Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil farmacocinético para os compostos enrofloxacino (ENRO) e seu principal metabólito, ciprofloxacino (CIPRO), e cloranfenicol (CAP) em frangos de corte visando subsidiar a tomada de ações para controle de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em produtos de origem animal e a produção de materiais de referência para fins de controle de qualidade analítica. Métodos: Frangos machos da linhagem Cobb-Vantress foram utilizados nos experimentos para determinação da farmacocinética plasmática e níveis teciduais para os compostos ENRO/CIPRO (10 mg/kg), CAP (100 mg/kg) após administração em dose única oral e administração contínua através da água de consumo simulando as condições reais de produção. As concentrações plasmáticas e teciduais foram determinadas utilizando a técnica de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (LC-MS/MS) através de métodos desenvolvidos e validados in house. Análise farmacocinética nãocompartimental e modelagem compartimental dos dados foram realizadas utilizando o software WinNonlin e NONMEM v.6, respectivamente. Para determinação das concentrações teciduais os animais foram sacrificados em tempos pré-definidos e amostras de plasma, músculo e fígado coletadas para os compostos ENRO/CIPRO e plasma e músculo para CAP. Resultados e Discussão: Três métodos multirresíduos para determinação de medicamentos veterinários incluindo diferentes compostos pertencentes às classes químicas ou terapêuticas previstas nesse projeto foram desenvolvidos utilizando LCMS/ MS com limites de quantificação (LOQ) em acordo com os propósitos de aplicação das metodologias. Além disso, métodos específicos para a análise dos compostos individuais nas amostras de plasma foram desenvolvidos para a determinação dos perfis farmacocinéticos em plasma. Conclusões: com base nos dados gerados foi possível implementar novas metodologias para o controle de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários relevantes na produção de aves de corte, bem como o estudo dos perfis farmacocinéticos e depleção tecidual permitiram o delineamento correto das etapas de planejamento e predição de valores encontrados em amostras experimentais. De forma complementar, os dados gerados permitirão a produção de amostras naturalmente contaminadas contendo os fármacos em questão para a produção de materiais de referência com o objetivo de serem utilizados para controle de qualidade analítico. / Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile for compounds enrofloxacin (ENRO) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIPRO), and chloramphenicol (CAP) in broilers in order to support the actions taken to vet drugs residues control in animal products and production of reference materials for purposes of analytical quality control. Methods: Cobb- Vantress male broilers were used in experiments to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue levels to ENRO / CIPRO (10 mg / kg) and CAP (100 mg / kg) after single oral dose administration and continuous administration compounds through drinking water simulating the production conditions. Plasma and tissue concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using inhouse developed and validated methods. The non-compartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic data modeling was performed using WinNonlin software and NONMEM v.6, respectively. For determination of tissue concentrations, animals were sacrificed at predefined times and plasma, muscle and liver samples collected for ENRO/ CIPRO and plasma and muscle samples to CAP. Results and Discussion: Three mutiresidue methods for determination of veterinary drugs including compounds belonging to same chemical and therapeutic classes in this project were developed using LCMS/ MS with limits of quantification (LOQ) in accordance with the purposes of application of methodologies. Furthermore, specific for analyzing individual compounds in the plasma samples methods have been developed for determination of plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Conclusions: Based on the data generated was possible to implement new methodologies for control of veterinary drug residues relevant in broiler production, as well as the study of pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue depletion allowed the correct delineation of planning and predicting values found in experimental samples. As a complement, the data generated will enable the production incurred samples containing the drugs for production of reference materials for analytical quality control purposes.

Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil farmacocinético para os compostos enrofloxacino (ENRO) e seu principal metabólito, ciprofloxacino (CIPRO), e cloranfenicol (CAP) em frangos de corte visando subsidiar a tomada de ações para controle de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em produtos de origem animal e a produção de materiais de referência para fins de controle de qualidade analítica. Métodos: Frangos machos da linhagem Cobb-Vantress foram utilizados nos experimentos para determinação da farmacocinética plasmática e níveis teciduais para os compostos ENRO/CIPRO (10 mg/kg), CAP (100 mg/kg) após administração em dose única oral e administração contínua através da água de consumo simulando as condições reais de produção. As concentrações plasmáticas e teciduais foram determinadas utilizando a técnica de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (LC-MS/MS) através de métodos desenvolvidos e validados in house. Análise farmacocinética nãocompartimental e modelagem compartimental dos dados foram realizadas utilizando o software WinNonlin e NONMEM v.6, respectivamente. Para determinação das concentrações teciduais os animais foram sacrificados em tempos pré-definidos e amostras de plasma, músculo e fígado coletadas para os compostos ENRO/CIPRO e plasma e músculo para CAP. Resultados e Discussão: Três métodos multirresíduos para determinação de medicamentos veterinários incluindo diferentes compostos pertencentes às classes químicas ou terapêuticas previstas nesse projeto foram desenvolvidos utilizando LCMS/ MS com limites de quantificação (LOQ) em acordo com os propósitos de aplicação das metodologias. Além disso, métodos específicos para a análise dos compostos individuais nas amostras de plasma foram desenvolvidos para a determinação dos perfis farmacocinéticos em plasma. Conclusões: com base nos dados gerados foi possível implementar novas metodologias para o controle de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários relevantes na produção de aves de corte, bem como o estudo dos perfis farmacocinéticos e depleção tecidual permitiram o delineamento correto das etapas de planejamento e predição de valores encontrados em amostras experimentais. De forma complementar, os dados gerados permitirão a produção de amostras naturalmente contaminadas contendo os fármacos em questão para a produção de materiais de referência com o objetivo de serem utilizados para controle de qualidade analítico. / Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile for compounds enrofloxacin (ENRO) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIPRO), and chloramphenicol (CAP) in broilers in order to support the actions taken to vet drugs residues control in animal products and production of reference materials for purposes of analytical quality control. Methods: Cobb- Vantress male broilers were used in experiments to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue levels to ENRO / CIPRO (10 mg / kg) and CAP (100 mg / kg) after single oral dose administration and continuous administration compounds through drinking water simulating the production conditions. Plasma and tissue concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using inhouse developed and validated methods. The non-compartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic data modeling was performed using WinNonlin software and NONMEM v.6, respectively. For determination of tissue concentrations, animals were sacrificed at predefined times and plasma, muscle and liver samples collected for ENRO/ CIPRO and plasma and muscle samples to CAP. Results and Discussion: Three mutiresidue methods for determination of veterinary drugs including compounds belonging to same chemical and therapeutic classes in this project were developed using LCMS/ MS with limits of quantification (LOQ) in accordance with the purposes of application of methodologies. Furthermore, specific for analyzing individual compounds in the plasma samples methods have been developed for determination of plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Conclusions: Based on the data generated was possible to implement new methodologies for control of veterinary drug residues relevant in broiler production, as well as the study of pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue depletion allowed the correct delineation of planning and predicting values found in experimental samples. As a complement, the data generated will enable the production incurred samples containing the drugs for production of reference materials for analytical quality control purposes.

Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil farmacocinético para os compostos enrofloxacino (ENRO) e seu principal metabólito, ciprofloxacino (CIPRO), e cloranfenicol (CAP) em frangos de corte visando subsidiar a tomada de ações para controle de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em produtos de origem animal e a produção de materiais de referência para fins de controle de qualidade analítica. Métodos: Frangos machos da linhagem Cobb-Vantress foram utilizados nos experimentos para determinação da farmacocinética plasmática e níveis teciduais para os compostos ENRO/CIPRO (10 mg/kg), CAP (100 mg/kg) após administração em dose única oral e administração contínua através da água de consumo simulando as condições reais de produção. As concentrações plasmáticas e teciduais foram determinadas utilizando a técnica de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (LC-MS/MS) através de métodos desenvolvidos e validados in house. Análise farmacocinética nãocompartimental e modelagem compartimental dos dados foram realizadas utilizando o software WinNonlin e NONMEM v.6, respectivamente. Para determinação das concentrações teciduais os animais foram sacrificados em tempos pré-definidos e amostras de plasma, músculo e fígado coletadas para os compostos ENRO/CIPRO e plasma e músculo para CAP. Resultados e Discussão: Três métodos multirresíduos para determinação de medicamentos veterinários incluindo diferentes compostos pertencentes às classes químicas ou terapêuticas previstas nesse projeto foram desenvolvidos utilizando LCMS/ MS com limites de quantificação (LOQ) em acordo com os propósitos de aplicação das metodologias. Além disso, métodos específicos para a análise dos compostos individuais nas amostras de plasma foram desenvolvidos para a determinação dos perfis farmacocinéticos em plasma. Conclusões: com base nos dados gerados foi possível implementar novas metodologias para o controle de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários relevantes na produção de aves de corte, bem como o estudo dos perfis farmacocinéticos e depleção tecidual permitiram o delineamento correto das etapas de planejamento e predição de valores encontrados em amostras experimentais. De forma complementar, os dados gerados permitirão a produção de amostras naturalmente contaminadas contendo os fármacos em questão para a produção de materiais de referência com o objetivo de serem utilizados para controle de qualidade analítico. / Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile for compounds enrofloxacin (ENRO) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIPRO), and chloramphenicol (CAP) in broilers in order to support the actions taken to vet drugs residues control in animal products and production of reference materials for purposes of analytical quality control. Methods: Cobb- Vantress male broilers were used in experiments to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue levels to ENRO / CIPRO (10 mg / kg) and CAP (100 mg / kg) after single oral dose administration and continuous administration compounds through drinking water simulating the production conditions. Plasma and tissue concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using inhouse developed and validated methods. The non-compartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic data modeling was performed using WinNonlin software and NONMEM v.6, respectively. For determination of tissue concentrations, animals were sacrificed at predefined times and plasma, muscle and liver samples collected for ENRO/ CIPRO and plasma and muscle samples to CAP. Results and Discussion: Three mutiresidue methods for determination of veterinary drugs including compounds belonging to same chemical and therapeutic classes in this project were developed using LCMS/ MS with limits of quantification (LOQ) in accordance with the purposes of application of methodologies. Furthermore, specific for analyzing individual compounds in the plasma samples methods have been developed for determination of plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Conclusions: Based on the data generated was possible to implement new methodologies for control of veterinary drug residues relevant in broiler production, as well as the study of pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue depletion allowed the correct delineation of planning and predicting values found in experimental samples. As a complement, the data generated will enable the production incurred samples containing the drugs for production of reference materials for analytical quality control purposes.

An interview study was undertaken to explore Swedish broiler producers´ views for the potential of hops (H. lupulus L.) to reduce reliance on ionophorous coccidiostats in broiler production. The design was a mixed methodology between grounded theory and case study with a semi structured interview method. Nine producers, four using ionophorous coccidiostats and five without reliance in production accepted interview. During interviews participants were presented to research conducted with hops in production and consequences from ionophores in production. All participants thought the risk from pathogen pressure was too great to cut reliance in intensive production owed to the lower efficacy of hops. Therefore owed to how actors in the Swedish food system behave only small producers with enough economical freedom for reduced stocking densities were regarded to be able to uphold animal health with hops. Six parameters within food systems were regarded as leverage points for a potential of hops in production on a larger societal scale if encouraging a more extensive nationwide production system. Those were: purchase will, small local production, increased responsibility within trade, law, elevated consumers and research. Law was seen as a necessity to enforce all other denominators since economical in food systems tend to override social and ecological dimensions. Consequences from power struggle in food systems disfavoring producers has although resulted in a great distrust towards other system actors such as consumers, legal institutions or wholesalers. That has created a reluctance to interact with other system actors even for common goals. A stronger position to other actors in food systems was regarded as increasing a meaningful outcome from interaction. Four parameters emerged as impacting power relations in a system the most: Purchase will, contracts, own designed production and law. Favorable purchase will and law would contribute the most for increasing adaptivity for alternatives in production by impacting on power relations. No producers had observed indicators of bacterial resistance from ionophorous coccidiostat usage. Lack of research for many years in the field was troublesome for how to develop the enterprise according to participants. Especially in relation to Norway that has abolished the static use of ionophorous coccidiostats in production. About half of the participants although regarded a shift in research towards consequences from intensive production as equally important as focusing on alternative antimicrobials.

Taking preventive measures has a major impact on the overall health status of poultry in every breeding and it can prevent considerable economic losses in this way. The aim of this study was to obtain basic knowledge about the occurence of coccidia oocysts in the faeces and the occurrence of pathological changes in the intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens after the use of selected feed supplements. Experiment was made during winter 2013 and summer 2014 with 250 specimens of one-day broiler chickens. Four experimental groups (prebiotics, probiotics, homeopathy, coccidiostats) and one control group were created. Treated groups were administered by Selected feed supplements were served to chickens during 14 days since the sixth day of their life. Mixed faeces samples were collected twice a week and processed in the laboratory. Also the frequency of coccidia oocysts was monitored under the light microscope. Intestines were collected during the slaughters of chickens (five pieces from every group) and tested to confirm or disprove pathological changes associated with coccidiosis of poultry. Intestines were collected three times after seven days. The Reduced frequency of occurrence of coccidia oocysts in faeces of chickens in all groups of the winter and the summer trial period was demonstrated, while pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa were not proved.

Kokzidiostatika werden in der Kleintiermast als Futtermittelzusatzstoffe zur Vorbeugung der Kokzidiose eingesetzt. Die Verwendung der Wirkstoffe ist in der Europäischen Union gesetzlich geregelt und unterliegt der amtlichen Lebens- und Futtermittelkontrolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Methoden zur flüssigchromatographisch tandem-massen¬spektro¬metrischen (LC-MS/MS-) Bestimmung von Kokzidiostatika in Futtermitteln und in Ei entwickelt. Durch Bestandteile des Probenmaterials traten Störungen des Analytsignals auf. Die Untersuchung solcher Matrixeffekte ist in der pharmazeutischen und der Pestizidanalytik üblich. Zu Matrixeffekten bei der LC-MS/MS-Analytik in Futtermitteln gibt es kaum Daten. Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war daher die Untersuchung der Einflussfaktoren auf Matrixeffekte bei der Analyse von Kokzidiostatika. Aufgrund der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurde eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Verschleppungen von Kokzidiostatika in Futtermittel für Nichtzieltierarten entwickelt und validiert. Weitere LC-MS/MS-Methoden wurden zur Bestimmung Maduramicins in Futtermittel, Eiweiß und Eigelb optimiert. Diese wurden zur wurden zur Untersuchung des Übergangs des Kokzidiostatikums aus dem Futtermittel in das Ei benötigt. Dazu wurde eine Fütterungsstudie mit Legehennen durchgeführt. Futtermittel mit drei Konzentrationen von Maduramicin bis zum Höchstgehalt in Futtermittel für Nichtzieltierarten wurden hergestellt und je einer Gruppe von Legehennen verabreicht. Das aufgenommene Maduramicin ging ausschließlich ins Eigelb über, es ergab sich eine Carry-over-Rate von 8 %. Der für Eier festgelegte Höchstgehalt von 2 µg/kg wurde überschritten, obwohl die Konzentrationen Maduramicins in den verfütterten Futtermitteln unterhalb des Höchstgehaltes für Futtermittel lagen. Als Folge dieser Ergebnisse wurde der Maduramicin-Höchstgehalt in Ei auf 12 µg/kg angepasst. Der in Verordnung (EG) Nr. 124/2009 festgelegte Höchstgehalt wurde durch die Verordnung (EU) 610/2012 geändert. / Prevention of coccidosis by anticoccidial feed additives is of great economic importance in poultry farming. Application of these substances is regulated by European law and is a matter of official feed and food control requiring appropriate determination methods for coccidiostats. In this study, liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS-) methods for the quantification of coccidiostats in feed and eggs were developed. The influence of the sample material resulted in poor method performance. These matrix effects are intensively investigated in other analytical fields like drug or pesticide analysis. In contrast, there are limited data concerning matrix effects in LC-MS/MS analysis in feedingstuffs. This study therefore focussed on the systematic investigation of factors influencing matrix effects during analysis of coccidiostats. The findings were implemented in the development and validation of a method for the determination of cross-contamination levels of authorized coccidiostats in feed for non-target animals. This method was optimized for the determination of the anticoccidial feed additive maduramicin in feed, egg white, and egg yolk for a carry-over study. By means of the conducted feeding trial with laying hens the carry-over of maduramicin from feed into eggs was comprehensively characterized. Three feedingstuffs containing different levels of maduramicin up to the maximum tolerable level in non-target animal feed were prepared and fed to groups of ten laying hens. Maduramicin is exclusively transferred into egg yolk, and a carry-over rate into whole eggs of 8 % was calculated. Although the applied diets were in compliance with the maximum level in feed, resulting concentrations in whole eggs exceeded the maximum level in eggs. As a consequence of these findings, the maximum permitted level of maduramicin in eggs was adapted to 12 µg/kg. The maximum level assigned by Regulation (EC) No. 124/2009 was amended in Regulation (EU) 610/2012.