Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a tragédia Helena de Eurípides e sua reinterpretação do mito de Helena. Para tanto, está dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira um estudo e a segunda uma tradução completa da tragédia em versos. O estudo tem dois capítulos: o primeiro aborda o problema do gênero dramático da peça e alguns aspectos de sua encenação; e o segundo discute imagens tradicionais do mito de Homero a Eurípides, enfatizando a síntese da composição euripideana. / This thesis focuses on the tragedy Helen by Euripides and its reinterpretation of the Helen myth. It is divided in two parts. The first one contains a study and the second offers a complete verse translation of the tragedy. The study presents two chapters. The first deals with the problem of Helens dramatic genre and some aspects of its staging. The second discusses traditional images of the myth from Homer to Euripides, emphasizing the synthesis of the Euripidean composition.

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a tragédia Helena de Eurípides e sua reinterpretação do mito de Helena. Para tanto, está dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira um estudo e a segunda uma tradução completa da tragédia em versos. O estudo tem dois capítulos: o primeiro aborda o problema do gênero dramático da peça e alguns aspectos de sua encenação; e o segundo discute imagens tradicionais do mito de Homero a Eurípides, enfatizando a síntese da composição euripideana. / This thesis focuses on the tragedy Helen by Euripides and its reinterpretation of the Helen myth. It is divided in two parts. The first one contains a study and the second offers a complete verse translation of the tragedy. The study presents two chapters. The first deals with the problem of Helens dramatic genre and some aspects of its staging. The second discusses traditional images of the myth from Homer to Euripides, emphasizing the synthesis of the Euripidean composition.

Les subordonnées interrogatives constituantes sont étudiées à l’interface syntaxe/sémantique. Trois domaines sont abordés : les termes introducteurs ; les prédicats introducteurs ; les modes et les temps. Les termes introducteurs appartiennent à trois paradigmes : ὅς (relatif), τίς (interrogatif direct) et ὅστις (relatif « indéfini »). Τίς/ὅστις ont la mêmedistribution syntaxique ; ὅς est isolé. Le critère sémantiquement distinctif est leur capacité (ὅς) ou leur incapacité(τίς/ὅστις) à trouver un antécédent pour interpréter la variable qu’ils représentent. On utilise les propositions en τίς/ὅστις dans les environnements où ce processus est bloqué (opérateurs non véridiques autorisant les TPN, et focus), alors que les propositions en ὅς sont présupposées et ont portée sur ces opérateurs. La notion-clé que nous avançons est celle d’identification, par ailleurs opératoire pour les exclamatives. Le sémantisme des prédicats introducteurs repose sur la combinaison de deux traits (réponse ouverte/fermée et rogatif/résolutif) : on aboutit à quatre classes. Les modes et les temps analysés sont le subjonctif délibératif et l’optatif oblique (un temps narratif selon nous).Les trois études ont des résultats convergents : seuls les prédicats résolutifs prennent des propositions en ὅς ; les verbes rogatifs ont une concordance des temps particulière ; l’optatif oblique est interdit dans les propositions en ὅς etc.Cette thèse est fondée sur le dialogue entre les linguistiques grecque et générale. Ainsi, au prix de modifications,l’approche cartographique explique bien le système de subordination grec. Nos résultats ont des conséquences sur la syntaxe et la sémantique des relatives. / This thesis investigates embedded constituent interrogatives at the syntax/semantic interface. Three areas areanalysed: interrogative terms; embedding predicates; moods and tenses. The interrogative terms belong to threeparadigms: ὅς (relative), τίς (direct interrogative) and ὅστις (so-called indefinite relative). Τίς/ὅστις pattern togetherdistributionally, while ὅς shows a different pattern. The distinctive semantic criterion is their ability (ὅς) or inability(τίς/ὅστις) to identify an antecedent for interpretation of the variable. Τίς/ὅστις clauses are licensed in environmentswhere this process is blocked, that is under non veridical (NPIs licensing) operators and in focus position, whereas ὅςclauses are presupposed and have scope over such operators. The key notion we propose is identification. It carries overto exclamatives. As for the embedding predicates, we propose two semantic features, open/closeness of the answer androgative/resolutiveness, whose ± setting yields four classes. The analysis of the moods and tenses focuses on thedeliberative subjunctive and its alternatives and on the oblique optative, which, we propose, is a narrative tense.Put together, these three studies display coherent results: only resolutive predicates embed ὅς-clauses; rogativeverbs behave differently w.r.t. the sequence-of-time phenomenon; oblique optatives do not show up in ὅς-clauses etc.More generally, the Greek data help enhance parts of the linguistic theory. With some modifications, the cartographicapproach provides good explanations for the Greek completive system. Our results also have important consequences onthe syntax and the semantics of relatives.

This study explores the Greeks' experience of the Dioskouroi before the arrival of the Romans, stimulated by Cicero's assertion (Cic. Nat.D. 3.15(39)) that by his time they were worshipped widely in Greece, possibly more than the Olympians: from the archaeological evidence, a surprising claim. The task is complicated by the brothers' different incarnations in different places and at different times, and the variability and patchiness of the evidence for the period, from Homeric times to c. 146 BC. To address this (explained in Chapter 1), the study is designed around examining the evidence in selected locations over time, with an underlying theme of comparing the archaeological with the literary evidence, much of which is Roman. An overview of the evidence from literature, images and buildings sets the stage (Chapter 2). The association of Kastor and Polydeukes with 'Lakedaimon' in the literature, from Homer onwards, led the study to focus primarily on Sparta and the Peloponnese (Chapter 3), looking closely also at Sparta's near neighbours, Messene and Argos. It then looks at evidence from Thera, Kyrene and Naukratis (Chapter 4), in order to include some of the earliest material evidence we have of cult of the Dioskouroi in Greek settlements, which also have associations with Sparta and Lakonia; evidence from Thasos is included too. The final chapter considers the findings and assesses the usefulness of the methodology. The paucity of architectural evidence for major monuments and buildings specifically dedicated to the Dioskouroi, except in centres where Greeks gathered from different places for trade or religious reasons, may be explained if the primary location of their cult was the individual household, buildings only being needed for dedications to the brothers by Greeks away from home. It could also explain the seeming mismatch between Cicero's statement and the archaeological record.

This thesis discusses the differences in the descriptions of and the attitudes towards female courage in the literature of the Classical period. Male authors of this period wrote extensively of the martial and virtuous courage of men, andreíā, yet in some instances labelled courage instead as tólma or thrásos. Tólma and thrásos are even more commonly used in descriptions of female courage, audacity or rashness. How these three words could be used in relation to men and women is discussed, and the fundamental belief of the Classical period that women were not capable of courage is encountered. As courage was outside the nature, phúsis, of a woman, her actions were always more likely to be viewed as tólma or thrásos. To what extent the literature of the period can reflect the lived experience of the ancient Athenian is unknown. However, it is concluded that literary works both impact and are impacted by social and cultural values, such as the view that women should not or could not be courageous.

This thesis discusses the differences in the descriptions of and the attitudes towards female courage in the literature of the Classical period. Male authors of this period wrote extensively of the martial and virtuous courage of men, andreíā, yet in some instances instead labelled courage as tólma or thrásos. Tólma and thrásos are even more commonly used in descriptions of female courage, audacity or rashness. How these three words could be used in relation to men and women is discussed, and the fundamental belief of the Classical period that women were not capable of courage is encountered. As courage was outside the nature, phúsis, of a woman, her actions were always more likely to be viewed as tólma or thrásos. To what extent the literature of the period can reflect the lived experience of the ancient Athenian is unknown. However, it is concluded that literary works both impact and are impacted by social and cultural values, such as the view that women should not or could not be courageous.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation examines the expansion of refugee student services in postwar France during three subsequent refugee crises involving students from Eastern Europe. More than just a product of Franco-Soviet Cold War relations, I show how French support for the students developed in the context of decolonization and contemporary migration politics that favored white Europeans. The Algerian Revolution (1954-1962) in specific transformed the way the French thought about citizenship and strengthened the importance of race to national identity. The racial and ethnocultural compatibility of Eastern Europeans students with postwar France became a distinct advantage that manifested itself in the financial and social support that students received.</p><p dir="ltr">Beginning in 1945 with the rebirth of the refugee student organization the <i>Entraide Universitaire Francaise</i>, I analyze how the arrival of Eastern European refugee students over the next thirty years coincided with these changes to French self-image and citizenship. I further explore how key developments in international and national refugee law helped establish and maintain Eastern Europeans as the stereotypical refugee figure in postwar France, despite the increasingly globalized nature of refugee emergencies. This dissertation therefore reveals the influence of migration politics, decolonization, and race on France’s treatment of refugee students in the postwar period.</p>

This thesis is a study of embedded song in ancient Greek narrative poetry. The introduction defines the terminology (embedded song is defined as the depiction of the performance of a poem within a larger poem, such as the songs of Demodocus in Homer’s Odyssey) and sets the study in the context of recent narratological work done by scholars of Classical literature. This section of the thesis also contains a brief discussion of embedded song in the Homeric epics, which will form the background of all later examples of the motif. Chapter 1 deals with embedded song in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod’s Theogony. It is argued that the occurrence of embedded song across these poems indicates that the motif is a traditional feature of early Greek hexameter poetry, while the possibility of “inter-textual” allusion between these poems is considered, but finally dismissed. Chapter 2 focuses on Pindar, Bacchylides and Corinna, and explores how lyric poets use this motif in the various sub-genres of Greek lyric. In epinician poetry, it is argued that embedded song is used as a strategy of praise and also to boost the authority of the poet-narrator by association with the embedded performers, who can be seen to have in each case a particular source of authority distinct from that of the poet narrator. Chapter 3 considers the Hellenistic poets Apollonius Rhodius and Theocritus, and how their interest in depicting oral poetry meshes with their identity as literate and literary poets. Appendix I gives a list of all the examples of embedded song I have found in Greek poetry. Appendix II gives an account of Pindar’s Hymn to Zeus, a highly fragmentary poem which almost certainly contained an embedded song, analysing this as an example of the difficulties thrown up by lyric fragments for a study of embedded narratives.

This thesis examines the relationship between speech and action in Dionysius' Antiquitates Romanae. It consists of five main chapters, an introduction and a conclusion. In the introduction I establish the status quaestionis and consider different modes of presenting discourse. Chapter 2 is an intertextual analysis of Dionysius' first preface, AR I.1-8, exploring Dionysius' engagement with his Greek and Roman predecessors. I take one modern theory, concerning Dionysius apparent 'idealisation' of the Roman past, in order to examine the relationship between the Antiquities and Dionysius' rhetorical works. In the four chapters that follow, I trace the changing texture of narrative across the Antiquities, sinking shafts at moments to examine closely what is going on. First (ch. 3), I analyse speech in the Regal Period, focusing on the story of Lucretia and Brutus (AR IV.64-85), and the way that Herodotean allusion meshes with intratextual devices to narrate the fluctuations of the Regal Period. Chapter 4 is a paired reading of (4a) the story of Coriolanus' trial (VII.21-66) and (4b) the story of Coriolanus' encounter with his mother (VII.39-62). Ch. 4a concentrates on Thucydides and Isocrates, and how Coriolanus' trial binds the Greek literary past to the first-century Roman present. In 4b, I examine how Dionysius manages the shift between high politics and family relationships. Chapter 5, on the decemvirate (X.50-XI.44), explores again Roman tyranny, this time in a Republican frame; the power of the senate is consequently in point here. Chapter 6, on AR XIV-XX, probes the questions of Greek and Roman ethnicity and the individual which had arisen in the earlier chapters. In the conclusion I consider the precise question of Dionysius' Augustanism, relating it to Dionysius' apparent status in Rome.

This thesis explores Hellenistic and imperial Greek texts that represent or discuss the river Nile. The thesis makes an original contribution to scholarship by examining such texts in he light of the history of Greek discourse about the Nile and in the context of social, political and cultural changes, and takes account of relevant ancient Egyptian texts. I begin with an introduction that provides a survey of earlier scholarship about the Nile in Greek literature, before identifying three themes central to the thesis: the relationship between Greek and Egyptian texts, the tension between rationalism and divinity, and the interplay between power and literature. I then highlight both the cultural significance of rivers in classical Greek culture, and the polyvalence of the river Nile and its inundation in ancient Egyptian religion and literature. Chapter 1 examines the significance of Diodorus Siculus' representation of the Nile at the beginning of his universal history; it argues that the river's prominence constructs Egypt as a primeval landscape that allows the historian access to the distant past. The Nile is also seen to be useful to the historian as a conceptual parallel for his historiographical project. Whereas Diodorus begins his universal history with the Nile, Strabo closes his universal geography with Egypt; the second chapter demonstrates how Strabo incorporates the Nile into his vision of the new Roman world. Chapter 3 presents a diachronic study of Greek discourse concerning the two major Nilotic problems, the cause of the annual inundation and the location of the sources. It examines first the construction of the debates, and second the transformation of that tradition in Aelius Aristides' Egyptian Oration. The functions of the Nile in Greek praise-poetry are the subject of chapter 4; it is shown that the Nile and its benefactions are used by poets to lay claim to political, religious or cultural authority, and to situate Egypt within an expanding oikoumene. The fifth and final chapter turns to Greek narrative fictions from the imperial period. The chapter demonstrates that the Nile is more familiar than exotic in these texts. It is shown that Xenophon of Ephesus and Achilles Tatius play with the trope of 'novelty' in this very familiar literary landscape, while Heliodorus articulates a more profound disruption of the expected Egyptian tropes, and ultimately replaces Egypt with Ethiopia as a new Nilotic environment.