O Hospital de Referência de Porto Nacional no estado do Tocantins é responsável pelo atendimento da população desta cidade e de mais treze municípios circunvizinhos que compreendem a Regional de Saúde Amor Perfeito pela SESAU TO. Totalizando aproximadamente 180.000 habitantes, grande parte dessa população reside na zonal rural e mesmo os habitantes das zonas urbanas frequentam ambientes selvagens como beira de rios e matas, o que os expõe ao contato com animais peçonhentos. Os acidentes ofídicos ocorridos nesta região são atendidos, quase que exclusivamente, nesta unidade hospitalar e a disfunção renal é uma das mais temíveis complicações nesses casos. Esse estudo epidemiológico visa realizar diagnóstico de disfunção renal em pacientes vítimas de acidente ofídico, e acompanhamento evolutivo do quadro clínico pela mensuração do clearance de creatinina com o método indireto utilizando a Fórmula de Cockroft e Gault. Foi realizado o acompanhamento clínico de todos os pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Referência de Porto Nacional vítimas de acidente ofídico de qualquer gênero no período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2014. A mensuração do clearance de creatinina foi realizada no momento do primeiro atendimento e posteriormente em acompanhamento diário da Taxa de Filtração Glomerular usando a Fórmula de Cockroft e Gault (140-Peso-kg) x Idade em anos / 72 x creatinina plasmática. Durante o período estudado foram atendidos neste hospital 78 casos de acidente ofídico, dos quais 88,4% classificados como acidente Botrópico e 6,4% como Crotálico. O clearance de creatinina ficou abaixo de 60 ml/min/m², o que comprova disfunção renal, em 12 pacientes, demonstrando uma incidência geral de 15,4%. A incidência de acidente Botrópico foi de 15,9 % enquanto que a do tipo Crotálico foi de 20%. Todos os pacientes restabeleceram a função renal normal após término do tratamento. A maioria dos casos ocorreu nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro, novembro e dezembro, onde ocorrem as maiores incidências de chuvas. Fatores como idade do paciente e o tempo entre o acidente e o início da terapia específica, com soro adequado, contribuíram para o surgimento da Insuficiência Renal Aguda pós-acidente ofídico. O conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico de cada região aliado ao estudo das taxas de incidência, prevalência e complicações desta entidade clínica, bem como o início precoce da terapêutica adequada interferem no surgimento de lesões renais com pior prognóstico. / The Referral Hospital in Porto Nacional, Tocantins state, is responsible for serving the population of this city and thirteen surrounding municipalities that comprise the Regional Health Office called \"Perfect Love\" administrated by SESAU-TO healthy authority. With approximately 180,000 inhabitants in total, much of this population lives in the rural zone, and even the urban dwellers attend wild environments such as river banks and forests, which is putting them in contact with venomous animals. The ophidic accidents occurred in this region are treated almost exclusively in this hospital unite and renal dysfunction is one of the most feared complications in these cases. This epidemiological study aims at performing diagnosis of renal dysfunction in patients suffering from ophidic accident, and the monitoring evolution of the clinical picture by measuring creatinine clearance with an indirect method by using the Cockroft and Gault formula. Clinical follow-ups were performed in all patients treated at the Referral Hospital in Porto Nacional city, Tocantins state, which were victims of any kind of ophidic accident from January 2013 to December 2014. The measurement of creatinine clearance was done at the first doctor visit and later in a daily basis for monitoring glomerular filtration rate using the formula of Cockroft and Gault (140-kg-weight) x Age in years / 72 x plasmatic creatinine. During the study period, 78 cases of ophidic accidents were treated. 88.4% were classified as Bothropic accident and 6.4% Crotalic one. The creatinine clearance level was below 60 ml / min / m², which proves renal dysfunction in 12 patients, leading to an overall incidence of 15.4%. When separated by type of accident, the incidence for Bothropic accident was 15.9% while the Crotalic type was 20%. All patients restored normal renal function after the end of treatment. Most cases occurred in January, February, November and December, when the highest incidence of rainfall occurs. Factors such as patient age, time between the accident and early specific therapy with appropriate serum contributed to the emergence of acute renal failure in the post-ophidic accident period. The knowledge of the epidemiological profile of each region together with the study of incidence rates, prevalence and complications of this clinical entity, as well as the early initiation of appropriate therapy interferes with the appearance of renal lesions with poor prognosis.

O Hospital de Referência de Porto Nacional no estado do Tocantins é responsável pelo atendimento da população desta cidade e de mais treze municípios circunvizinhos que compreendem a Regional de Saúde Amor Perfeito pela SESAU TO. Totalizando aproximadamente 180.000 habitantes, grande parte dessa população reside na zonal rural e mesmo os habitantes das zonas urbanas frequentam ambientes selvagens como beira de rios e matas, o que os expõe ao contato com animais peçonhentos. Os acidentes ofídicos ocorridos nesta região são atendidos, quase que exclusivamente, nesta unidade hospitalar e a disfunção renal é uma das mais temíveis complicações nesses casos. Esse estudo epidemiológico visa realizar diagnóstico de disfunção renal em pacientes vítimas de acidente ofídico, e acompanhamento evolutivo do quadro clínico pela mensuração do clearance de creatinina com o método indireto utilizando a Fórmula de Cockroft e Gault. Foi realizado o acompanhamento clínico de todos os pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Referência de Porto Nacional vítimas de acidente ofídico de qualquer gênero no período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2014. A mensuração do clearance de creatinina foi realizada no momento do primeiro atendimento e posteriormente em acompanhamento diário da Taxa de Filtração Glomerular usando a Fórmula de Cockroft e Gault (140-Peso-kg) x Idade em anos / 72 x creatinina plasmática. Durante o período estudado foram atendidos neste hospital 78 casos de acidente ofídico, dos quais 88,4% classificados como acidente Botrópico e 6,4% como Crotálico. O clearance de creatinina ficou abaixo de 60 ml/min/m², o que comprova disfunção renal, em 12 pacientes, demonstrando uma incidência geral de 15,4%. A incidência de acidente Botrópico foi de 15,9 % enquanto que a do tipo Crotálico foi de 20%. Todos os pacientes restabeleceram a função renal normal após término do tratamento. A maioria dos casos ocorreu nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro, novembro e dezembro, onde ocorrem as maiores incidências de chuvas. Fatores como idade do paciente e o tempo entre o acidente e o início da terapia específica, com soro adequado, contribuíram para o surgimento da Insuficiência Renal Aguda pós-acidente ofídico. O conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico de cada região aliado ao estudo das taxas de incidência, prevalência e complicações desta entidade clínica, bem como o início precoce da terapêutica adequada interferem no surgimento de lesões renais com pior prognóstico. / The Referral Hospital in Porto Nacional, Tocantins state, is responsible for serving the population of this city and thirteen surrounding municipalities that comprise the Regional Health Office called \"Perfect Love\" administrated by SESAU-TO healthy authority. With approximately 180,000 inhabitants in total, much of this population lives in the rural zone, and even the urban dwellers attend wild environments such as river banks and forests, which is putting them in contact with venomous animals. The ophidic accidents occurred in this region are treated almost exclusively in this hospital unite and renal dysfunction is one of the most feared complications in these cases. This epidemiological study aims at performing diagnosis of renal dysfunction in patients suffering from ophidic accident, and the monitoring evolution of the clinical picture by measuring creatinine clearance with an indirect method by using the Cockroft and Gault formula. Clinical follow-ups were performed in all patients treated at the Referral Hospital in Porto Nacional city, Tocantins state, which were victims of any kind of ophidic accident from January 2013 to December 2014. The measurement of creatinine clearance was done at the first doctor visit and later in a daily basis for monitoring glomerular filtration rate using the formula of Cockroft and Gault (140-kg-weight) x Age in years / 72 x plasmatic creatinine. During the study period, 78 cases of ophidic accidents were treated. 88.4% were classified as Bothropic accident and 6.4% Crotalic one. The creatinine clearance level was below 60 ml / min / m², which proves renal dysfunction in 12 patients, leading to an overall incidence of 15.4%. When separated by type of accident, the incidence for Bothropic accident was 15.9% while the Crotalic type was 20%. All patients restored normal renal function after the end of treatment. Most cases occurred in January, February, November and December, when the highest incidence of rainfall occurs. Factors such as patient age, time between the accident and early specific therapy with appropriate serum contributed to the emergence of acute renal failure in the post-ophidic accident period. The knowledge of the epidemiological profile of each region together with the study of incidence rates, prevalence and complications of this clinical entity, as well as the early initiation of appropriate therapy interferes with the appearance of renal lesions with poor prognosis.

Moving parts cause vibrations and tend to wear out. In applications where maintenance is complicated, solutions without moving parts are therefore advantageous. Electrohydrodynamic pumps are such a solution. Instead of mechanical propulsion, they use strong electric fields to induce movement in a dielectric cooling liquid. These pumps require very little power, but to generate sufficiently strong electric fields, they need to be fed with very high voltage.  This project explored various methods for designing DC/DC-converters which fulfil the demands of an electrohydrodynamic pump. This was done by altering and combining existing topologies that were deemed to be relevant. The main method for testing and evaluation was by simulating in LTspice. The project also briefly investigated methods of overcurrent protection. This was relevant because gas bubbles in the cooling fluid can cause electric arcs which damage the pumps. Three converter topologies were chosen for further evaluation. First, a conventional resonant Royer-based converter that has previously been used by APR Technologies which was altered by the inclusion of a feedback loop. Second, a high-frequency resonant Royer-based converter with a planar air-core transformer. Third, a transformerless converter with a switched boost converter IC. All circuits included a Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier bridge. The two resonant Royer-based converters fulfilled all requirements except the one on efficiency, while the transformerless converter fulfilled all requirements except the one on cost, set by APR. The more expensive transformerless converter had a significantly higher efficiency and a wider range of acceptable input voltages. Furthermore three general conclusions were drawn. The first was that planar air-core transformers are not beneficial compared to conventional transformers in these type of applications. The second was that a discrete voltage regulator controlled by feedback from the output is more effective than using a voltage regulator without feedback, as it also eliminates temperature and load variations. The third conclusion was that to protect the circuits from overcurrent, a large series resistor is needed, which causes significantly lowered efficiency.