La investigación realizada busca dar a conocer los factores que influyeron a las exportaciones de la granilla de cacao a Corea del Sur durante los años 2013-2017. En el primer capítulo se expone los aspectos relacionados con las oportunidades del mercado en cuanto a tendencias y también relacionadas al producto por sus características y beneficios; mencionamos la definición, origen, variedades, especificaciones y proceso de producción de la granilla de cacao para su exportación y conceptos relacionados con los superfoods. Además, se investigó sobre el mercado objetivo Corea del sur, sus características, intercambio comercial, tratados vigentes, estrategias de marketing y comercialización. Hemos incluido el tema de la logística que involucre el traslado a destino con las medidas sanitarias correspondientes, empaques y embalajes solicitados. Todas estas medidas son importantes a tener en cuenta para una correcta exportación. En el segundo capítulo desarrollamos el sustento de la investigación. La metodología de investigación utilizada es la de tipo cualitativa, descriptiva-explicativa y la validamos mediante entrevistas a exportadores, organismos públicos y expertos. Además, se describen en la recolección de datos las experiencias que observamos. En el tercer capítulo, procedemos a utilizar los datos recopilados, llevando los resultados por diferentes categorías y segmentos. En el cuarto capítulo discutimos sobre los resultados de las entrevistas los cuales nos ayudaron a identificar los factores de exportación para la granilla de cacao al mercado Sur Coreano en los años 2013-2017, incluyendo los hallazgos, barreras y brechas de nuestra investigación. Finalmente, detallamos las conclusiones y recomendaciones de este tema. / The research carried out seeks to reveal the factors that influenced the export of cacao beans to South Korea during the years 2013-2017. In the first chapter, the details of the aspects related to market opportunities are exposed in terms of trends and related to the product by its characteristics and benefits. We also mention the definition, origin, varieties, specifications and production process of cocoa beans for publication, as well as the details of their benefits and the nutritional aspect and concepts related to superfoods. In addition, it was investigated on the target market of South Korea, its characteristics, commercial exchange, and marketing strategies. Similarly, we have included the issue of logistics involving the product in the country of destination that indicates the corresponding sanitary measures with the packaging and packaging requested by the final buyer. In the second chapter, we developed the sustenance of the research. The research methodology is based on the kind of qualitative, descriptive-explanatory and validity through interviews with the exporters, public bodies and experts. Additionally, the collection of data of the experiences and processes we observed during the interviews. In the third chapter, we will use the collected data, considering the results of different categories and segments. In the fourth chapter, we discussed the results of the interviews that helped us identify the communication factors for cocoa beans in the South Korean market in the years 2013-2017, including the findings, barriers and gaps of our research. / Tesis

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This thesis aims to integrate functional and nutrigenomics analyses to examine how dietary polyphenols affect human platelet function and thus may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Initially, 26 low molecular weight phenolic compounds were screened for their effects on platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in vitro. Only high, non-physiological concentrations of some phenolics showed anti-platelet effects. In parallel we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess how polyphenol-rich foodstuffs, beverages, or extracts affect platelet function in humans. Cocoa-derived flavan-3-ols were the only class of dietary polyphenols that consistently showed anti-platelet effects in both, acute and chronic settings. Consequently we conducted an acute randomised-controlled human intervention study in which healthy volunteers consumed three different types of chocolates containing different amounts of flavan-3-ols. We found that flavan-3-ol-enriched dark chocolate beneficially affected ex vivo bleeding time, platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression. These effects were gender-dependent. Bioavailability of cocoa-derived flavan-3-ols, as assessed by a targeted metabolomics approach, was also gender-dependent. Using a platelet proteomics approach, we found subtle changes in platelet protein levels 2 h after consumption of flavan-3-ol-enriched chocolate in men, which may partly explain the observed anti-platelet effects. Finally, we assessed whether flavan-3-ols are internalised in platelets after consumption of dark chocolate. No internalisation could be found up to 2.5 h after chocolate ingestion, despite these compounds appearing in plasma. In conclusion, flavan- 3-ol-enriched dark chocolate beneficially affects platelet function in a gender-dependent way, but underpinning mechanisms are still unknown. Furthermore, current insights into their bioavailability cannot fully explain the ability of flavan-3-ols to affect platelet function. Successful future progress of research into the bioavailability and mechanisms of flavan-3- ols in vitro and in vivo will depend on the availability of pure standards for the major human metabolites of flavan-3-ols.

Brazil is the world's sixth largest cocoa producer with 270,000 tonnes of cocoa produced per year. In a world with an increasing demand for chocolate, but with agriculture threatened by climate change, the chocolate industry is worried about a possible shortage of cocoa. Furthermore, growing cocoa is a main cause of deforestation. However, in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil, cocoa is grown in traditional agroforests called 'cabrucas' which maintain a forest cover. Cocoa, an understorey crop, is planted under the shade of native Atlantic Forest trees and exotic fruit trees introduced by the farmers. These cabrucas have high conservation value but very low cocoa yield. In my thesis I investigate the factors limiting cocoa yield and how to increase yield in cabrucas. I explore the role of shade trees and the nutrient dynamics in litterfall. Finally, I explore the risk that climate change could represent for cocoa production in the future by looking at the effects of an unexpected drought caused by an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event between November 2015 and May 2016. My study is based on data collected in permanent transects in 32 randomly chosen cabruca farms in Barro Preto a municipality of Bahia over a period of three years. I also established littertraps in 10 cocoa farms where I intensively studied nutrient dynamics and cocoa yield per tree over 12 months. My results showed that unproductive trees, low cocoa tree density, high shade cover and high cocoa mortality due to drought were the main factors limiting cocoa yield in cabrucas. Surprisingly, adding fertilisers to the cocoa trees did not increase yield. This suggests that there is no nutrient deficiency in cabrucas. In the farms, I found 69 species of shade trees for an average density of 125 ± 32 trees per hectare. Half of the species of shade trees were Atlantic Forest species of conservation value. The litterfall experiment showed the shade tree species and the quantity of litterfall produced, can affect the number of cocoa pods per tree. In cabrucas, a higher number of cocoa pods was found on cocoa trees under shade trees than under no shade. Finally, I showed that the exceptionally severe ENSO-related drought caused 80% loss in yield and 11% cocoa tree mortality in Barro Preto. Climate models predict an increased frequency of strong ENSO events in the future. Farmers in Bahia are not prepared to face regular drought events. The 2015/16 drought affected the dynamics of cocoa production in Brazil: it accelerated the decrease of extensive wildlife-friendly cocoa production in Bahia whereas it increased the development of cocoa production in intensive low shade plantations in the state of Pará. This suggests that climate change could be a threat to traditional cocoa agroforests in Bahia. Developing wildlife-friendly certification schemes and Payment for Ecosystem Services to internalise the value of forest conservation and to encourage farmers to maintain their shade trees could save cabruca systems from going extinct.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.