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At present, there is a widespread use of alternative measurement technologies in electrical networks that include current and voltage sensors. Their use is closely related to the use of IEC 61850-9-2 for data transfer of measured values within the substation for the purpose of protection and measurement. The use of sensors and communication standard IEC 61850 together with high-speed Ethernet will simplify the concept of the arrangement of protection terminals in substations and enable the development of a new protection system based on central protection. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms, which use the SV according to IEC 61850-9-2, and their implementation into the central protection model. Thesis describes development in the field of protection of substations and the currently available solutions using IEC 61850-9-2 and the principle of central protection. Thesis explains algorithms for selected protection functions - overcurrent protection, negative sequence overcurrent protection, logic busbar protection and differential protection. Further, thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in LabView development environment in the form of a central protection model. The model processes data from a process bus according to IEC 61850-9-2 and sends a GOOSE message over Ethernet in the event of a failure. To verify the correct function of the programmed protection algorithms, a testing procedure was developed using OMICRON 256plus, the current sensor and the merging unit. The results of the testing of the central protection model and the proposed algorithms were compared with the results of testing the currently used protections. At the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of central protection for protecting substations and the possibility of further utilization of the central protection model. The thesis highlights a new way of protecting the electrification system using digital data from MU transferred via the process bus described in IEC 61850-9-2.

Increased Distributed Generation (DG) presence on radial distribution feeders is becoming a common trend. The existing Overcurrent Protection (OCP) scheme on such feeders consists mainly of overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) such as fuses and reclosers. When DG is placed on the remote end of a 3-phase lateral, the radial configuration of the feeder is lost. As a result, OCP issues may arise which lead to permanent outages even when the fault is temporary. This thesis presents a new approach that revises the existing OCP scheme of a radial feeder to address the presence of DG. The fuses on the laterals with DGs are removed and multifunction recloser/relays (MFRs) are added to address three specific OCP issues; fuse fatigue, nuisance fuse blowing, and fuse misoperation. The new approach requires no communication medium, provides backup protection for the DG unit, and allows the remaining laterals to retain their existing protective devices. The results are reported using the IEEE 34 node radial test feeder to validate the new approach and the IEEE 123 node radial test feeder to generalize the approach. The new approach completely mitigated the fuse misoperation and nuisance fuse blowing issues and most of the fuse fatigue issues that were present on the radial test feeders. Specifically, the approach demonstrates that coordination between the existing protection devices on radial distribution feeders is maintained in the presence of DG.

The vehicle industry must reduce emissions to lessen their environmental impact. Using electric motors for propulsion and batteries for energy storage decreases the pollution and greenhouse gases emitted by heavy commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses. As they often travel long distances, a large energy storage is needed, and it needs to be possible to recharge it quickly. The fast recharging requires high power chargers with high voltage and high current, and that in turn necessitates a suitable overcurrent protection system to avoid damageif a fault would occur. Possible technologies for this overcurrent protection system are investigated in this thesis, and the different solutions are evaluated based on important metrics. A solid state breaker is found to be a promising technology that limits the current quickly and reliably. The evaluation including computer simulations shows that the technology is feasible, but some aspects of the circuit design need to be executed carefully like the inductance, the sampling frequency of the current measurement, and the design of the snubber circuit.

A shipboard power system (SPS) should be stable and reliable in order to ensure that the ship has better fight-through capability and increased fault invulnerability. The protection system is designed to minimize the effects of faults in the SPS, which presents challenges, such as increased fault vulnerability and lack of an electrical ground in the system. If protection devices are not updated after power system reconfiguration, they may not protect the power system appropriately. Therefore the development of elaborate digital protection devices for the SPS is required. This thesis focuses on the model-based methodology for designing a protection scheme for SPS based on instantaneous overcurrent digital relays. To achieve this, an instantaneous overcurrent relay model is first developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Then, the Simulink model is downloaded to the DSP-based platform dSPACE, which runs the Simulink model in real-time, to perform hardware-in-the-loop testing (HIL). Thus, through the dSPACE hardware, the proposed relay model is tested for various fault conditions in three HIL platforms. Different electromagnetic transient real-time digital simulators are used to simulate the SPS, to which protection is provided through the relay modeled in dSPACE. Simulation results from these three HIL platforms demonstrate that the proposed overcurrent relay model was successfully modeled, simulated and tested using various tools for model-based design. Testing results show that the developed model can work with different real-time platforms, and that in contrast to a commercial relay, the developed relay model has increased flexibility because settings such as reclose delay and pickup value can be changed online. This feature can be used to develop an advanced relay model with a dynamic pickup value. An advanced relay model will be useful for the SPS, because such system is subject to topological changes and reconfiguration that are not as prevalent in other types of power systems.

The voltage source inverter (VSI) is certainly the most popular topology used in dc to ac power conversion. Virtually every commercial electric motor is driven by a VSI. There is a need for smaller and more efficient drives in high performance applications that is dictating unprecedented power density requirements on airborne motor drive systems. In reply to this need, higher switching frequencies are being sought and new switching devices like Silicon Carbide (SiC) JFETs have emerged. Although faster switching rates favor a reduction in the size of passive components and alleviate the current ripple in the inverter, a penalty is paid on switching losses. Owing to their low switching energy profile, SiC JFETs stand as promising candidates in high switching frequency environments. Their normally-on nature, however, raises a level of discomfort among designers due to the added complexities in the gate drive circuitry and the increased risk of dc bus shoot-through faults in voltage source inverters. Despite of these challenges the use of SiC JFETs continues proliferating in high power density applications. In an effort to study the new challenges introduced by this trend a 2 kW IGBT-based three-phase voltage source inverter operating at 65 kHz was designed, built, and tested. In addition a novel overcurrent protection residing in the inverter dc link is proposed in response to the concern of using normally-on devices in voltage source inverters. Successful hardware validation of both the VSI and the overcurrent protection circuit is supported with experimental results. / Master of Science

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T12:23:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomontesanoschettino.pdf: 5340904 bytes, checksum: 74fca2465789ca0f91c3c975abb30248 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T13:31:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomontesanoschettino.pdf: 5340904 bytes, checksum: 74fca2465789ca0f91c3c975abb30248 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T13:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomontesanoschettino.pdf: 5340904 bytes, checksum: 74fca2465789ca0f91c3c975abb30248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para efetuar a compensação dos efeitos causados pela saturação dos núcleos dos Transformadores de Corrente (TC) utilizados em circuitos de proteção, através da correção do valor eficaz da componente alternada da corrente distorcida do secundário. O problema foi dividido em duas etapas: a detecção e a compensação da saturação. Para a etapa de detecção foi desenvolvido um método novo, denominado método da função primeira diferença do filtro de Lanczos, que mostrou-se mais imune a ruídos que os métodos tradicionais existentes na literatura. Na etapa de compensação da saturação, foi utilizado o método de estimação para modelos lineares. Os métodos foram implementados em MATLAB e testados em correntes distorcidas geradas de duas formas distintas: através de um simulador de TC operando na região de saturação desenvolvido em MATLAB e através de simulações realizadas em um simulador digital em tempo real (RTDS). Os resultados preliminares apontam para um algoritmo robusto, independente das características dinâmicas do TC, da corrente de falta e de outros fatores externos. Além disso, o tempo de resposta mostrou-se compatível com a possibilidade de implementação em tempo real, atendendo às necessidades da área de proteção dos Sistemas Elétricos de Potência. / This work presents a proposal to perform a compensation of the effects due to saturation of Current Transformers (CT) cores used in circuit protection, by correcting the root mean square (RMS) value of the alternate component (AC) of the secondary distorted current. The problem was divided into two phases: detection and compensation of saturation. For the step of detection, a new method was developed, called first difference function of Lanczos filter method, which has proved more immune to noise than traditional methods in the literature. In the step of compensation of saturation, was used a estimation method for linear models. The methods were implemented in MATLAB and tested on distorted currents generated in two ways: through a CT simulator operating in the saturation region developed in MATLAB and through simulations in a real time digital simulator (RTDS). Preliminary results indicate a robust algorithm, independent of the dynamic characteristics of TC, fault current and other external factors. Furthermore, the response time was showed compatible with the possibility of real time implementation, attending to the needs of the protection area of Electric Power Systems.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional para coordenação automática de dispositivos de proteção contra sobrecorrente em sistemas elétricos industriais radiais, tendo como principais vantagens a exatidão nos cálculos dos ajustes e a proposição automática de soluções para eventuais problemas de coordenação, sempre que possível. A metodologia é utilizada tanto para proteção individual contra sobrecorrente dos equipamentos quanto para coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção do sistema. É feito um estudo detalhado dos requisitos de proteção de sobrecorrente dos equipamentos empregados em sistemas elétricos industriais, como motor, cabo e transformador, bem como dos dispositivos mais utilizados, fusível e disjuntor de baixa tensão, com ênfase para a proteção por meio de relés digitais de sobrecorrente. O método é usado para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional. Há uma exposição dos algoritmos utilizados para busca e cálculo dos ajustes dos dispositivos de cada equipamento. Por fim é realizado um teste da ferramenta com dois exemplos de sistemas elétricos industriais, mostrando que o mesmo apresenta bom desempenho quanto à exatidão no cálculo dos ajustes e na redução do tempo despendido em estudos de coordenação da proteção e seletividade. / This work presents a computational methodology for automatic overcurrent coordination of protection devices in radial industrial electrical systems, which main advantages are the accuracy in the devices\' settings calculation and the automatic proposition of solutions to coordination problems, whenever it is possible. The methodology is used both for equipment individual overcurrent protection and for protection devices coordination. A detailed study of the overcurrent protection requirements of the equipments used in industrial electrical systems, such as motor, cable and transformer is carried out, as well as of the most used protection devices, fuses and low voltage circuit breaker, with emphasis on the protection by means of overcurrent digital relays. The method is used to develop a computational tool. There is an explanation of the search and settings calculation algorithms applied to the devices of each equipment. Finally, two examples of industrial electrical systems are used to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. It is shown that it presents good performance on the accuracy in the calculation of the devices settings and on amount of time spent on protection coordination and selectivity studies.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional para coordenação automática de dispositivos de proteção contra sobrecorrente em sistemas elétricos industriais radiais, tendo como principais vantagens a exatidão nos cálculos dos ajustes e a proposição automática de soluções para eventuais problemas de coordenação, sempre que possível. A metodologia é utilizada tanto para proteção individual contra sobrecorrente dos equipamentos quanto para coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção do sistema. É feito um estudo detalhado dos requisitos de proteção de sobrecorrente dos equipamentos empregados em sistemas elétricos industriais, como motor, cabo e transformador, bem como dos dispositivos mais utilizados, fusível e disjuntor de baixa tensão, com ênfase para a proteção por meio de relés digitais de sobrecorrente. O método é usado para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional. Há uma exposição dos algoritmos utilizados para busca e cálculo dos ajustes dos dispositivos de cada equipamento. Por fim é realizado um teste da ferramenta com dois exemplos de sistemas elétricos industriais, mostrando que o mesmo apresenta bom desempenho quanto à exatidão no cálculo dos ajustes e na redução do tempo despendido em estudos de coordenação da proteção e seletividade. / This work presents a computational methodology for automatic overcurrent coordination of protection devices in radial industrial electrical systems, which main advantages are the accuracy in the devices\' settings calculation and the automatic proposition of solutions to coordination problems, whenever it is possible. The methodology is used both for equipment individual overcurrent protection and for protection devices coordination. A detailed study of the overcurrent protection requirements of the equipments used in industrial electrical systems, such as motor, cable and transformer is carried out, as well as of the most used protection devices, fuses and low voltage circuit breaker, with emphasis on the protection by means of overcurrent digital relays. The method is used to develop a computational tool. There is an explanation of the search and settings calculation algorithms applied to the devices of each equipment. Finally, two examples of industrial electrical systems are used to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. It is shown that it presents good performance on the accuracy in the calculation of the devices settings and on amount of time spent on protection coordination and selectivity studies.

Smart radial distribution grids will include advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and significant distributed generators (DGs) connected close to loads. DGs in these radial distribution systems (RDS) introduce bidirectional power flows (BPFs) and contribute to fault current. These BPFs may cause unwanted tripping of existing overcurrent (OC) protection devices and result in permanent outages for a large number of customers. This thesis presents a protection approach that modified an existing overcurrent protection scheme to reduce the number of customers affected by faults in RDS with DGs. Further, a technique is presented that utilizes customers loading information from smart meters in AMI to improve the sensitivity of substation OC relays by adaptively changing the pickup settings. The modified protection approach involves predefining zones in RDS with DGs and installing directional OC relays and circuit breakers at the zonal boundaries. Zonal boundary relays determine faulted zones by sharing information on the direction of detected faults current using binary state signals over a communication medium. The technique to adapt the substation relay pickup settings uses the demand measurements from smart meters for two 12-hour intervals from the previous day to determine the maximum diversified demand at the relay?s location. The pickup settings of the substation relay for the two 12-hour intervals during the following day for the zone supplied by the substation are adaptively set based on the current that corresponds to the maximum diversified demand from the previous day. The techniques were validated through simulations in EMTP/PSCAD using an expanded IEEE 34 node radial test feeder that included DGs and a secondary distribution level. By decentralizing the control of the zonal boundary breakers, the single point of failure was eliminated in the modified protection approach. The cases studied showed that the modified protection approach allows for selective identification and isolation of the faulted zones. Also, the sensitivity of the substation OC relay was improved by at least 24% by using the pickup settings for the two 12-hour intervals from the smart meter demand measurements compared to the pickup settings computed using the conventional methodology based on the maximum loading of the zone.