A rutina é empregada como antioxidante e na prevenção da fragilidade capilar. Pode ser veiculada em emulsões tópicas adequadas para atingir o local de ação. Estudos de penetração in vitro através da pele humana seria a situação ideal, entretanto, há dificuldades de sua obtenção e manutenção de sua viabilidade. Entre os demais modelos de membrana, a muda de pele de cobra apresenta-se como estrato córneo puro, fornecendo barreira similar ao humano e é obtida sem a morte do animal. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: (1) desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade de emulsões cosméticas, contendo rutina e promotores de penetração cutânea, tais como, uréia (U), isopropanol (IP) e propilenoglicol (PG); (2) avaliar a liberação da referida substância ativa das emulsões e; (3) avaliar a penetração e a retenção cutânea in vitro da rutina da formulação de melhor desempenho. Emulsões foram desenvolvidas com rutina a 5,0% p/p e U, IP e PG, associados ou não e em proporções distintas, segundo planejamento fatorial com dois níveis com ponto central. Quantificou-se a rutina das emulsões por espectrofotometria a 361,0 nm, método previamente validado. A liberação da rutina nas formulações foi realizada em células de difusão vertical com membrana de acetato de celulose e água destilada e álcool etílico absoluto 99,5% (1:1), como fluido receptor. O experimento foi conduzido em um período de seis horas, a 37,0 ±. 0,5 °C e agitação constante de 300 rpm.>f. emulsão de melhor desempenho quanto à liberação foi estudada quanto à estabilidade (Testes de Estabilidade Acelerada). Para o estudo de penetração e retenção cutânea da rutina dessa formulação foi utilizada muda de pele de cobra de Crotalus durissus. Empregou-se o método espectrofotométrico validado a 410,0 nm para a quantificação da rutina após liberação, penetração e retenção cutânea. Todas as emulsões foram consideradas adequadas após desenvolvimento das formulações. A uréia (isolada e em associação com IP e PG) e o isopropanol (isolado e em associação com PG) influenciaram negativamente a liberação da rutina das emulsões em diversos parâmetros. A rutina liberada e acumulada da formulação contendo PG a 5,0% p/p possuiu valor de 648,80 ±. 53,01 &#181g/cm2. Fora do esperado, a preparação contendo o número maior de promotores (U 5,0% p/p, IP 5,0% p/p e PG 5,0% p/p) resultou em liberação de menor magnitude igual a 419,76 ±. 17,98 &#181g/cm2. A presença do PG apresentou-se mais eficiente na liberação da rutina, mas não na sua penetração através da muda de pele de C. durissus, retendo 0,931 ± 0,0391 µg de rutina/mg de muda de pele de cobra. Nas condições de armazenamento a 25,0 ±2,0 °C; 5,0 ±0,5 °C e 45,0 ±. 0,5 °C, a emulsão com PG e rutina apresentou-se quimicamente estável durante 30 dias. De acordo com os resultados, a emulsão contendo PG apresentou liberação mais expressiva da rutina, no entanto, não ocorreu a penetração cutânea, mas apenas sua retenção no estrato córneo de C. durissus. A preparação manteve-se estável em todas as condições de armazenamento. / Rutin is employed as antioxidant and to prevent the capillary fragility and, when incorporated in cosmetic emulsions, it must target the action site. In vitro cutaneous penetration studies through human skin is the ideal situation, however, there are difficulties to obtain and to maintain this tissue viability. Among the membrane models, the shed snake skin presents itself as pure stratum corneum, providing barrier function similar to human and it is obtained without the animal sacrifica. The objectives of this research were: (1) development and stability evaluation of cosmetic emulsions containing rutin and penetration enhancers, as urea (U), isopropanol (IP) and propylene glycol (PG); (2) release evaluation of the mentioned active substance from the emulsions and; (3) evaluation of rutin in vitro cutaneous penetration and retention from the emulsion of the best performance. Emulsions were developed with rutin 5.0% w/wand U, IP and PG, associated or not according to factorial design with two levels and central point. Active substance on the formulations was quantified by a validated spectrophotometric method at 361.0 nm. Rutin release from emulsions was performed in vertical diffusion cells with cellulose acetate membrane and distilled water and ethanol 99.5% (1:1), as receptor fluid. The experiment was conducted for six hours, at 37.0 ± 0.5 °c with constant stirring of 300 rpm. Formulation with best profile of rutin release had its stability studied by the Accelerated Stability Assays. Rutin cutaneous penetration and retention from the mentioned emulsion was performed with shed snake skin from Crotalus durissus. Spectrophotometry at 410.0 nm, previously validated, determined the active substance after release and cutaneous penetration/retention. Ali emulsions were considered apparently stables after development. Urea (isolated and associated with IP and PG) and isopropanol (isolated and associated with PG) have influenced negatively the rutin release in several parameters. Emulsion with PG 5.0% w/w presented rutin released and accumulated equal to 648.80 ± 53.01 µg/cm2. Unexpectedly, the formulation containing all enhancers (U 5.0% w/w, IP 5.0% w/w and PG 5.0% w/w) has decreased the amount released of the active substance (419.76 ± 17.98 µg/cm2). Emulsion with PG presented more adequate for rutin release, but PG did not provide rutin cutaneous penetration through C. durissus skin, retaining 0.931 ± 0.0391 &$181;g rutin/mg shed snake skin. The referred formulation was chemically stable for 30 days after they have been stored at 25.0 ± 2.0 °c, 5.0 ± 0.5 °c and 45.0 ± 0.5 °C. In conclusion, emulsion with PG provided rutin release more expressively, although, it has not been verified the active cutaneous penetration, but only its retention on the Crotalus durissus stratum corneum. Formulation was stable in all storage conditions.

Perhaps surprisingly, the largest experience in operating nuclear power plants has been in nuclear naval propulsion, particularly submarines. This accumulated experience may become the basis of a proposed new generation of compact nuclear power plant designs. In an effort to de-carbonise commercial freight shipping, there is growing interest in the possibility of using nuclear propulsion systems. Reactor cores for such an application would need to be fundamentally different from land-based power generation systems, which require regular refueling, and from reactors used in military submarines, as the fuel used could not conceivably be as highly enriched. Nuclear-powered propulsion would allow ships to operate with low fuel costs, long refueling intervals, and minimal emissions; however, currently such systems remain largely confined to military vessels. This research project undertakes computational modeling of possible soluble-boron-free (SBF) reactor core designs for this application, with a view to informing design decisions in terms of choices of fuel composition, materials, core geometry and layout. Computational modeling using appropriate reactor physics (e.g. WIMS, MONK, Serpent and PANTHER), thermal-hydraulics etc. codes (e.g. COBRA-EN) is used for this project. With an emphasis on reactor physics, this study investigates possible fuel assembly and core designs for civil marine propulsion applications. In particular, it explores the feasibility of using uranium/thorium-rich fuel in a compact, long-life reactor and seek optimal choices and designs of the fuel composition, reactivity control, assembly geometry, and core loading in order to meet the operational needs of a marine propulsion reactor. In this reactor physics and 3D coupled neutronics/thermal-hydraulics study, we attempt to design a civil marine reactor core that fulfills the objective of providing at least 15 effective full-power-years (EFPY) life at 333 MWth. In order to unleash the benefit of thorium in a long life core, the micro-heterogeneous ThO2-UO2 duplex fuel is well-positioned to be utilized in our proposed civil marine core. Unfortunately, A limited number of studies of duplex fuel are available in the public domain, but its use has never been examined in the context of a SBF environment for long-life small modular rector (SMR) core. Therefore, we assumed micro-heterogeneous ThO2-UO2 duplex fuel for our proposed marine core in order to explore its capability. For the proposed civil marine propulsion core design, this study uses 18% U-235 enriched micro-heterogeneous ThO2-UO2 duplex fuel. To provide a basis for comparison we also evaluate the performance of homogeneously mixed 15% U-235 enriched all-UO2 fuel. This research also attempts to design a high power density core with 14 EFPY while satisfying the neutronic and thermal-hydraulics safety constraints. A core with an average power density of 100 MW/m3 has been successfully designed while obtaining a core life of 14 years. The average core power density for this core is increased by ∼50% compared to the reference core design (63 MW/m3 and is equivalent to Sizewell B PWR (101.6 MW/m3 which means capital costs could be significantly reduced and the economic attractiveness of the marine core commensurately improved. In addition, similar to the standard SMR core, a reference core with a power density of 63 MW/m3 has been successfully designed while obtaining a core life of ∼16 years. One of the most important points that can be drawn from these studies is that a duplex fuel lattice needs less burnable absorber than uranium-only fuel to achieve the same poison performance. The higher initial reactivity suppression and relatively smaller reactivity swing of the duplex can make the task of reactivity control through BP design in a thorium-rich core easier. It is also apparent that control rods have greater worth in a duplex core, reducing the control material requirements and thus potentially the cost of the rods. This research also analyzed the feasibility of using thorium-based duplex fuel in different cases and environments to observe whether this fuel consistently exhibit superior performance compared to the UO2 core in both the assembly and whole-core levels. The duplex fuel/core consistently exhibits superior performance in consideration of all the neutronic and TH constraints specified. It can therefore be concluded from this study that the superior performance of the thorium-based micro-heterogeneous ThO2-UO2 duplex fuel provides enhanced confidence that this fuel can be reliably used in high power density and long-life SBF marine propulsion core systems, offering neutronic advantages compared to the all-UO2 fuel. Last, but not least, considering all these factors, duplex fuel can potentially open the avenue for low-enriched uranium (LEU) SBF cores with different configurations. Motivated by growing environmental concerns and anticipated economic pressures, the overall goal of this study is to examine the technological feasibility of expanding the use of nuclear propulsion to civilian maritime shipping and to identify and propose promising candidate core designs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guedes_tb_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2666469 bytes, checksum: 4c52fa2cebf7eb42b4ae2e64145d5733 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudos sobre conhecimento taxonômico, riqueza, distribuição espacial e biogeografia da biota são urgentes na Caatinga. Esta região natural brasileira é a terceira mais alterada por ações antrópicas, a mais negligenciada quanto a conservação da sua biodiversidade e menos protegida em áreas de conservação de proteção integral. Além disso, a Caatinga é uma das porções naturais brasileiras menos conhecidas no que diz respeito a sua biodiversidade, o que dificulta a implementação de medidas para conservação. Esta escassez de dados também impede o conhecimento mais abrangente sobre diversidade e biogeografia tropical. Neste trabalho, é apresentado um estudo amplo sobre riqueza, história natural, distribuição geográfica e biogeografia das espécies d e serpentes da Caatinga. Este é o primeiro estudo de enfoque na ampla região da Caatinga, reunindo informações obtidas a partir da análise direta de 7.102 espécimes tombados em 17 coleções zoológicas, somados à 250 registro obtidos em literatura. Foram co nfirmadas a ocorrência de 112 espécies de serpentes para a região da Caatinga (pertencentes a nove famílias), das quais 22 (20%) são endêmicas. Mapas detalhados de distribuição são fornecidos para todas as espécies com pelo menos um registro na Caatinga. O s valores de riqueza duplicam os valores conhecidos para a área, a lista de endêmicos é a primeira. Os dados mostram que a fauna de serpentes da Caatinga é complexa, compartilhando espécies presentes em outros domínios de paisagens brasileiras , mas também é constituída de espécies únicas . A área mais rica são as áreas elevadas (com mais de 500 m de altitude), e as dunas do médio Rio São Francisco abrigam o maior número de endêmicos. De forma geral, a s espécies de serpentes da Caatinga usam predominantemente o solo como substrato , tem a dieta... / Studies on taxonomy , richness and geographic distribution are imperative on Caatinga, the third most degraded Brazilian natural region and the most neglected abo ut conservation, with a small portion of legally protected areas. Moreover, the Caatinga is one of least studied natural Brazilian region , and this lack of data hampers the implementation of conservation measures. The scarce data for the Caatinga also hampers a more comprehensive knowledge on biodiversity and biogeography of the Neotropics. Herein we provide an extensive study about richness, natural history, geographic distribution and biogeography of the Caatinga snake fauna. This is the first study focusing in the more comprehensive Caatinga region, based on information collected from the direct analysis of 7,102 specimens housed in 17 collections of natural history, plus 250 records obtained from literature. The Caatinga harbors 112 snake species (in nine families), of which 22 species (20%) are endemics. Detailed maps are provided for all species that occurs in Caatinga. The richness values double s known values for the area , and the snake endemic list is the first provided in the region. Our data show that the Caatinga snake fauna is complex, sharing species with other Brazilian natural regions, but also harboring a unique biota of regionalized endemics. The richest areas are highlands (altitude upper 500 m), and São Francisco Dunes hosts the most endemic species. Generally, the Caatinga snake species uses predominantly the ground as substrate, the diet is formed by vertebrate prey, and are di urnal. The Caatinga snake fauna is not homogeneous, with major distribution patterns corroborating central p redictions of the vicariance model. The snakes showed significantly clustered ranges, forming eight biotic elements inside Caatinga. Distribution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Description des différentes étapes de la conception d'un microprocesseur pour le contrôle des automatismes de sécurité, en particulier pour les systèmes de transport. Ce microprocesseur est autotestable, c'est-à-dire capable de détecter ses propres erreurs. La conception du circuit est basée sur les hypothèses de pannes au niveau analytique dans la technologie NMOS. Les blocs fonctionnels «Strongly Fault Secure» et les contrôleurs «Strongly Code Disjoint» sont à la base des circuits «Self-checking», dits autotestables. Le circuit COBRA démontre la faisabilité d'un microprocesseur autotestable. COBRA gère indépendamment 19 signaux différents, date des événements externes, mesure des fréquences, surveille 14 entrées logiques et possède 7 sorties indépendantes. Le programme d'application de COBRA est contenu dans une mémoire morte programmable externe de 16 Koctets adressés par 14 bits multiplexés sur le bus interne de 8 bits. COBRA contient également une liaison série, une mémoire à accès direct de 64 octets et 3 temporisateurs de 14 bits indépendants ainsi qu'une unité arithmétique et logique de 8 bits, COBRA exécute un jeu de 43 instructions

A rutina é empregada como antioxidante e na prevenção da fragilidade capilar. Pode ser veiculada em emulsões tópicas adequadas para atingir o local de ação. Estudos de penetração in vitro através da pele humana seria a situação ideal, entretanto, há dificuldades de sua obtenção e manutenção de sua viabilidade. Entre os demais modelos de membrana, a muda de pele de cobra apresenta-se como estrato córneo puro, fornecendo barreira similar ao humano e é obtida sem a morte do animal. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: (1) desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade de emulsões cosméticas, contendo rutina e promotores de penetração cutânea, tais como, uréia (U), isopropanol (IP) e propilenoglicol (PG); (2) avaliar a liberação da referida substância ativa das emulsões e; (3) avaliar a penetração e a retenção cutânea in vitro da rutina da formulação de melhor desempenho. Emulsões foram desenvolvidas com rutina a 5,0% p/p e U, IP e PG, associados ou não e em proporções distintas, segundo planejamento fatorial com dois níveis com ponto central. Quantificou-se a rutina das emulsões por espectrofotometria a 361,0 nm, método previamente validado. A liberação da rutina nas formulações foi realizada em células de difusão vertical com membrana de acetato de celulose e água destilada e álcool etílico absoluto 99,5% (1:1), como fluido receptor. O experimento foi conduzido em um período de seis horas, a 37,0 ±. 0,5 °C e agitação constante de 300 rpm.>f. emulsão de melhor desempenho quanto à liberação foi estudada quanto à estabilidade (Testes de Estabilidade Acelerada). Para o estudo de penetração e retenção cutânea da rutina dessa formulação foi utilizada muda de pele de cobra de Crotalus durissus. Empregou-se o método espectrofotométrico validado a 410,0 nm para a quantificação da rutina após liberação, penetração e retenção cutânea. Todas as emulsões foram consideradas adequadas após desenvolvimento das formulações. A uréia (isolada e em associação com IP e PG) e o isopropanol (isolado e em associação com PG) influenciaram negativamente a liberação da rutina das emulsões em diversos parâmetros. A rutina liberada e acumulada da formulação contendo PG a 5,0% p/p possuiu valor de 648,80 ±. 53,01 &#181g/cm2. Fora do esperado, a preparação contendo o número maior de promotores (U 5,0% p/p, IP 5,0% p/p e PG 5,0% p/p) resultou em liberação de menor magnitude igual a 419,76 ±. 17,98 &#181g/cm2. A presença do PG apresentou-se mais eficiente na liberação da rutina, mas não na sua penetração através da muda de pele de C. durissus, retendo 0,931 ± 0,0391 µg de rutina/mg de muda de pele de cobra. Nas condições de armazenamento a 25,0 ±2,0 °C; 5,0 ±0,5 °C e 45,0 ±. 0,5 °C, a emulsão com PG e rutina apresentou-se quimicamente estável durante 30 dias. De acordo com os resultados, a emulsão contendo PG apresentou liberação mais expressiva da rutina, no entanto, não ocorreu a penetração cutânea, mas apenas sua retenção no estrato córneo de C. durissus. A preparação manteve-se estável em todas as condições de armazenamento. / Rutin is employed as antioxidant and to prevent the capillary fragility and, when incorporated in cosmetic emulsions, it must target the action site. In vitro cutaneous penetration studies through human skin is the ideal situation, however, there are difficulties to obtain and to maintain this tissue viability. Among the membrane models, the shed snake skin presents itself as pure stratum corneum, providing barrier function similar to human and it is obtained without the animal sacrifica. The objectives of this research were: (1) development and stability evaluation of cosmetic emulsions containing rutin and penetration enhancers, as urea (U), isopropanol (IP) and propylene glycol (PG); (2) release evaluation of the mentioned active substance from the emulsions and; (3) evaluation of rutin in vitro cutaneous penetration and retention from the emulsion of the best performance. Emulsions were developed with rutin 5.0% w/wand U, IP and PG, associated or not according to factorial design with two levels and central point. Active substance on the formulations was quantified by a validated spectrophotometric method at 361.0 nm. Rutin release from emulsions was performed in vertical diffusion cells with cellulose acetate membrane and distilled water and ethanol 99.5% (1:1), as receptor fluid. The experiment was conducted for six hours, at 37.0 ± 0.5 °c with constant stirring of 300 rpm. Formulation with best profile of rutin release had its stability studied by the Accelerated Stability Assays. Rutin cutaneous penetration and retention from the mentioned emulsion was performed with shed snake skin from Crotalus durissus. Spectrophotometry at 410.0 nm, previously validated, determined the active substance after release and cutaneous penetration/retention. Ali emulsions were considered apparently stables after development. Urea (isolated and associated with IP and PG) and isopropanol (isolated and associated with PG) have influenced negatively the rutin release in several parameters. Emulsion with PG 5.0% w/w presented rutin released and accumulated equal to 648.80 ± 53.01 µg/cm2. Unexpectedly, the formulation containing all enhancers (U 5.0% w/w, IP 5.0% w/w and PG 5.0% w/w) has decreased the amount released of the active substance (419.76 ± 17.98 µg/cm2). Emulsion with PG presented more adequate for rutin release, but PG did not provide rutin cutaneous penetration through C. durissus skin, retaining 0.931 ± 0.0391 &$181;g rutin/mg shed snake skin. The referred formulation was chemically stable for 30 days after they have been stored at 25.0 ± 2.0 °c, 5.0 ± 0.5 °c and 45.0 ± 0.5 °C. In conclusion, emulsion with PG provided rutin release more expressively, although, it has not been verified the active cutaneous penetration, but only its retention on the Crotalus durissus stratum corneum. Formulation was stable in all storage conditions.