’interaction avec le gaz environnant, d’abord de type liquide/gaz (solubilité) pour la formation des chondres, puis de type solide/gaz (condensation) à plus basse température pour la formation des auréoles de matrice à grains fins / The most primitive meteorites, the chondrites, are our best witnesses of solar system birth and formation of first solids as well as processes that formed the first planetary bodies. Both chondrules, which are ferromagnesian igneous spherules, and fine-grained matrix, constitute the largest volume fraction of primitive chondrites. Their origin still constitutes a matter of debate. This thesis questions the relationship between chondrules and fine-grained matrix, called fine-grained rims, that frequently overlay chondrules in primitive carbonaceous chondrites. By taking the example of Vigarano (CV3), we explore the idea that chondrules and fine-grained rims could form in a continuum of physical and chemical conditions. This thesis combines both experimental and characterization approaches, with an experimental determination of olivine dissolution rates in molten silicates representative of type I chondrule melts and a detailed petrographic characterization of mineralogy, fabrics and oxygen isotopic composition of chondrules and their fine-grained rims in Vigarano. This work suggests that chondrules and their fine-grained rims could register a continuous interaction with surrounding gas, with first, chondrule formation from liquid/gas interaction (solubility) and then fine-grained rim formation, at lower temperature and from solid/gas interaction (condensation)
9

Métamorphisme d'une chondrite à enstatite nommée Indarch : implication sur les phénomènes de différenciation planétaire. Application à la Terre / Metamorphism of an enstatite chondrite named Indarch : implications of planetary differentiation processes. Application to the Earth

Berthet, Sophie 09 July 2009 (has links)
Les chondrites à enstatite partagent un réservoir commun de l’isotope de l’oxygène avec la Terre et la Lune. Cette caractéristique soulève la question d’une possible participation de ce type de météorites à la construction de la Terre. Egalement, l’étude des chondrites à enstatite permet d’apporter de nouvelles contraintes pour comprendre plus en détail l’histoire de la différenciation de petits corps planétaires soumis à des conditions réductrices. La première étude expérimentale systématique à haute pression et haute température d’une chondrite à enstatite a ainsi été mise en oeuvre, entre 1 et 25 GPa, et entre 1200°C et 2500°C, couvrant ainsi les conditions de pression et de température du manteau supérieur terrestre. La météorite qui a été choisie pour cette étude s’appelle Indarch. Il s’agit d’une chondrite à enstatite de type EH4. A 1 GPa, l’effet de la fO2 sur les relations de phases de la météorite, ainsi que sur les coefficients de partage entre métal et silicate liquide des éléments S, Si, Cr, Mn, Ni, et Mo est étudié spécifiquement. Les phases silicatées et métalliques subissent de grands changements lorsque la fO2 varie de IW-1.5 à IW-4.5. Des monosulfures contenant les éléments (Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Cr) sont présents aux fO2 les plus réduites. La phase métallique de nos échantillons est toujours liquide et comprend deux phases immiscibles riches en fer : l’une pauvre en S et riche en C, et l’autre riche en S et pauvre en C. La phase riche en C est également riche en Si aux fO2 les plus réduites. Les relations de phases d’Indarch ont été déterminées entre 3 et 25 GPa, et entre 1500°C et 2500°C, nous permettant de proposer le premier diagramme de phases en pression et température pour une chondrite à enstatite. La phase métallique est toujours liquide et il s’agit d’un alliage Fe-Ni-S à ces plus hautes pressions. La formation d’un noyau planétaire à basse pression (0 à 5 GPa) sous des conditions très réductrices ne peut expliquer les appauvrissements observés de S dans les manteaux silicatés alors que plusieurs wt% de Si pourront être piégés dans le noyau. En revanche, à plus haute pression, l’incorporation de S dans le noyau sera facilitée sous des conditions plus oxydantes. Finalement, notre étude permet de proposer un modèle d’évolution d’un matériau chondritique en cours d’accrétion sous des conditions rédox variables / Enstatite chondrites share a common oxygen reservoir with Earth and Moon. This suggests that these meteorites may have participated to the building of the planet Earth. Studying enstatite chondrites will bring constraints for a better understanding of the differentiation history of planetesimals under reducing conditions. Thus, this is the first systematic study at HP-HT of an enstatite chondrite between 1 and 25 GPa, and between 1200°C et 2500°C, covering the pressure and temperature conditions of the terrestrial upper mantle. The meteorite, which was chosen for this study, is named Indarch. It is an enstatite chondrite, type EH4. At 1 GPa, the effect of the fO2 on the phase relations of the meteorite, as well as on the partitioning behavior between liquid metal and liquid of S, Si, Cr, Mn, Ni, et Mo is studied. Silicate and metallic phases undergo significant changes while the fO2 varies from IW-1.5 to IW-4.5. (Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Cr)-bearing monosulfides are observed at the lowest fO2’s. The me-tallic phase in our samples is always liquid and comprises of two immiscible Fe-rich phases : one S-poor and C-rich, and the other S-rich and C-poor. The C-rich phase is also rich in Si at the most reduced fO2’s. Between 3 and 25 GPa, 1500°C and 2500°C, the phase relations of Indarch have been inquired and allow us to present the first P-T phase diagram for an enstatite chondrite. The metallic phase is always liquid, and at these high pressures, it is a Fe-Ni-S alloy. The observed depletions of S in silicate mantles cannot be explained by a core formation at low pressure (0 à 5 GPa) under reducing conditions, however several wt% of Si could be trapped in the core. At higher pressure, more oxidized conditions will facilitate S incorporation in the core. Final-ly, our study proposes a model of evolution of an accreting chondritic material under variable redox conditions
10

The Formation and Alteration of the Renazzo-Like Carbonaceous Chondrites

Schrader, Devin Lee January 2012 (has links)
This study investigates the pre-accretionary formation conditions of individual minerals within chondrules and whole-rock parent asteroid processes from the Renazzo-like carbonaceous (CR) chondrites. It presents a comprehensive work on the whole-rock O-isotope composition, sulfide-bearing opaque minerals, and type-II chondrules within the CR chondrites. Whole-rock O-isotope composition and minerals present in type-II chondrules are found to be related to the degree of parent asteroid aqueous alteration. Primary minerals within chondrules, formed prior to accretion of the CR chondrite parent asteroid, are used to constrain both the environment and the conditions present during chondrule formation.Chondrule formation, as recorded by chondrules in the CR chondrites, took place under dust- and ice-rich conditions relative to solar values. Type-II (FeO-rich) chondrules contain FeO-poor fragments compositionally similar to type-I (FeO-poor) chondrules; the formation of type-II chondrules may have occurred after the formation of type-I chondrules. The dust and ice abundances present during type-II chondrule formation were higher than those of type-I chondrules, although both populations probably exchanged with the same ¹⁶O-poor gas reservoir. Both the oxygen fugacity (fo₂) and sulfur fugacity (fs₂) appear to have increased from type-I to type-II chondrule formation, and between individual type-II chondrules. The increase in fo₂ and fs₂ may be due to the dissipation of H2 in the early Solar System. Gas-solid oxidation/sulfidation of Fe,Ni metal is recorded in both type-I and type-II chondrules. This corrosion occurred either during chondrule cooling after formation, or during chondrule reheating events, and suggests that S was present in the gas phase. After chondrule formation the CR chondrite parent asteroid accreted ¹⁶O-poor ice and experienced variable degrees of aqueous alteration, possibly due to heterogeneity in accreted ice or ammonia abundances and/or differing depth within the asteroid. Individual regions of the asteroid experienced different degrees of brecciation, perhaps a result of impacts, which fragmented chondrules and mixed together material that experienced different degrees of aqueous alteration. This process resulted in the heterogeneous nature of the CR chondrites.These observations constrain the formation conditions of a minor body, the CR chondrite parent asteroid, a remnant from the earliest stages of planet formation.

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