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Many different stormwater control measures (SCMs) can be implemented in order to mitigate issues with polluted stormwater flows into receiving water bodies.  The treatment function of  SCMs is commonly based on the removal of particles by sedimentation, thereby also removing pollutants associated with particles. In recent years, more attention has been given to characterizing and understanding of different particle size fractions and their association with pollutants commonly found in stormwater. It has become increasingly clear that the smaller sized particles are very important pollutant transporters and should be considered when designing and implementing SCMs. However, the settling velocities for smaller sized particles are very low and may not be effectively removed in existing SCMs. One treatment process with a proven ability to enhance sedimentation is coagulation/flocculation, widespread in water and wastewater treatment, but with very few accounts of it being used in a stormwater context. This thesis aims to investigate the treatability of stormwater with a coagulation/flocculation process. This includes the determination of operating conditions, the dominating coagulation mechanism and the reduction efficiency of stormwater related pollutants. The objectives of the thesis were achieved in laboratory tests treating stormwater in a jar-testing procedure. An initial screening of primary coagulants and flocculant aids was conducted using an urban snowmelt mixture. Five of the chemicals were then selected for an extended testing regime which was setup up to determine the operating conditions where maximal turbidity reduction was attained by measuring the pH, conductivity, alkalinity and zeta-potential over the tested doses for each coagulant. Criteria used for chemical selection included high turbidity reduction, low dose requirement and low pH/alkalinity impacts. Charge reversal was observed at positive zeta-potential indicating that the dominating coagulation mechanism was charge neutralization. The content of turbidity/total suspended solids, total organic carbon, total metals and hydrocarbons by >90%. Dissolved copper was reduced by 40% on average, and the reduction rates for dissolved zinc were varying with up to a 300% increase, presumably due to changes in pH, leading to a higher mobility. Changes in the particle size distribution after coagulation/flocculation as compared to sedimentation indicated an effect on the size fraction corresponding to smaller particles. The performance of the coagulation/flocculation process was also tested on road runoff collected from a central road in Luleå with a high traffic intensity. Two coagulants were tested, iron chloride and pre-hydrolyzed aluminum chloride. Reduction rates for the total metal fraction were >90% on average for both coagulants, but for the dissolved metal fractions differences could be observed between the coagulants with the iron chloride resulting in higher reductions for dissolved chrome (57% compared to 34%) and copper (47% compared to 30%). Both products increased the dissolved fractions of nickel and zinc due to lower final pH.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-25T20:20:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina_Miyashiro_2017 .pdf: 1779339 bytes, checksum: f6b6d1ffc4073370161792334748de1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T20:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina_Miyashiro_2017 .pdf: 1779339 bytes, checksum: f6b6d1ffc4073370161792334748de1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A magnetic biocoagulant (Fe3O4-MO) was produced by the association of nanoparticles of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and Moringa Oleífera Lam (MO) extract in different concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%), aiming to evaluate its performance in removal of the reactive dye black 5 (RP5) in aqueous medium (synthetic waste water) and real textile effluent. The MO protein was extracted with saline solution and the nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The biocoagulant was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), vibration magnetometry, Fourier Infrared Transformer (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM / EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (MET). For the coagulation / flocculation / sedimentation process (C/F/S), the operational parameters studied were sedimentation time, biocoagulant concentration and pH. The efficiency of the C/F/S process was determined by the analysis of the apparent color, absorbance, zeta potential and total organic carbon (TOC). After determining the best conditions (concentration of 0.5% MO, dosage of 100 mg L-1 and pH 7) of the C/F/S process, sedimentation kinetic studies for synthetic wastewater (ARS), real effluent (ERT), both with and without magnetic field and the sludge recovered and regenerated with the saline extract of MO (with magnetic field). At the 100 mgL-1 dosage of magnetic biocoagulant at a concentration of 0.5% MO saline, 89% apparent color removals were obtained in the time of 20 min. The C / F / S process shows dependence on the pH of the reaction medium, because at pH 7 color removal values of 83% and 84% were obtained in reaction time 20 and 40 min, respectively. / Um biocoagulante (Fe3O4-MO) magnético foi produzido pela associação de nanopartículas de óxido ferro (Fe3O4) e extrato de Moringa Oleífera Lam (MO) em diferentes concentrações (0,5%, 1% e 2%), para avaliar sua performance na remoção do corante reativo preto 5 (RP5) em meio aquoso (água residuária sintética) e efluente real têxtil. A proteína da MO foi extraída com solução salina e as nanopartículas foram sintetizadas pelo método de coprecipitação. O biocoagulante foi caracterizado por difratometria de raio-X (DRX), magnetometria vibratória, spectroscopia por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de Raios-X (MEV/EDS) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Para o processo de coagulação/floculação/sedimentação (C/F/S) os parâmetros operacionais estudados foram tempo de sedimentação, concentração do biocoagulante e pH. A eficiência do processo C/F/S foi determinada pela análise da cor aparente, absorbância, potencial zeta e carbono orgânico total (COT). Após determinar as melhores condições (concentração de MO 0,5%, dosagem de biocoagulante 100 mg L-1 e pH 7) do processo C/F/S, foram realizados estudos cinéticos de sedimentação para água residuária sintética (ARS), efluente real têxtil (ERT), ambos com e sem campo magnético e o lodo recuperado e regenerado com o extrato salino de MO (com campo magnético). Na dosagem 100 mgL-1 de biocoagulante magnético em concentração de 0,5% de solução salina de MO foram obtidos remoções de cor aparente 82% no tempo de 20 min. O processo C/F/S apresenta dependencia em relação ao pH do meio reacional, pois em pH 7 foram obtidos valores de remoção de cor de 83 % e 84 % em tempo de sedimentação 20 e 40 min., respectivamente. Demonstrando-se um materialpromissor na remoção de RP5 e no tratamento de ERT pois possui alta eficiência, preparo simples e condizentes com questões ambientais.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-10T00:06:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila_Schmitt_2018.pdf: 2548931 bytes, checksum: 5ee22f914bbdcce603c158d7a45f4786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T00:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila_Schmitt_2018.pdf: 2548931 bytes, checksum: 5ee22f914bbdcce603c158d7a45f4786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The whey industrialization process generates effluents that need a special attention regarding treatment and final disposal. Currently, many advanced treatment techniques have been studied in order to provide a treated water with high quality for reuse purposes. In this context, this work aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a hybrid system based on coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) and nanofiltration (NF) for industrial reuse purposes. In the C/F/S process, the use of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringa) seeds as a natural coagulant was evaluated. Different methods and saline solutions (KCl, MgCl2.6H2O, and CaCl2.2H2O) were studied when extracting the active components from the seeds. Nanofiltration was performed with polyamide membranes based on the tangential flow filtration principle. The extraction method that utilized the whole Moringa, ground directly with the saline solution, was highlighted among the evaluated ones, by using a smaller number of steps. The extraction with calcium chloride dehydrated demonstrated the best efficiency, compared to the magnesium chloride hexahydrate and potassium chloride. The C/F/S step was optimized through serial factorial designs, in which the turbidity removal was the response variable. It was obtained a turbidity removal of 91.52% when using 300 mg L-1 of the Moringa coagulant (MC), extracted with a saline CaCl2.2H2O solution (0.9 mol L-1) and a pH value of 10.0. The empirical quadratic model obtained, validated by the ANOVA and F-test, in conjunction with the desirability function, demonstrated the possibility to obtain turbidity removals of 92.04 % ( 9.13%) with the following conditions: MC = 300 mg L-1, CCaCl2 = 0.9 mol L-1 e pH = 11.0. The sedimentation time was reduced from 40 to 25 minutes. The MC performance concerning the turbidity removal proved to be dependent on the alkaline pH (8.0 to 11.0). In the nanofiltration process, it was evaluated the influence of the C/F/S optimized as a pre-treatment, comparing the hybrid C/F/S/NF and the direct NF at 4 bar. High removals of apparent color (99.7%), turbidity (99.1%), COD (88.9%), total hardness (66.3%), and calcium (63.7%) were obtained using the hybrid treatment system, providing a removal of 81.2% in the membrane fouling, compared to the raw NF treatment. The proposed hybrid system allows the reuse of this wastewater in the industry. / O processo de industrialização do soro de leite gera águas residuárias que necessitam de atenção especial, quanto ao seu tratamento e disposição final. Atualmente, muitas técnicas de tratamento avançadas são estudadas com o objetivo de produzir águas tratadas de elevada qualidade, para fins de reuso. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento híbrido, composto por coagulação/floculação/sedimentação (C/F/S) e nanofiltração (NF), para fins de reuso industrial. No processo de C/F/S, foi avaliado o uso das sementes de Moringa oleífera Lam (Moringa) como coagulante natural. Foram avaliados diferentes métodos e soluções salinas (KCl, MgCl2.6H2O e CaCl2.2H2O) na extração dos componentes ativos das sementes. A nanofiltração foi realizada com membranas planas de poliamida pelo princípio de filtração tangencial. O método de extração no qual a Moringa integral foi triturada diretamente com a solução salina destacou-se dentre os avaliados, por utilizar um número menor de etapas. A extração com o cloreto de cálcio dihidratado, demonstrou ser mais eficiente, em comparação aos sais cloreto de magnésio hexahidratado e cloreto de potássio. A etapa de C/F/S foi otimizada através de planejamentos fatoriais em série, nos quais, utilizou-se a remoção de turbidez como variável resposta. Foi obtida uma remoção de turbidez de 91,52 %, ao utilizar 300 mg L-1 de coagulante de Moringa (CM), extraído com solução salina de CaCl2.2H2O (0,9 mol L-1) e pH 10,0. O modelo quadrático empírico obtido, validado pela ANOVA e teste “F”, juntamente com a função desejabilidade, demonstraram ser possível obter remoção de turbidez de 92,04 % ( 9,13 %), nas seguintes condições: CM = 300 mg L-1; CCaCl2= 0,9 mol L-1 e pH = 11,0. O tempo de sedimentação foi reduzido de 40 para 25 minutos. O desempenho de CM para remoção de turbidez demonstrou ser dependente do pH alcalino (8,0 a 11,0). No processo de nanofiltração avaliou-se a influência de C/F/S otimizado como pré-tratamento, compondo o tratamento híbrido C/F/S/NF, em comparação ao tratamento por NF direto (Bruto-NF), na pressão de 4 bar. Elevadas remoções de cor aparente (99,7 %), turbidez (99,1 %), DQO (88,9%), dureza total (66,3 %) e cálcio (63,7 %) foram obtidas utilizando o sistema de tratamento híbrido, que proporcionou redução de 81,2% no fouling da membrana, em comparação ao tratamento Bruto-NF. O sistema híbrido proposto possibilita o reuso desta água dentro da indústria.