Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite protozoaire intracellulaire obligatoire appartenant à la famille des Apicomplexa. Chez les protozoaires, les protéases possèdent des rôles clés au niveau du cycle parasitaire, et sont ainsi considérées comme des facteurs de virulence. Chez T. gondii, les métallopeptidases pourraient être impliquées dans la traversée des différentes barrières biologiques. A l'heure actuelle, seules cinq métallopeptidases de T. gondii ont été décrites : une aminopeptidase N, deux toxolysines, une leucine aminopeptidase et une FtsH1 peptidase. Lors de l'étude de l'influence de l'invasion de monocytes humains par T. gondii sur le profil d'expression des métalloprotéases matricielles monocytaires, nous avons mis en évidence une protéase parasitaire présentant à la fois des propriétés gélatino- et élastinolytique.Le but de ce travail est de caractériser, purifier et identifier cette gélatinase de T. gondii.Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé la gélatinase d'environ 100 kDa sécrétée par T. gondii comme étant une MMP-9 like (métallo-endopeptidase à zinc) mais ne possédant pas le même processus d'activation que les MMPs humaines.Dans un deuxième temps, après purification partielle par une série de chromatographie chélatrice de zinc, nous avons identifié par spectrométrie de masse la gélatinase comme étant la TGME49_227948 annotée dans ToxoDB. Cette protéase présente les domaines protéiques d'une métalloprotéase à zinc de la sous-famille M16C, et est proche au niveau de sa structure 3D de la chaine A de la 2FGE présente chez Arabidopsis Thaliana. Afin de confirmer l'annotation de ToxoDB, nous avons séquencé l'extrémité 5' de l'ARNm de cette protéase. Cependant, nos résultats expérimentaux ne sont pas en concordance avec l'annotation prédite dans la base de données ToxoDB.La séquence en acides aminés de cette protéase, nous a permis de synthétiser deux anticorps polyclonaux spécifiques afin de mettre en évidence deux formes de 140 kDa et 100 kDa et donc d'émettre l'hypothèse que cette protéase pourrait être clivée afin d'être activée. De plus, cette métalloprotéase a été détectée par western blot dans le cytosol des parasites mais elle est aussi secrétée dans le milieu conditionné. Par immunolocalisation, la protéase est présente au sein du parasite, au niveau du cytosol sans localisation préférentielle dans un organite particulier.Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que la gélatinase parasitaire sécrétée par T. gondii pourrait dégrader des composés de la matrice extracellulaire, d'où son rôle potentiel dans le mécanisme de traversée des barrières biologiques. / Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite which belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum. In protozoans, proteases have key roles in the parasitic cycle. They thereby are considered as virulence factors. In T. gondii, metallopeptidases may be involved in the crossing of biological barriers. Currently, only five metallopeptidases from T. gondii are described: an aminopeptidase N, two toxolysins, one leucine aminopeptidase and one FtsH1 peptidase. During the study of the influence of human monocytes invasion by T. gondii on the monocytic matrix metalloproteases expression profile, we brought out a parasitic protease showing gelatino- and elastinolytic properties.The aim of this study is to characterize, purify and identify this gelatinase from T. gondii.First we characterized the 100 kDa-gelatinase secreted by T. gondii as an MMP-9-like (zinc metalloendopeptidase) but its activation process is different from human MMPs.Then, after the partial purification by a series of zinc-chelate chromatographies, we identified by mass spectrometry the gelatinase as the TGME49_227948 annotated in ToxoDB. This protease has M16C subfamily zinc-metalloprotease protein domains and is close to the 3D structure of the A chain of the 2FGE in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to confirm the ToxoDB annotation, we sequenced the 5' end of the mRNA of this protease. Nevertheless our experimental results are not in the line with the predicted annotation in ToxoDB database.The amino acids sequence of this protease allowed us to synthesize two specific polyclonal antibodies in order to highlight two forms, 140 kDa and 100 kDa, and to emit the hypothesis that this protease could be cleaved to be activated. Moreover this metalloprotease was detected by Western Blot in the cytosol of the parasites but it can also be secreted in the conditioned medium. By immulocalization, the protease is present in the cytosol of the parasite without any preferential localization in a particular organelle.In this study, we showed that the parasitic gelatinase secreted by T. gondii could degrade extracellular matrix compounds, which could explain its potential role in the mechanism involved in the crossing of biological barriers.

Baccharis dracunculifolia é conhecida por sua interação com insetos, especialmente Apis mellifera L., por possuir ampla diversidade de metabólitos secundários, bem como, por apresentar várias atividades biológicas. Suas folhas são pontuadas por tricomas secretores ricos em metabólitos secundários e também apresentam dutos secretores, estruturas que produzem e armazenam os óleos essenciais. Os metabólitos secundários de B. dracunculifolia são usados pelas abelhas A. mellifera para a produção de própolis ?verde?, que é extremamente valorizada pelas indústrias farmacêuticas, pois apresenta atividades antitumoral, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatória, antiulcerogênica, dentre outras. Considerando estas importantes atividades biológicas, e a necessidade de padronização da própolis, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: desenvolver metodologia analítica por cromatografia gasosa para quantificar os constituintes majoritários presentes no óleo essencial da planta cultivada; desenvolver e validar metodologia analítica por CLAE capaz de garantir a autenticidade dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de B. dracunculifolia, bem como de própolis verde; determinar o perfil de variabilidade dos componentes voláteis e fixos de 10 diferentes acessos cultivados durante o período de 12 meses. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o cultivo da espécie foi eficiente, observando-se rápido crescimento, cerca de 1 m de altura a partir do quarto mês de plantio, obtendo-se boa quantidade de biomassa, em média de 400 g por acesso, no período de análise. Com a metodologia desenvolvida para os voláteis foi possível analisar 480 amostras nos 12 meses de amostragem e identificar 14 componentes presentes no óleo das folhas cultivadas. As análises semiquantitativas indicaram que o nerolidol é o volátil majoritário, correspondendo em aproximadamente 50 % do óleo, sendo detectado durante todo ano e, por isso, o mesmo deve ser o maior responsável pelas propriedades odoríferas intensas, as quais são extremamente valorizadas pelas indústrias de fragrâncias e cosméticos. Além disso, com base no perfil de variabilidade dos voláteis, a época de floração foi a menos produtiva em termos de óleo essencial, em média de 0,3 %. Por outro lado, o período de fevereiro a abril foi o mais produtivo, em média de 1 % de óleo a partir das folhas secas. Adicionalmente, dentre os acessos cultivados, somente o 4 não é viável para o cultivo em larga escala. Esta população apresentou diferenças morfológicas em relação às folhas e se destacou pela baixa produtividade de óleo ao longo do ano. A metodologia desenvolvida por CLAE, permitiu distinguir e quantificar simultaneamente 10 padrões cromatográficos (ácido caféico, ácido cumárico, ácido ferúlico, ácido cinâmico, aromadendrina-4?-metil éter, drupanina, isosakuranetina, artepelin C, bacarina e ácido 2,2-dimetilcarboxietenil-2H-1-benzopirânico), os quais podem ser encontrados tanto em amostras hidroetanólicas de alecrim do campo bem como em amostras hidroalcoólicas de própolis verde. Além disso, todas as características de desempenho do método apresentaram resultados aceitáveis, conforme sugeridos pela Anvisa e Inmetro, e podem garantir com segurança e confiabilidade a quantificação dos metabólitos de interesse. Na análise das substâncias fixas, observou-se que o ácido caféico é o componente majoritário, correspondendo em média de 60 % dos fenólicos em análise. O perfil de variabilidade do artepelin C e bacarina foi crescente no decorrer dos meses em estudo, demonstrando teores mais elevados no último trimestre de amostragem, correspondendo em média de 8 e 25 % respectivamente. O flavonóide aromadendrina-4?-metil éter demonstrou concentrações diferenciadas durante o ano. Todavia, este flavonóide juntamente com o ácido caféico podem ser considerados marcadores quimiotaxonômicos da planta cultivada, já que os mesmos foram detectados durante todo ano e em todas as populações. Contudo, considerando a produção, tanto dos voláteis como dos compostos fenólicos, todos os acessos cultivados, com exceção da população 4, podem ser cultivados em larga escala para estes propósitos / Baccharis dracunculifolia is well known for its interaction with insects, mainly Apis mellifera L., for bearing a wide range of secondary metabolites, as well as for displaying many biological activities. Its leaves are punctuated with secretory thricomes rich in secondary metabolites and secretory ducts, which produce and store essential oils. B. dracunculifolia secondary metabolites are used by Apis mellifera to produce ?green? propolis, which is of great importance for pharmaceutical industry, since it displays anticancer, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antiulcer, among other activities. Considering the displayed biological activities by B. dracunculifolia and the need to standardize the green propolis raw material, the aims of the present work were: a) to develop a gas chromatography analytical methodology to quantify the major volatile constituents in its cultivated populations; b) to develop and validate a HPLC method to quantify the major phenolic compounds present in the aerial parts of B. dracunculifolia, and in the crude green propolis. The developed chromatographic tools were used to study the seasonal influence in the biosynthesis of both volatile oils and phenolic components in 10 different cultivated populations during one year period. All the cultivated populations grew quite well, since it achieved 1 m in height in the fourth month of growth, and it produced an average of 400 g of biomass per individual. Using the developed GC methodology it was possible to analyze 480 samples, and to quantify 14 volatile components of the leaves during one year of its cultivation. The GC analysis indicated that nerolidol was the major compound present in the volatile fraction, about 50 %, which was detected during the entire experiment, and it shall be the most responsible compound for its intense fragrance with importance for cosmetic industry. On one hand, it was observed that during the flowering period the volatile oil production was lower, about 0.3 % w/w, and on the other hand, during the months of February, March and April, its production was higher, about 1 % w/w in dry leaves. Besides, it was observed that population 4 stood out, since it was morphologically different from all others and produced lower yielding of volatile components during the entire year. The HPLC developed methodology allowed to separate and quantify 10 phenolic (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, aromadendrin-4?-methyl ether, drupanin, isosakuranetin, artepillin C, bacharin, 2,2-dimethylcarboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran acid) compounds simultaneously in both B. dracunculifolia and green propolis ethanol extracts. Moreover, all the evaluated validation parameters displayed acceptable results, as established by Brazilian Governmental regulation agencies, Anvisa and Imetro, and it provide very good results for the accurate quantification of phenolic compounds of interest. The analysis indicated that caffeic acid was the major compound present in the analyzed samples, and it corresponded to 60 % of the total quantified phenolic compounds. The contents of artepelin C and bacharin varied greatly during the studied period, displaying higher contents during the last trimester of 8 e 25 %, respectively. The flavonoid aromadendrin-4?-methyl ether has not displayed a coherent pattern during the experiment, since it variable greatly. However, aromadendrin along with caffeic acid could be considered good chemical markers for the analysis of cultivated B. dracunculifolia, considering that both were found in all the samples. Overall, considering the production of both the volatile and phenolic compounds, all the cultivated populations, with exception of the population 4, could be cultivated in large scale for these purposes.

Baccharis dracunculifolia é conhecida por sua interação com insetos, especialmente Apis mellifera L., por possuir ampla diversidade de metabólitos secundários, bem como, por apresentar várias atividades biológicas. Suas folhas são pontuadas por tricomas secretores ricos em metabólitos secundários e também apresentam dutos secretores, estruturas que produzem e armazenam os óleos essenciais. Os metabólitos secundários de B. dracunculifolia são usados pelas abelhas A. mellifera para a produção de própolis ?verde?, que é extremamente valorizada pelas indústrias farmacêuticas, pois apresenta atividades antitumoral, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatória, antiulcerogênica, dentre outras. Considerando estas importantes atividades biológicas, e a necessidade de padronização da própolis, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: desenvolver metodologia analítica por cromatografia gasosa para quantificar os constituintes majoritários presentes no óleo essencial da planta cultivada; desenvolver e validar metodologia analítica por CLAE capaz de garantir a autenticidade dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de B. dracunculifolia, bem como de própolis verde; determinar o perfil de variabilidade dos componentes voláteis e fixos de 10 diferentes acessos cultivados durante o período de 12 meses. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o cultivo da espécie foi eficiente, observando-se rápido crescimento, cerca de 1 m de altura a partir do quarto mês de plantio, obtendo-se boa quantidade de biomassa, em média de 400 g por acesso, no período de análise. Com a metodologia desenvolvida para os voláteis foi possível analisar 480 amostras nos 12 meses de amostragem e identificar 14 componentes presentes no óleo das folhas cultivadas. As análises semiquantitativas indicaram que o nerolidol é o volátil majoritário, correspondendo em aproximadamente 50 % do óleo, sendo detectado durante todo ano e, por isso, o mesmo deve ser o maior responsável pelas propriedades odoríferas intensas, as quais são extremamente valorizadas pelas indústrias de fragrâncias e cosméticos. Além disso, com base no perfil de variabilidade dos voláteis, a época de floração foi a menos produtiva em termos de óleo essencial, em média de 0,3 %. Por outro lado, o período de fevereiro a abril foi o mais produtivo, em média de 1 % de óleo a partir das folhas secas. Adicionalmente, dentre os acessos cultivados, somente o 4 não é viável para o cultivo em larga escala. Esta população apresentou diferenças morfológicas em relação às folhas e se destacou pela baixa produtividade de óleo ao longo do ano. A metodologia desenvolvida por CLAE, permitiu distinguir e quantificar simultaneamente 10 padrões cromatográficos (ácido caféico, ácido cumárico, ácido ferúlico, ácido cinâmico, aromadendrina-4?-metil éter, drupanina, isosakuranetina, artepelin C, bacarina e ácido 2,2-dimetilcarboxietenil-2H-1-benzopirânico), os quais podem ser encontrados tanto em amostras hidroetanólicas de alecrim do campo bem como em amostras hidroalcoólicas de própolis verde. Além disso, todas as características de desempenho do método apresentaram resultados aceitáveis, conforme sugeridos pela Anvisa e Inmetro, e podem garantir com segurança e confiabilidade a quantificação dos metabólitos de interesse. Na análise das substâncias fixas, observou-se que o ácido caféico é o componente majoritário, correspondendo em média de 60 % dos fenólicos em análise. O perfil de variabilidade do artepelin C e bacarina foi crescente no decorrer dos meses em estudo, demonstrando teores mais elevados no último trimestre de amostragem, correspondendo em média de 8 e 25 % respectivamente. O flavonóide aromadendrina-4?-metil éter demonstrou concentrações diferenciadas durante o ano. Todavia, este flavonóide juntamente com o ácido caféico podem ser considerados marcadores quimiotaxonômicos da planta cultivada, já que os mesmos foram detectados durante todo ano e em todas as populações. Contudo, considerando a produção, tanto dos voláteis como dos compostos fenólicos, todos os acessos cultivados, com exceção da população 4, podem ser cultivados em larga escala para estes propósitos / Baccharis dracunculifolia is well known for its interaction with insects, mainly Apis mellifera L., for bearing a wide range of secondary metabolites, as well as for displaying many biological activities. Its leaves are punctuated with secretory thricomes rich in secondary metabolites and secretory ducts, which produce and store essential oils. B. dracunculifolia secondary metabolites are used by Apis mellifera to produce ?green? propolis, which is of great importance for pharmaceutical industry, since it displays anticancer, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antiulcer, among other activities. Considering the displayed biological activities by B. dracunculifolia and the need to standardize the green propolis raw material, the aims of the present work were: a) to develop a gas chromatography analytical methodology to quantify the major volatile constituents in its cultivated populations; b) to develop and validate a HPLC method to quantify the major phenolic compounds present in the aerial parts of B. dracunculifolia, and in the crude green propolis. The developed chromatographic tools were used to study the seasonal influence in the biosynthesis of both volatile oils and phenolic components in 10 different cultivated populations during one year period. All the cultivated populations grew quite well, since it achieved 1 m in height in the fourth month of growth, and it produced an average of 400 g of biomass per individual. Using the developed GC methodology it was possible to analyze 480 samples, and to quantify 14 volatile components of the leaves during one year of its cultivation. The GC analysis indicated that nerolidol was the major compound present in the volatile fraction, about 50 %, which was detected during the entire experiment, and it shall be the most responsible compound for its intense fragrance with importance for cosmetic industry. On one hand, it was observed that during the flowering period the volatile oil production was lower, about 0.3 % w/w, and on the other hand, during the months of February, March and April, its production was higher, about 1 % w/w in dry leaves. Besides, it was observed that population 4 stood out, since it was morphologically different from all others and produced lower yielding of volatile components during the entire year. The HPLC developed methodology allowed to separate and quantify 10 phenolic (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, aromadendrin-4?-methyl ether, drupanin, isosakuranetin, artepillin C, bacharin, 2,2-dimethylcarboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran acid) compounds simultaneously in both B. dracunculifolia and green propolis ethanol extracts. Moreover, all the evaluated validation parameters displayed acceptable results, as established by Brazilian Governmental regulation agencies, Anvisa and Imetro, and it provide very good results for the accurate quantification of phenolic compounds of interest. The analysis indicated that caffeic acid was the major compound present in the analyzed samples, and it corresponded to 60 % of the total quantified phenolic compounds. The contents of artepelin C and bacharin varied greatly during the studied period, displaying higher contents during the last trimester of 8 e 25 %, respectively. The flavonoid aromadendrin-4?-methyl ether has not displayed a coherent pattern during the experiment, since it variable greatly. However, aromadendrin along with caffeic acid could be considered good chemical markers for the analysis of cultivated B. dracunculifolia, considering that both were found in all the samples. Overall, considering the production of both the volatile and phenolic compounds, all the cultivated populations, with exception of the population 4, could be cultivated in large scale for these purposes.

Dans ce travail, deux méthodes d'extraction multi-résidus de contaminants présents dans des sédiments ont été développées. Dans la première partie de cette étude, une méthode a été développée pour l’'extraction simultanée de deux familles de métabolites oxygénés d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), les quinones et les HAP hydroxylés (OH-HAP). Une approche chimiométrique a permis de déterminer les paramètres influant sur l’extraction assistée par micro-ondes (MAE) et une zone de compromis a été trouvée pour extraire de manière optimale les deux familles de composés. Deux méthodologies d’analyses chromatographiques ont été développées et validées pour analyser les extraits, puis comparées, à savoir la chromatographie liquide haute performance couplée aux détections UV et fluorimétrique (HPLC-UV-Fluo) et la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de masse par impact électronique (CPG-SM). En CPG-SM, des réactions de silylation des OH-HAP et d’acétylation des quinones ont dû être mises au point, afin d’abaisser les limites de détection (LD), en particulier pour les ortho-quinones. En HPLC-UV-Fluo, les LD étaient plus faibles qu’en CPG-SM, surtout pour les OH-HAP détectés en Fluo et l'analyse était plus rapide, sans processus de dérivation; mais la détection n’étant pas sélective, l’identification des analytes s’est avérée hazardeuse. Le choix s’est donc porté sur la CPG-SM pour une analyse plus fiable des deux familles de composés de matrices sédimentaires naturellement contaminées. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse, une nouvelle méthodologie d'extraction a été développée et validée, basée sur la dispersion en phase solide de la matrice solide (MSPD), capable d'extraire mais aussi de purifier l’échantillon, méthodologie par ailleurs simple et rapide. Deux familles de composés ont été extraits simultanément à partir de sédiments, les HAP et les polychlorobiphényles (PCB). Un certain nombre de paramètres ont été optimisés, tels la nature des agents dispersants, le temps de broyage, le volume et la nature du mélange de solvants d’élution. Dans un deuxième temps, l'introduction des OH-HAP dans le processus analytique a amené à coupler à la MSPD une autre méthode d’extraction/purification beaucoup plus sélective, basée sur les polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIP). En effet, les interférents polaires, restés piégés par l’agent dispersant polaire dans la première cartouche contenant le sédiment broyé, devaient être élués afin de libérer les OH-HAP, qui a leur tour devaient être retenus sélectivement dans un MIP empreint pour les phénols, pour fournir une élution finale exempte d'autres composés. Il a été montré que ces MIPs pouvaient extraire sélectivement les OH-HAP de faible et de haut poids moléculaire, mais il fallait choisir soigneusement le solvant de percolation pour ne pas endommager le polymère. Cependant, la difficulté principale a été de désorber les OH-HAP fortement retenus par le sédiment par liaison hydrogène. Cela a pu être réalisé pour les OH-HAP légers, en utilisant un mélange de solvants avec un effet de relargage par un sel, mais pas pour les OH-HAP lourds, trop fortement adsorbés sur la matrice sédimentaire. Par ailleurs, il a fallu utiliser une grande quantité de polymère à empreinte moléculaire à cause de la compétition pour les sites de reconnaissance entre les OH-HAP et des composés phénoliques. / In this work two multiresidual methods for extracting contaminants from sediments were developed. In the first part of this study, a method was developed for extracting simultaneously two groups of oxygenated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), quinones and hydroxylated PAHs (hydroxy-PAHs). A chemometric approach allowed us to determine the influential parameters on microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and a compromise could be found for extracting quantitatively both families of compounds. Two chromatographic analytical methodologies were developed and validated for analysing the extracts: high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorimetric and ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV-FLD) and gas chromatography coupled with an electronic impact mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Using GC-MS, reactions of silylation of hydroxy-PAHs and of acetylation of quinones had to be developed, to decrease detection limits (LOD), particularly for ortho-quinones. Using HPLC-UV-FLD, LODs were lower than using GC-MS, particularly for hydroxy-PAHs detected by FLD, and the analysis was faster, without derivatization; but the detectors were not selective, and identification of analytes was doubtful. Choice was done to favour GC-MS for a more reliable analysis of the two families of compounds extracted from naturally contaminated sediments. In the second part of this thesis work, a new fast and simple extraction methodology was developed and validated, based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), capable of extracting and purifying simultaneously sediment samples. Two families of compounds were simultaneously extracted from sediments, PAHs and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Many parameters were optimized, as the nature of dispersing agents, the time of grinding, the volume and nature of elution solvent mixtures. In a second step, hydroxy-PAHs were introduced in the analytical process, which led us to add another more selective extraction/purification method to MSPD, based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Indeed polar interfering compounds, trapped by the polar dispersant in the first cartridge containing the blended sediment, had to be eluted to release hydroxy-PAHs, which in turn had to be selectively retained by the polymer, imprinted for phenols, to provide a final eluate free from other polar compounds. It was demonstrated that those MIPs could selectively extract low and high molecular weight hydroxy-PAHs, but appropriate percolating solvents had to be chosen to avoid polymer damages. However, the main difficulty was to desorb hydroxy-PAHs strongly retained by the sediment matrix through hydrogen bonds. It could be achieved for light hydroxy-PAHs, using a mixture of eluting solvents with salting-out effect, but not for heavy hydroxy-PAHs which stayed strongly sorbed on the sediment matrix. Furthermore we needed to use high amounts of imprinted polymer because of the competition for recognition sites between hydroxy-PAHs and phenolic compounds.