published_or_final_version / History / Master / Master of Arts

Thesis (Ph. L.)--Catholic University of America, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-103).

Thesis (M.A.)--Baylor University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-109).

本文通过比较的视角来探索中共政权对中国天主教会包括官方与地下教会的特殊控制及其原因。自中共建国后，对比与其同宗同源，同为近代外来宗教的基督新教，中国天主教会长期以来受到中共严厉的控制。同时，近三十年来，基督新教在中国发展迅猛，成为当代中国发展最快的宗教，而在晚清和国民党政权下，基督新教在中国的发展一直远远落后于天主教。本文试图对这两个特殊现象进行研究。 / 对于中共的严厉控制，学界的普遍观点是将其归结为天主教会强大的外国背景和与梵蒂冈的关系； 而近三十年来基督新教在华迅猛发展的原因被认为是它改良的教义和积极的传教模式。然而，基督新教同样具有强大的外国背景，它改良的教义和传教模式自晚清起在中国并没有本质改变，为何只在中共政权下得到迅速发展？本文试图通过对比天主教与基督新教在教义与组织结构、在华传播模式与发展速度、在华对政治的参与等方面的差异，以及天主教会在中国与中共政权在意识形态与组织结构上的异同，来探索中共对天主教会的特殊对待是否存在更深层次的原因，并探讨两者之间是否存在不可调和的矛盾。 / 笔者认为，作为一个意识形态与组织高度合一的政权，中共害怕任何有严密统一全国性组织的宗教，不管它是否有外国背景。而作为有全国性统一严密组织的宗教组织，天主教会在中国之所以没有像"一贯道"和"法轮功"一样被中共消灭掉，是因为其与梵蒂冈的关系。作为"国际性合法宗教"，天主教得以在中国生存。与基督新教相比，天主教会在中国，作为一种保守的，不倾向于革命或改良的宗教组织，在主观上从未试图挑战政权，但是其政教合一的严密组织以及建立在儒家伦理和宗族（家族）基础上的稳定的网络结构，在客观上构成对中共政权的有力竞争与潜在威胁，因此受到中共严密控制。中共利用"自选自圣"的策略，保持天主教会在中国的分裂， 从而达到"分而治之"的目的。同时，中共保持天主教地下教会在中国有限度的存在，以维持其对中国天主教会的有效控制。 / My research focuses on church-state relations in contemporary China, to explore whether or not the Catholic Church in China constitutes a threat to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regime. I am undertaking a comparative study of the CCP’s religious control over the Catholic and Protestant churches in mainland China through the approach of state-society relations, as well as a macroscopic view of political science with quantitative and qualitative analysis. / As they are both foreign-originated parts of Christianity, the Catholic Church has been subjected to much stricter controls from the mainland CCP since 1949 than the Protestant Churches. Furthermore, the Protestant churches have been the fastest growing religion in China in past three decades, but it had once grown relatively very slowly under late Qing and the KMT regimes, compared with the Catholicism. This research tries to explore these two strange phenomena, to study why the CCP has been so highly attentive towards the Catholic Church but has not eliminated it in mainland China. / Through expounding the differences between the Catholic Church and the Protestant churches in religious doctrines, organizational structures, propagation models, as well as development rates in China, which have been ignored by most scholars in the field, I try to interpret why the CCP has taken much tougher religious control over the Catholic Church, compared with the Protestant ones. Furthermore, I also make comparison between the Catholic Church and the CCP both of those are hierarchical organizations with highly unified ideologies, as well as different kinds of Universalism and Particularism. / In my view, the Catholic Church in China is different from Protestant churches, in that it has the tradition of "The Directives of Matteo Ricci," which expounded Christian doctrines in a Confucian way. It also comports with the traditional dependence on patriarchal clans (kinship) and obedience to secular authority found in Chinese society. It is not a social group that inclines to reform or revolution, but rather a conservative, exclusive, and highly stable one. Therefore, it has never intended to threaten or challenge the CCP’s authority. The opposition of the Catholic Church in China has been "misperceived" by the CCP. / As a regime highly unified in ideology and organization, the CCP’s state has been highly attentive toward any religion that has a nationwide, structured organization in China, whether it is of foreign or native provenance. Contrary to the common view in the field, it is argued that the Catholic Church could survive in China after 1949 -- in contrast to the "I-Kuan Tao" (Yi Guan Dao; eliminated in 1950’s), and "Falun Gong" (eliminated in recent years), because of its powerful world-wide network, its linkage with the Vatican. The CCP wants to maintain the disruption between the official and underground Catholic Churches in the Chinese mainland, to divide the Catholic Church and rule it in China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 郝瑩. / Thesis submitted: October 2013. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-236). / Abstracts also in English. / Hao Ying.

The Basic Christian Communities in Latin America were created with the official support of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1960s in order for the Church to work with the poor people of Latin America. However, the official representative of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America, CELAM, does not recognize Liberation Theology, and the Pope and CELPM condemned the People's Church claiming it opposes the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.This thesis studies a particular experience of the Basic Christian Communities in a rural area of San Gabriel, Costa Rica. It shows that the farmers of San Gabriel de Aserri have their own culture and customs which express their strategies in order to develop their goals. The local priest should develop and support the goals of the community for the well being of the Church and the community.The survey shows that when local organizations began in San Gabriel de Aserri in 1979, they helped to broaden the farmers social and economic consciences, theological beliefs, pastoral and liturgical practices. These changes are assisted by the growth and actions of the organization known as Basic Christian Communities.The Basic Christian Communities support leaders of the communities and familiarize them with the doctrine of the Catholic Church which gives the lay people more participation in the Church. Lay leaders, along with the members of the Basic Christian Communities and priests develop new solutions to the economic, social, and political problems of the poor people.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar aspectos da produção e divulgação nos últimos anos da década de 50, do século XX, do discurso anticomunista de matriz católica integrista na sociedade caruaruense. Veiculado através do jornal A Defesa, esse discurso, construído pelos próceres e intelectuais da Igreja local, do clero e do laicato, buscou a manutenção da hegemonia da Igreja e a da classe à qual seus líderes sentiam-se ligados. Para essa análise, partiu-se do entendimento, baseado em Foucault, de que as relações do cotidiano são constituídas com o uso de códigos e linguagens, nos quais o jogo da dominação e dos saberes impera, com a finalidade de manter, através do discurso, as formas de dominação na sociedade. Além de Foucault, para a elaboração do presente trabalho, também foram utilizados os conceitos de Certeau a fim de compreender o cotidiano. Práticas e relações cotidianas que colaboram para a manutenção, como também a produção dos sujeitos sociais por meio de discursos e relações nos interstícios da sociedade como uma arte de fazer e ser dos sujeitos cotidianos. Aplicando esse instrumental teórico buscou-se analisar o discurso desenvolvido pela Igreja Católica, que se utilizou da linguagem da fé e da doutrina social formulada pelo papa Leão XIII, no final do século XIX, com a encíclica Rerum Novarum, a fim de coibir o avanço do comunismo no mundo e consequentemente no Brasil, como também na cidade de Caruaru, Pernambuco local. Pesquisou-se a metodologia utilizada pela Igreja na difusão imagético-discursiva acerca do comunismo, que não se resumiu apenas em pregações durante as missas, mas buscou alcançar a grande maioria dos caruaruenses, lançando uma guerra santa contra o comunismo, por meio do jornal A Defesa. / The goal of this essay is to analize aspects of production and dissemination from the anticommunist speech of Catholic matrix in Caruaru society throuth the diocesan newspaper A Defesa, in the last years of the 50s of the twentieth century. This speech built by grandees and intellectual men from the local church both clergy and laity, it tried to maintain the churchs hegemony and mass which leaders are connected. The analyze was based on Foucault, everyday relations are established with the use of codes and languages in which there are domination and knowledge, in order to keep forms of domination in society by the talking. In addition to Foucault, it was also used the concepts of Certeau on the daily practices and relationships that contribute to the social networks, and the production of social subjects through speeches and relations of the society interstices, as an "art of doing and being. It is applying this theoretical tool, it analyzed the speech developed by the local Catholic Church which used the language of faith and the social doctrine formulated by Pope Leo XIII and developed by his successors, in order to stop the spread of communism in the city of Caruaru, Pernambuco. It was researched the methodology used by the Church in imagistic discursive dissemination about communism that was not reduced only in preaching at MISSA, but it wanted a big number of Caruaru people, it started a "holy war" against communism, through the newspaper A Defesa.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jose_willian_lopes_torres.pdf: 1942868 bytes, checksum: 4c1a2f253127e4d4641105d2667270b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / The goal of this essay is to analize aspects of production and dissemination from the anticommunist speech of Catholic matrix in Caruaru society throuth the diocesan newspaper A Defesa , in the last years of the 50s of the twentieth century. This speech built by grandees and intellectual men from the local church both clergy and laity, it tried to maintain the church s hegemony and mass which leaders are connected. The analyze was based on Foucault, everyday relations are established with the use of codes and languages in which there are domination and knowledge, in order to keep forms of domination in society by the talking. In addition to Foucault, it was also used the concepts of Certeau on the daily practices and relationships that contribute to the social networks, and the production of social subjects through speeches and relations of the society interstices, as an "art of doing and being . It is applying this theoretical tool, it analyzed the speech developed by the local Catholic Church which used the language of faith and the social doctrine formulated by Pope Leo XIII and developed by his successors, in order to stop the spread of communism in the city of Caruaru, Pernambuco. It was researched the methodology used by the Church in imagistic discursive dissemination about communism that was not reduced only in preaching at MISSA, but it wanted a big number of Caruaru people, it started a "holy war" against communism, through the newspaper A Defesa. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar aspectos da produção e divulgação nos últimos anos da década de 50, do século XX, do discurso anticomunista de matriz católica integrista na sociedade caruaruense. Veiculado através do jornal A Defesa, esse discurso, construído pelos próceres e intelectuais da Igreja local, do clero e do laicato, buscou a manutenção da hegemonia da Igreja e a da classe à qual seus líderes sentiam-se ligados. Para essa análise, partiu-se do entendimento, baseado em Foucault, de que as relações do cotidiano são constituídas com o uso de códigos e linguagens, nos quais o jogo da dominação e dos saberes impera, com a finalidade de manter, através do discurso, as formas de dominação na sociedade. Além de Foucault, para a elaboração do presente trabalho, também foram utilizados os conceitos de Certeau a fim de compreender o cotidiano. Práticas e relações cotidianas que colaboram para a manutenção, como também a produção dos sujeitos sociais por meio de discursos e relações nos interstícios da sociedade como uma arte de fazer e ser dos sujeitos cotidianos. Aplicando esse instrumental teórico buscou-se analisar o discurso desenvolvido pela Igreja Católica, que se utilizou da linguagem da fé e da doutrina social formulada pelo papa Leão XIII, no final do século XIX, com a encíclica Rerum Novarum, a fim de coibir o avanço do comunismo no mundo e consequentemente no Brasil, como também na cidade de Caruaru, Pernambuco local. Pesquisou-se a metodologia utilizada pela Igreja na difusão imagético-discursiva acerca do comunismo, que não se resumiu apenas em pregações durante as missas, mas buscou alcançar a grande maioria dos caruaruenses, lançando uma guerra santa contra o comunismo, por meio do jornal A Defesa.