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Os objetivos deste trabalho foram efetuar o levantamento de fungos presentes nas sementes de pau-brasil coletadas em dois locais, no momento da coleta e após o armazenamento; verificar o efeito desses fungos na germinação das sementes antes e durante o período de armazenamento; avaliar a transmissão de fungos encontrados em maior incidência nas sementes e comparar o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas como forma de controle de fungos. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes: (1) utilização de sementes do campus da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba (SP), coletadas diretamente das árvores e após queda ao solo, armazenadas por 15 dias em ambiente de laboratório e câmara fria; (2) utilizar sementes coletadas diretamente das árvores e após queda ao solo, no campus da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba (SP), e coletadas do solo na Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Moji-Guaçu, em Mogi-Guaçu (SP), armazenadas em ambiente e em câmara fria e seca, por 15 e 30 dias; (3) comparar o tratamento de sementes com carboxim+tiram, benomil e captam, a fim de determinar a eficiência no controle dos fungos incidentes; (4) verificar a transmissão de fungos por sementes transplantando plântulas para vasos, avaliando diariamente os sintomas e identificando os patógenos associados. Os resultados mostraram que os fungos incidentes foram Pestalotiopsis sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., Epicoccum sp. e Alternaria spp. Não houve diferença na incidência de fungos e na porcentagem de plântulas normais entre as sementes coletadas em Piracicaba e em Mogi-Guaçu. A melhor coleta de sementes de pau-brasil no campus da ESALQ/USP foi diretamente das árvores, quando estas tinham aproximadamente 65 dias pós-antese, e foram capazes de originar maior porcentagem de plântulas normais. Em relação ao armazenamento, as sementes mantiveram a germinação até 15 dias de armazenamento em laboratório e os fungos de armazenamento incidentes foram Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp. No tratamento com fungicidas, captam foi o fungicida que mais reduziu a incidência dos fungos e preservou a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pau-brasil, embora seja necessário acertar a dose do fungicida, diminuindo a porcentagem de plântulas anormais e sementes mortas, colaborando para o aumento de plântulas normais capazes de originar mudas sadias. Foi evidenciada a patogenicidade e transmissão de Pestalotiopsis sp. e Cladosporium cladosporioides, causando lesões em cotilédones e hipocótilos de plântulas anormais. / The objectives of this work were carry out the survey of fungi associated with brazilian-wood seeds collected in two places, in the collected moment and during the storage; verify the effect of these fungi in seed germination before and during the storage period; realize the transmission test for the fungi found in higher incidence in seeds and utilize the seed chemical treatment like a way of fungi control. For this, the work had been divided in four parts: (1) utilization of seeds from ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba (SP), recently collected, collected directly from trees and after drop to soil, stored for 15 days in laboratory environmental and cold chamber; (2) seeds collected directly from trees and after drop to soil, in ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba (SP), and collected from soil in Biological Forest and Experimental Station of Moji-Guaçu, in Mogi-Guaçu (SP), stored in laboratory and cold chamber, for 15 and 30 days; (3) carry out the seeds treatment with carboxin+thiram, benomyl and captan, to determine the control efficiency in incident fungi; (4) effectuate the fungi transmission test by brazilian-wood seeds, transplanting seedlings to pots and evaluating the symptoms daily, identifying the pathogens associated with them. The results showed that the associated fungi were Pestalotiopsis sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., Epicoccum sp. e Alternaria spp. There was no difference in fungi incidence and in the normal seedlings percentage between seeds collected in Piracicaba and in Mogi-Guaçu The best collect brazilian-wood seeds in ESALQ/USP was directly from trees, when this had approximately 65 days after anthesis and, originating a higher percentage of normal seedlings. In relation to storage, the seeds kept the germination till 15 days in laboratory and storage fungi associated with seeds was Aspergillus sp. And Penicillium sp. In fungicide treatment, captan was the fungicide that showed a higher reduction in the fungi incidence and preserved the physiological quality of brazilian-wood seeds, however it is necessary adjust the fungicide dose, decreasing the percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds, collaborating for the increase of normal seedlings capable of originate healthy seedlings. The pathogenicity and transmission of Pestalotiopsis sp. and Cladosporium cladosporioides, causing lesions in cotyledons and hypocotylous of abnormal seedlings were evident

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram efetuar o levantamento de fungos presentes nas sementes de pau-brasil coletadas em dois locais, no momento da coleta e após o armazenamento; verificar o efeito desses fungos na germinação das sementes antes e durante o período de armazenamento; avaliar a transmissão de fungos encontrados em maior incidência nas sementes e comparar o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas como forma de controle de fungos. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes: (1) utilização de sementes do campus da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba (SP), coletadas diretamente das árvores e após queda ao solo, armazenadas por 15 dias em ambiente de laboratório e câmara fria; (2) utilizar sementes coletadas diretamente das árvores e após queda ao solo, no campus da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba (SP), e coletadas do solo na Reserva Biológica e Estação Experimental de Moji-Guaçu, em Mogi-Guaçu (SP), armazenadas em ambiente e em câmara fria e seca, por 15 e 30 dias; (3) comparar o tratamento de sementes com carboxim+tiram, benomil e captam, a fim de determinar a eficiência no controle dos fungos incidentes; (4) verificar a transmissão de fungos por sementes transplantando plântulas para vasos, avaliando diariamente os sintomas e identificando os patógenos associados. Os resultados mostraram que os fungos incidentes foram Pestalotiopsis sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., Epicoccum sp. e Alternaria spp. Não houve diferença na incidência de fungos e na porcentagem de plântulas normais entre as sementes coletadas em Piracicaba e em Mogi-Guaçu. A melhor coleta de sementes de pau-brasil no campus da ESALQ/USP foi diretamente das árvores, quando estas tinham aproximadamente 65 dias pós-antese, e foram capazes de originar maior porcentagem de plântulas normais. Em relação ao armazenamento, as sementes mantiveram a germinação até 15 dias de armazenamento em laboratório e os fungos de armazenamento incidentes foram Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp. No tratamento com fungicidas, captam foi o fungicida que mais reduziu a incidência dos fungos e preservou a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pau-brasil, embora seja necessário acertar a dose do fungicida, diminuindo a porcentagem de plântulas anormais e sementes mortas, colaborando para o aumento de plântulas normais capazes de originar mudas sadias. Foi evidenciada a patogenicidade e transmissão de Pestalotiopsis sp. e Cladosporium cladosporioides, causando lesões em cotilédones e hipocótilos de plântulas anormais. / The objectives of this work were carry out the survey of fungi associated with brazilian-wood seeds collected in two places, in the collected moment and during the storage; verify the effect of these fungi in seed germination before and during the storage period; realize the transmission test for the fungi found in higher incidence in seeds and utilize the seed chemical treatment like a way of fungi control. For this, the work had been divided in four parts: (1) utilization of seeds from ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba (SP), recently collected, collected directly from trees and after drop to soil, stored for 15 days in laboratory environmental and cold chamber; (2) seeds collected directly from trees and after drop to soil, in ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba (SP), and collected from soil in Biological Forest and Experimental Station of Moji-Guaçu, in Mogi-Guaçu (SP), stored in laboratory and cold chamber, for 15 and 30 days; (3) carry out the seeds treatment with carboxin+thiram, benomyl and captan, to determine the control efficiency in incident fungi; (4) effectuate the fungi transmission test by brazilian-wood seeds, transplanting seedlings to pots and evaluating the symptoms daily, identifying the pathogens associated with them. The results showed that the associated fungi were Pestalotiopsis sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., Epicoccum sp. e Alternaria spp. There was no difference in fungi incidence and in the normal seedlings percentage between seeds collected in Piracicaba and in Mogi-Guaçu The best collect brazilian-wood seeds in ESALQ/USP was directly from trees, when this had approximately 65 days after anthesis and, originating a higher percentage of normal seedlings. In relation to storage, the seeds kept the germination till 15 days in laboratory and storage fungi associated with seeds was Aspergillus sp. And Penicillium sp. In fungicide treatment, captan was the fungicide that showed a higher reduction in the fungi incidence and preserved the physiological quality of brazilian-wood seeds, however it is necessary adjust the fungicide dose, decreasing the percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds, collaborating for the increase of normal seedlings capable of originate healthy seedlings. The pathogenicity and transmission of Pestalotiopsis sp. and Cladosporium cladosporioides, causing lesions in cotyledons and hypocotylous of abnormal seedlings were evident

Microorganisms are able to produce a wide variety of volatile organic compounds. This thesis deals with sampling, analysis and identification of such compounds, produced by microorganisms commonly found in buildings. The volatiles were sampled on adsorbents and analysed by thermal desorption cold trap-injection gas chromatography, with flame ionization and mass-spectrometric detection. The injection was optimized, with respect to the recovery of adsorbed components and the efficiency of the chromatographic separation, using multivariate methods. Eight adsorbents were evaluated with the object of finding the most suitable for sampling microbial volatiles. Among the adsorbents tested, Tenax TA proved to have the best properties for the purpose. Some carbon-containing adsorbents, e.g., Tenax GR and Carbopack B, showed a catalytic effect on thermal decomposition of some compounds, mainly terpene derivatives. Five fungal species, Aspergillus versicolor, Pénicillium commune, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Paecilomyces variotii and Phialophora fastigiata, and anactinomycete, Streptomyces albidoflavus, were cultivated on various artificial media and/or building materials. Cultivation was performed in culture flasks, provided with air inlet and outlet tubes. Humidified air was constantly led through the flasks, and samples were taken by attaching adsorbent tubes to the outlet tubes of the flasks. The cultivation medium proved to be of vital importance for metabolite production, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. For Streptomyces albidoflavus the effect of medium, cultivation temperature, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the supplied air on the production of volatiles, was studied using multivariate techniques. The medium and the temperature exerted the largest influence, but the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels also affected the amounts of some metabolites produced. The produced volatile metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and reference compounds. Alcohols, ketones, sulphur compounds and terpenes were most frequently found, but hydrocarbons, ethers and esters were also produced by some species. Among the most commonly produced metabolites, which are also suggested as potential indicator substances for excessive growth of microorganisms in buildings, were 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dimethyl disulphide, -methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran and geosmin. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1995, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu