Thesis (M.U.R.P. 1980) from the Department of Architecture, University of Adelaide.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Urb. Plan.))--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1996. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis--University of Florida. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).

Thesis--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-224).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-47). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Delivery of sediment to beach-dune complexes along the northern California coast, as elsewhere, is controlled by littoral and aeolian processes governed largely by oceanic and meteorological conditions such as wind speed and direction, wave characteristics and water level fluctuations. Furthermore, patterns of sediment deposition on foredunes are controlled by the zonation, density and physical structure of dominant vegetation assemblages. This study explores the link between varying oceanic, meteorological and ecological patterns and coastal foredune morphodynamics at a site within the Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge (HBNWR) near Arcata, CA, to provide coastal managers a local context of foredune erosion and accretion. At a site within the HBNWR a 75-year north to south alongshore gradient in foredune response was observed during the study period. Foredunes in the north experience seaward progradation (up to +0.51 m a-1) and greater sediment volumes then southern foredunes, characterized by foredune retreat (up to -0.49 m a-1) and larger erosive feature areas. Seasonal signatures of a previously observed bi-directional littoral drift partially inform the interpretation of an alongshore gradient in foredune position. In the summer, wind and wave directions were out of the NNW, combined with north to south littoral drift and significant sediment input into the northern beaches. During the winter, the dominant drift direction was from the south to the north, accompanied by large waves, high water levels and beach erosion. Following a comprehensive morpho-ecological model of foredune evolution (Hesp, 1988; 2002), greater foredune volumes, dense vegetation and seaward progradation are indicative of stage 1 foredunes. Transitioning to the south, lower vegetation densities and seaward retreat support a classification of stage 3 developed foredunes, characterized by shorter, more hummocky morphologies. Meteorological patterns and disturbance to vegetation concurrently influence foredune response and recovery to erosive wind, wave and water level events. As such, seasonal to interannual patterns of foredune morphodynamics may be altered following periods of both environmental and human induced vegetation disturbance (i.e., seasonal phenology, dynamic restoration). At a section of foredune in the northern HBNWR, a dynamic restoration project was implemented with the first stages of vegetation removal occurring in August, 2015. In a year following vegetation disturbance through preliminary stages of restoration an annual sediment budget examination indicates net accretion on the foredune (+0.54 m3 m-2) while net erosion occurred on the beach (-0.38 m3 m-2). At smaller seasonal scales site-wide erosion occurred in the winter due to high-water and wave run-up recorded during intense storms. Summer monitoring reveals site-wide accretion due to beach rebuilding, heightened aeolian activity and an increase in vegetation cover. As such, seasonal sediment budgets that influence longer-term patterns of foredune development may be primarily controlled by the amount of sediment available on the beach for aeolian transport and secondarily by localized presence/absence of vegetation. Results of this study provide insight into the impact of continued coastal disturbance on foredune morphodynamics, around which a framework for future vegetation management projects may be implemented. / Graduate

Stakeholders’ collaboration is receiving growing recognition in tourism planning and management. However, inadequate research has been undertaken into this topic within developing or underdeveloped countries. This study has evaluated the potential for stakeholders’ collaboration as a key factor in the prospects for Community Based Ecotourism (CBE) in coastal areas of Pakistan. Core concepts of strategic analysis and collaboration theory were applied to case studies and field research. Sustainable practices were identified from three selected CBE case studies (Ulugan Bay, Philippines; Operation Wallacea, Indonesia and Kaikoura District Council, New Zealand), all of which champion stakeholder collaboration in their operations. Field level research was carried out in Pakistan to identify gaps in sectoral management approaches to tourism. Attributes observed within all the three case studies were then critically compared with the situation in Pakistan. In order to explore CBE potential as a viable option for coastal tourism in Pakistan, an assessment of ecologically sensitive coastal areas for their potential in CBE together with an assessment of the stakeholder environment for collaboration in CBE was undertaken. Application of the first exercise to seven ecologically sensitive coastal areas (Jiwani, Miani Hor, Pasni-Astola Island, Harjana Village Bamboor, Kaka Pir Village, Mubarak Village and Keti Bandar) identified two major issues of concern. Namely how to avoid external threats for establishing CBE at each destination and how to access regional opportunities for developing CBE. With respect to second exercise, the stakeholder environment of Sindh Province was assessed for essential preconditions to enable stakeholders’ collaboration in CBE. Notwithstanding some major positive attributes of collaboration, the existing power based approach was considered to be a major obstacle. In order to conceptualise collaboration theory application to CBE in Pakistan, results of the empirical research into the stakeholders’ environment of Sindh were evaluated using a three-stage model of collaboration. The model was advanced through six propositions and the need for the model to recognise practical issues, biodiversity resources and scenic assessment values was identified. In order to successfully establish stakeholders’ collaboration in CBE in coastal areas of Pakistan the collaboration model recommended optimum conditions such as the inclusion of broad range of stakeholders; identification of a suitable convenor; application of a ‘search conference’; strategic repositioning of stakeholders and finally, establishing a collaborative organisation structure. This research concluded that selected rural coastal locations in Pakistan offer an alternative to unsustainable urban tourism on the beaches close to Karachi. Furthermore, the contextual environment of Sindh Province has a potential for stakeholders’ collaboration in CBE, but this is currently thwarted by stakeholders’ power based approach and the political instability of the country. Further work is needed to establish whether such a model could be applied elsewhere in the developing world.

With the impact of global climate change, the speedy, intelligent and accessible dissemination of coastal flood predictions from a number of modelling tools at a range of temporal and spatial scales becomes increasingly important for policy decision makers. This thesis provides a novel approach to integrate the coastal flood data into an ArcFLOOD data model to improve the analysis, assessment and mitigation of the potential flood risk in coastal zones. This novel methodology has improved the accessibility, dissemination and visualisation of coastal flood risk. The results were condensed into spatial information flows, data model schematic diagrams and XML schema for end-user extension, customisation and spatial analysis. More importantly, software developers with these applications can now develop rich internet applications with little knowledge of numerical flood modelling systems. Specifically, this work has developed a coastal flooding geodatabase based upon the amalgamation, reconditioning and analysis of numerical flood modelling. In this research, a distinct lack of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data modelling for coastal flooding prediction was identified in the literature. A schema was developed to provide the linkage between numerical flood modelling, flood risk assessment and information technology (IT) by extending the ESRI ArcGIS Marine Data Model (MDM) to include coastal flooding. The results of a linked hybrid hydrodynamic-morphological numerical flood model were used to define the time-series representation of a coastal flood in the schema. The results generated from GIS spatial analyses have improved the interpretation of numerical flood modelling output by effectively mapping the flood risk in the study site, with an improved definition according to the time-series duration of a flood. The improved results include flood water depth at a point and flood water increase which equates to the difference in significant wave height for each time step of coastal flooding. The flood risk mapping provided has indicated the potential risk to infrastructure and property and depicted the failure of flood defence structures. In the wider context, the results have been provided to allow knowledge transfer to a range of coastal flooding end-users.

The effect of non-cohesive sediment on wave-induced bottom boundary layers was examined experimentally. Fluid velocity and sediment concentration were measured simultaneously in a sheet regime generated in a u-shaped oscillating water tunnel. A major obstacle to the understanding of fluid-grain flow has been the absence of suitable measuring devices. Thus, previous experimental investigations have been concerned primarily with low sediment concentration flows. For this study, a probe was developed to measure the instantaneous variations in sediment concentration based on the electrical conductivity of the fluid-grain mixture. Unlike earlier concentration devices, this probe is non-intrusive and is capable of measuring a wide range of sediment concentrations; from close packing within the bed to low concentration suspended load. Horizontal fluid velocities were measured simultaneously using Laser Doppler Anemometry in backscatter mode. Height and time-dependent velocity and concentration profiles were obtained for differing wave and sediment conditions. Values of the shear stress calculated from the momentum integral were found to be an order of magnitude larger than in sediment-free flows. The variation in shear stress with distance from the bed is clearly dependent on the thickness of the movable bed and also on the sediment flow regime. As expected, the eddy viscosity varied significantly during the wave cycle. The time-mean eddy viscosity decreases with height above the movable bed and at large distances from the bed, fluctuates about the mean. The sediment concentration measurements provide a comprehensive data set for sediment transport in sheet flow and near sheet flow regimes. The sediment concentration was found to be time-dependent with the amplitude and form of the temporal variation dependent on distance from the bed, wave amplitude and velocity, and sediment characteristics. With increasing wave amplitude and velocity, the number of peaks in the concentration profile increased while the magnitude of the peaks decreased. Fluid velocity and sediment concentration measurements were used to calculate rates of sediment transport which were compared with predictions from existing models.