Poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) ( -conjugated polymer) was prepared as an insoluble polymer network via chain coordination polymerization of 1,4-diethynylbezene catalyzed with [Rh(NBD)acac] complex. Thermodynamic properties and acid-base characteristics of the prepared poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) were studied by means of Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) in the temperature range 80-100 řC. Retention data of selected testing substances were used to determine the Gibbs energy of sorption, the sorption enthalpy and their acid-base and disperse parts as well as the disperse contribution to the surface energy and parameters of KA, KD, ANHPS and DNHPS quantifying the acid-base character of the studied polymer. The results showed that poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) interacted more efficiently with Lewis bases than with Lewis acids. The values of experimental sorption enthalpy were used for the determination of the parameters KA and KD. Values of these parameters classify poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) as the material with a slightly acid character. This conclusion is further supported by the results of H. P. Schreiber method based on the application of ANHPS and DNHPS parameters for the evaluation of the acid-base properties of the material. The infrared spectroscopy proved that poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) contained...

The mercury occurs in the environment in a variety of forms. Mercury compounds can be found in the soil, atmosphere, water and living organisms. Although some of the mercury substances are very toxic, they are often used in various sectors of industry, agriculture and medicine. Mercury compounds differ in their toxicity, so it is necessary to do speciation analysis. The aim of this diploma thesis was to develop and validate a new analytical method for the determination of mercury compounds in different samples. This method involves the combination of high performance liquid chromatography, UV-photochemical cold vapor mercury generation and atomic absorption spectrometry. Effective separation of mercury(II), methylmercury(I), ethylmercury(I) and phenylmercury(I) ions and subsequent comparable efficient of mercury cold vapor generation from all of forms was achieved using these techniques. The reached detection limits were 8 µg l-1 , 31 µg l-1 , 16 µg l-1 and 38 µg l-1 . At the end of experimental work, the proposed method of RP-HPLC-UV-CVG- QTAAS was used for the determination of mercury compounds in real samples (fish tissue and water samples: Labe, Vltava and tap water) and in certified reference materials (DORM-3 and DOLT-4). Several methods for extraction of mercury species from solid samples...

The aim of diploma thesis has been development and optimization of method determination of N- nitrososarcosine and N-nitrosoproline in malt by gas chromatography with chemiluminiscence detector. Optimization of extraction method has been performed by response surface method. Quantification has been performed by internal standard method (N-nitrosopipecolic acid, in which matrix effects has been studied. These has been verified in münchen and pilsen malt, therefore matrix-matched calibration has been constructed. The developed method has been aplicated on wheat, münchen and pilsen malt. N- nitrosoproline was detected only in münchen malt and in other cases has been under limit of detection (LOD=4,0 µg/kg). N-nitrososarcosine was in all cases under limit of detection (LOD=3,7 µg/kg). The matrix-matched calibration has been constructed for experimental münchen malt with N-nitrosoproline concentration at 13,2 ± 2,9 µg/kg. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In the first part of this doctoral thesis, a new analytical HPLC-MS/MS method for monitoring of concentration changes of 17β-estradiol (βE2) during in vitro mouse sperm capacitation was developed. Capacitation was performed for three initial concentrations of βE2 (200, 20 and 2 μg/L). For all the concentrations a similar trend for the total unbound βE2 was observed. In general, the βE2 concentration decreased to reach its minimum and then increased again. The position of the minimum differed for the individual tested βE2 concentrations. Experimentally obtained results were subjected to the kinetic analysis. The curves fitted through the experimentally determined points displayed an autocatalytic character. For the agreement between the curves obtained by fitting through the experimental points and the theoretical calculated curves, it is necessary to assume that the first step is adsorption of βE2 onto the surface of the sperm controlled by Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic study was also used to study the effects of fluorides and aluminium fluoride complexes on the capacitation of mouse sperm. The experimental points were in very good agreement with the shape of the theoretical curves and this fact verifies the mechanism of the mouse sperm capacitation kinetics. In the second part of this work, two...

This PhD thesis provides a commented set of four publications. These publications are focused on capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and UV/Vis spectrometry used to study complexes of rhenium with aromatic ligands. The methods of mass spectrometry with soft ionization techniques, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectrometry were used for structural characterization of the individual complexes. The complexes were synthetized in reactions of the rhenium precursor tetrabutylammonium tetrachlorooxorhenate with the corresponding ligand under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In the course of the research, it was revealed that the prepared complexes (with Re in the oxidation number +V and +VI) are unstable and their oxidation numbers change to another more stable form (Re+VII ). Sub-projects which were successfully implemented during the research were as follows:  Design and successful realization of the process of synthesis of selected rhenium complexes with aromatic ligands 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, and 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene in reactions with and without air access, and their structural characterization by ESI-MS, APPI- MS, LDI-MS, ESI-MS/MS, NMR, and IR.  ESI-MS SRM and UV/Vis time studies of the behaviour of primary rhenium complexes...

Fascioloides magna (the giant liver fluke) originated from North America, is known in the Czech Republic since 1930s. This pathogenic fluke invades mostly cervids, but livestock too. Excretory-secretory products (ES products) contain number of esential biomolecules which are produced by excretory and secretory system of the fluke. These molecules play key role in many biological process during the life cycle not only of fascioloid flukes (e.g. migration in the host tissues, immune evasion and digestion). Due to their antigenic properties they could be also used in immunodiagnostics. Excretory-secretory proteins from adult Fascioloides magna and comparative related species Fasciola hepatica were purified and separated by the basic biochemical methods (1D, 2D electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography) and their activity was confirmed by specific (fluorogenic peptide) and nonspecific (gelatine) substrates. By using the mass spectrometry methods (MALDI TOF/TOF), the most abundant peptidolytically active proteins from ES products of F. magna were identified as cathepsin L (FmCL). Recombinant analog of FmCL was expressed in Pichia pastoris expression system. The peptidolytic activity was again confirmed using the synthetic fluorogenic substrates; the specifity of recombinant FmCL active site was...

Enzymes are outstanding in their perfect 3D design through mastery of intrachain interaction of polypeptide chains. Seeking to mimic nature’s precision, a vibrant field in macromolecular science replicates natures pattern by the intrachain collapse of synthetic linear polymers to Single Chain Nano Particles (SCNPs) in the sub 30 nanometer realm. An in-depth understanding of the paradigms of intrachain collapse are largely missing, but urgently needed to exploit the potential of the versatile synthetic strategies for future applications. Therefore, present thesis focused on the in-depth investigation of SCNPs folding, performed via a powerful ligation strategy, e.g. the para-fluoro-thiol reaction (PFTR). The ligation reaction was subsequently transferred to light-triggered pathways with general utility in macromolecular science. The first part of the presented work focuses on the physicochemical transformations entailed in the intrachain-collapse of a pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) decorated SCNP precursor library. Statistically distributed PFB moieties enabled the implementation of powerful PFTR and thus, exploitation of sensitive 19F NMR spectroscopy. The precursor library was systematically modified in its reactive group density (5, 15, and 30 mol% PFB) and the absolute molar mass (20, 50, 100 kDa), enabling a screening of both impacts regarding the topology, the size and the conformation of the collapsed SCNPs. In function of these structural features, a comprehensive investigation was performed by a unique combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), 19F NMR spectroscopy, and quadruple detection SEC (SEC-4D). Thus, parallel data evaluation from techniques with complementary physical principles was performed. In addition to detailed morphological insights, the primary factor dictating the compaction of SCNPs was determined by the reactive group density. The most effective and ineffective folding was found at ca. 30 mol% and below 5% reactive group density, respectively. Within these limits, the contraction can be fine-tuned by the molar mass, where very short precursor chains (20 kDa) indicated limits of conformational changes in in poor solvents. Unlocking the potential of flow-based separation techniques for the SCNP area, the current work demonstrated the successful fractionation of the SCNP library via asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation hyphenated to novel quintuple detection (AF4-D5) in organic solvents. Herein, SCNP formation was evidenced by a shift towards lower elution volumes for the SCNP respective the linear starting material, associated with the decrease of the hydrodynamic volume upon folding. The analysis using the complementary, conventional technique of column-based chromatography (SEC-D4) in the same solvent showed corresponding trends, which further validated the hydrodynamic collapse and enabled a comparative assessment of the separation performance of both separation techniques. The efficiency of SEC-D4 was compared to AF4-D5 in versatile foci, as the state-of the art detector coupling was applied to both advanced separation principles. The sophisticated detection provided an information rich data-library, refining the analysis of the structural changes affected by the internal folding process. An in-depth critical comparison of the derived sophisticated dataset was established and the advantages and limitations of both techniques, including instrumental considerations, were emphasized. The UV/Vis-based quantification of the PFB-ligated dithiol crosslinker as a function of the SCNPs hydrodynamic volume was highlighted. The comparison of the obtained molar mass moments, different types of radii and versatile descriptors of chain morphology validated the results obtained from neutron scattering experiments (SANS). Finally, the PFTR was transferred to light-triggered pathways with utility for the broad field of polymer chemistry. Using blue light irradiation, a photobase generator (PBG) effectively released the PFTR-activating superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). After a model investigation with small molecules under high group tolerance, the light-induced PFTR enabled to graft versatile thiols on linear poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) copolymers in organic solvent (THF). Temporal control of the light-triggered PFTR was validated by time-resolved rheology experiments during network formation via light-induced PFTR. In summary, the current thesis provides a conceptual framework for SCNP design, based on the in-depth investigation of the paradigms dictating the intrachain collapse. Coherent parameters for a comparable platform of the description of the SCNP chain collapse were recommended. The scope of advanced methodologies for SCNP characterization was expanded to advanced flow-based separation techniques. Finally, light-triggered pathways of the PFTR were implemented and its utility for polymer design was presented. / Die beispiellose Perfektion in räumlicher Struktur und daher biochemischer Wirksamkeit von Proteinen beruht auf kontrollierter intramolekularer Wechselwirkung von Polypeptidketten. Die Nachahmung des intramolekularen Kollapses linearer Polymere zu verdichteten Single Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs) im sub-30-Nanometer-Bereich entwickelte sich zu einem prosperierenden Feld in der Polymerchemie. Bis heute existiert noch kein tiefgreifendes Verständnis dieses Faltungsvorganges, welches jedoch dringend erforderlich ist, um das Potenzial der vielseitigen Synthesestrategien für zukünftige Anwendungen von SCNPs auszuschöpfen. Daher konzentrierte sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf die eingehende Untersuchung der SCNP-Faltung mittels effizienter intramolekularer Ligation via para-Fluor-Thiol-Reaktion (PFTR). Die PFTR wurde anschließend auf Licht-getriggerte Wege realisiert, welche in der makromolekularen Chemie von allgemeinem Nutzen sind. Der erste Teil der vorgestellten Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die umfassende Analyse der SCNP-Faltung und den damit verbundenen physikochemischen Veränderungen, die mit der intramolekularen PFTR-Ligation einer Vorläuferbibliothek einhergehen. Die Polymere der Bibliothek wurden systematisch in ihrer reaktiven Gruppendichte (5, 15 und 30 mol%) und der absoluten Molmasse (20, 50, 100 kDa) modifiziert, um Einflüsse beider Faktoren hinsichtlich der Topologie, der Größe und der Konformation der kollabierten SCNPs zu untersuchen. Der Umsatz der PFTR¬ an den statistisch verteilten Pentafluorbenzyl (PFB) Einheiten der SCNP-Vorläuferbibliothek wurde mittels sensitiver 19F-NMR-Spektroskopie quantifiziert. In Abhängigkeit der Strukturmerkmale der Vorläuferbibliothek wurde eine umfassende Analyse der physikochemischen Veränderungen durch eine bisher einzigartige Kombination von Kleinwinkel-Neutronenstreuung (SANS), 19F-NMR-Spektroskopie und SEC mit Vierfachdetektion (SEC-4D) durchgeführt. Der Einsatz von komplementären Analysetechniken ermöglichte eine fundierte Untersuchung des Polymerknäuel-Kollapses jenseits der gegenwärtigen methodischen Grenzen konventionell angewendeter Lichtstreutechniken durch zusätzliche Anwendung von Viskometrie und Kleinwinkel-Neutronenstreuung. Letztere zeigte durch ihr hohes räumliches Auflösungsvermögen einen Einblick auf die Segmenteigenschaften der polymeren Nanopartikel. Die morphologische Transformation von linearen Vorläufer-Polymeren zu verdichteten SCNP wurde vergleichend über die reaktive Gruppendichte evaluiert. Die Größenreduktion zu SCNPs ist bei einer reaktiven Gruppendichte von 30 Mol-% maximal, aber unter 5% kaum effektiv. Innerhalb dieser Grenzen ist eine sub-Kontrolle der Kontraktion durch die Variation der Molmasse möglich, wobei sehr kurze Vorläuferketten (20 kDa) die Grenze des noch möglichen Konformationswandels in schlechtem Lösungsmittel anzeigen. Weiterhin wurde erstmalig die erfolgreiche Fraktionierung der SCNP-Bibliothek mittels asymmetrischer Flussfeld-Flussfraktionierung (AF4) demonstriert, die mit einer neuartigen Kopplung zu Fünffach-Detektion (AF4-D5) mit organischem Eluenten angewendet wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Fraktionierung bestätigten die SCNP-Bildung durch das charakteristisch veränderte Elutionsverhalten des SCNP im Vergleich zum linearen Ausgangsmaterial, welches mit einer Verringerung des hydrodynamischen Volumens durch den Faltungsprozess zu erklären ist. Die Analyse mittels komplementärer, konventioneller Technik der säulenbasierten Chromatographie (SEC-D4) im gleichen Lösungsmittel zeigte dementsprechende Trends, was den hydrodynamischen Kollaps weiter validiert und eine vergleichende Bewertung der Trennleistung beider Separationstechniken ermöglichte. Modernste Vielfach-Detektion ermöglichte an beiden Separationstechniken (SEC und AF4) eine simultane und damit hocheffiziente Analyse. Dabei zeigte die AF4-basierte Separation eine teilweise verbesserte Trennung im Vergleich zur SEC. Die Vor- und Nachteile beider Techniken sowie instrumentelle Überlegungen wurden eingehend diskutiert. Die durch die Multidetektorkopplung erhaltenen Molmassenmomente, Größenparameter und vielseitige Deskriptoren der Kettenmorphologie der Fraktionen von beiden Seperationsmechanismen ermöglichten die umfassende Beschreibung der strukturellen Veränderungen während des Faltungprozesses. Diese Datensätze wurden mit den Ergebnissen der Neutronenstreuungsexperimente (SANS) und der Struktur der Vorläuferpolymere zu einem detaillierten Bild der Einflüsse des Faltungsprozesses korreliert. Die UV/Vis-basierte Quantifizierung des PFB-ligierten Dithiol-Vernetzers als Funktion des hydrodynamischen Volumens der SCNPs untermauerten zusätzlich die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die Struktur-Eigenschaft Beziehungen. Schließlich wurde die PFTR Ligation auf Licht-getriggerte Prozesse übertragen, welche für das breite Gebiet der Polymerchemie von Nutzen sind. Die effektive PFTR-aktivierende Base 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-en (DBU) wurde unter Verwendung von mittels blauem Licht getriggertem Photobase-Generator (PBG) effektiv freigesetzt. In der Untersuchung eines Modellsystems mit kleinen Molekülen wurde hohe Gruppentoleranz festgestellt und die lichtinduzierte PFTR ermöglichte die Pfropfung verschiedener Thiole an lineares Poly (styrol-co-pentafluorstyrol) in organischem Lösungsmittel (THF). Die zeitliche Kontrolle wurde durch zeitaufgelöste Rheologie Experimente während Netzwerkerzeugung via Licht-induzierter PFTR validiert. Zusammenfassend stellt die aktuelle Arbeit einen konzeptionellen Rahmen für SCNP-Design anhand genereller Paradigmen des Kettenkollapses bereit. Empfehlungen für kohärente Parameter zur Beschreibung des SCNP-Kettenkollapses wurden herausgearbeitet, die den Aufbau einer vielversprechenden Plattform für weitere, fortschrittliche SCNP-Forschung sind. Der Umfang geeigneter Methoden zur SCNP-Charakterisierung wurde auf Feldfluss-basierte Trenntechniken erweitert. Schließlich wurden licht-getriggerte Reaktionskaskaden der PFTR implementiert und ihre Nützlichkeit für das Polymerdesign von perflourierten Materialen vorgestellt.

This diploma thesis deals with the determination of macrolide antibiotics in wastewater, especially with erythromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin. In this time are these pharmaceuticals prescribed quite frequently. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation and the purification of selected analytes from an aqueous matrix; as the suitable procedure was found the using Oasis HLB cartridges. High performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS) was optimized for its analysis of selected pharmaceuticals. The optimized method was used for the determination of pharmaceuticals in real water samples, which was taken at the inflow and the outflow of the urban wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice.

The most important substances of the group of perfluorinated compounds are perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulphonamide (FOSA). Perfluorinated compounds have special physical and chemical properties, which make them valuable for usage in different industrial branches. These properties, which make them so useful are also the reason, why they are so harmful for the environment. The target of theoretical part of the diploma thesis was processing of literature searche on the topic: Evaluation of environmental load by perfluorinated compounds. In the experimental part was developed and optimized a method that was used for the identification and quantification of selected pollutants contained in real soil samples.

This diploma thesis is focused on the determination of phosphodiesterase 5 selective inhibitors in communal waste waters. In this study phosphodiesterase inhibitors levels in municipal waste waters from sewage treatment plants with different numbers of equivalent inhabitants were analyzed. Namely it was sewage treatment plants in Brno – Modřice, Luhačovice and Hodonín. In each of the above mentioned facilities 24 - hour cumulated samples of the influent and effluent waste water were collected. On the Brno - Modřice sewage treatment plant also weekly monitoring of the concentration of phosphodiesterase inhibitors was realized.