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Analýza kmenů Staphylococcus aureus rezistentních k meticilinu vyskytujících se v České republice a na Slovensku / Analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from Czech Republic and SlovakiaBrajerová, Marie January 2021 (has links)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen that has spread into the community since the 90s. In general, the community-associated (CA- MRSA) strains are more virulent, but less resistant to antimicrobials than the hospital- acquired strains (HA-MRSA). Some lineages of MRSA such as sequence type 8 have been transmitted more successfully around the world than others and there are situations where a dominant lineage has been replaced by a new one. The factors that are crucial for the selection of dominant lineage are often not clear. As part of this thesis, a longitudinal study of MRSA epidemiology in the Motol University Hospital during the period of 2018-2020 was performed and the occurrence of MRSA clonal complexes was characterized. A multicenter study of the epidemiological situation of MRSA in Slovakia during the period of January - April 2020 was also performed concomitantly. Moreover, several isolates from dominant lineages were further characterized by their phenotype. In the Motol University Hospital study, it was found that the HA-MRSA of the clonal complex 5 dominates and is represented mainly by spa-type t586; a finding that concurs with recent studies from the Czech Republic. In Slovakia, similar to the Czech Republic, MRSA lineages from clonal...
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Epidemiologia molecular de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) e carbapenemase KPC produzidas por enterobactérias isoladas de pacientes de Alagoas / Molecular epidemiology of beta-lactamases extended spectrum (ESBL) and KPC carbapenemase enterobacteriaceae isolated produced by patients of AlagoasPires, Luana Luzia Santos 13 December 2011 (has links)
Bacterial resistance is one of the worldwide public health issues. This work aimed to genetically characterize species of the family Enterobacteriaceae phenotipic producing ESBL and KPC obtained from patients of Alagoas. Bacteria were identified by semi-automated tests. Confirmed as producing ESBL and KPC by phenotypic screening tests. The antimicrobial in vitro susceptibility test was performed by disk-diffusion method. DNA was extracted by boiling method at 95ºC. The resistance genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV e blaKPC were identified with specific primers and genetic typing was performed by PCR with the microsatellite (GTG)5. 254 isolates of enterobacteria were obtained, of which 92,12% (234/254) had some of the genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV or blaKPC, 87,18% (204/234) ESBL (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV) and 12,82% (30/234) KPC (blaKPC). Of these 234 isolates, 4,7% (11/234) were community-acquired infections with genes that express ESBL and 95,3% (223/234) of hospital infections, of which 86,55% (193/223) ESBL and 13,45% (30/223) KPC. BlaCTX-M (> 80%) was the most frequent type gene in enterobacteria. Urinary infections were the most frequent cases of infection in the community by Escherichia coli (54,55%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (39,46%) in the hospital. BlaKPC was identified only in bacteria of hospital infections, especially in K. pneumoniae (30%). At the ICUs (38,57%) were obtained the most number of isolates producing ESBL and KPC. These enterobacteria showed multidrug resistance phenotypes with high levels for aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Associations between genotypes and antibiotic resistance were observed. Cases of clonal spread were identified in the hospital of Alagoas by enterobacteria producing ESBL and KPC. There is a predominance of genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaKPC among isolates of enterobacteria resistant to beta-lactam, with the prevalence of the genetic element blaCTX-M. The clonal spread have contributed to the high levels of beta-lactam resistance among isolates of enterobacteria at hospitals in this study. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A resistência bacteriana representa um dos problemas mundiais de saúde pública. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar geneticamente espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae produtoras fenotípicas de ESBL e KPC obtidas de pacientes de Alagoas. As bactérias foram identificadas por testes semi-automatizados. Confirmadas como produtoras de ESBL e KPC por testes fenotípicos de triagem. O teste de susceptibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos foi realizado pelo método de disco-difusão. O DNA foi extraído pelo método de fervura à 95ºC. Os genes de resistência blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV e blaKPC foram identificados com oligonucleotídeos específicos e a tipagem genética foi realizada pela PCR com o microssatélite (GTG)5. Foram obtidos 254 isolados de enterobactérias, dos quais 92,12% (234/254) apresentaram alguns dos genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV ou blaKPC, sendo 87,18% (204/234) ESBL (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV) e 12,82% (30/234) KPC (blaKPC). Desses 234 isolados, 4,7% (11/234) foram de infecções comunitárias com os genes que expressam ESBL e 95,3% (223/234) de infecções hospitalares, dos quais 86,55% (193/223) ESBL e 13,45% (30/223) KPC. BlaCTX-M (> 80%) foi o tipo gênico mais frequente nas enterobactérias. As infecções urinárias foram os casos mais frequentes de infecção na comunidade por Escherichia coli (54,55%) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (39,46%) no ambiente hospitalar. BlaKPC foi identificado apenas em bactérias causadoras de infecção hospitalar, principalmente em K. pneumoniae (30%). Nas UTIs (38,57%) foram obtidos o maior número de isolados produtores de ESBL e KPC. Estas enterobactérias apresentaram fenótipos de multidroga resistência com elevados níveis para os aminoglicosídeos, fluoroquinolonas e sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim. Associações entre os genótipos e à resistência aos antibióticos foram observadas. Casos de disseminação clonal foram identificados no ambiente hospitalar de Alagoas por enterobactérias produtoras de ESBL e KPC. Há uma predominância dos genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M e blaKPC entre os isolados de enterobactérias resistentes aos beta-lactâmicos, com prevalência do elemento genético blaCTX-M. A disseminação clonal tem contribuído para os elevados níveis de resistência aos beta-lactâmicos entre os isolados de enterobactérias nos hospitais deste estudo.
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