The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 15, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21^st century, associated with a range of adverse physical, psychological, social and economic consequences. The aetiology of obesity is complex; however, the psychological factors associated with overweight and obesity remain poorly understood. The first paper critically appraises evidence for three of the most developed psychological theories of obesity. Based on these findings, literature from the fields of emotion regulation and attachment are reviewed, and a novel developmental theory of obesity based on an integration of these theoretical constructs is proposed. Recommendations for future research based on a theoretical framework of emotion regulation are made, and implications for clinical practice including a focus on enhancing caregiver sensitivity are highlighted. The second paper explores the applicability of an established cognitive model of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and binge eating to an overweight and obese sample. Findings support the relevance of cognitive aspects of the model in an overweight and obese sample, and highlight the potential role of early attachment relationships in the formation of cognitions that make an individual vulnerable to overweight and obesity in later life. Theoretical and clinical implications based on the established cognitive model are considered. Limitations include reliance on self-report and the correlational nature of analyses used. Recommendations for future research with larger, more representative samples to address these limitations are made. Overall, this dissertation makes a unique contribution to the psychological understanding of overweight and obesity, which has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes and suggests useful avenues for further research.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Notre Dame, 2008. / Thesis directed by Scott Maxwell for the Department of Psychology. "October 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-101).

Le conflit d'intérêt ou le manque de temps font partie des explications les plus souvent avancées par les adolescents ou les adultes afin de justifier l'arrêt de la pratique d'une activité sportive ou l'absence d'activité physique régulière. Ce travail doctoral vise à enrichir un modèle motivationnel de l'engagement sportif basé sur la théorie de l'autodétermination (Ryan & Deci, 2002), en y intégrant les perceptions de conflit et d'instrumentalité liées au rôle de pratiquant. Un programme de recherche articulé autour de 5 études et impliquant plus de 2500 participants a été conduit. L'étude 1, qui a comparé des jeunes pratiquants et d'anciens sportifs, a confirmé le lien entre les conflits perçus par rapport à la pratique sportive et le comportement d'abandon, et la relation négative entre les conflits et la motivation autodéterminée sportive. Les études 2 à 4 ont adopté un devis longitudinal sur une durée allant de 6 mois à 3 ans, afin d'étudier de façon approfondie les antécédents des perceptions de conflit et d'instrumentalité liées au rôle de pratiquant, et leur impact sur les comportements d'engagement sportif. Les résultats indiquent que le degré de motivation autodéterminée contextuelle prédit généralement négativement les conflits perçus, et positivement l'instrumentalité de la pratique sportive. Des niveaux élevés de conflit et faibles d'instrumentalité liés au rôle de sportif, semblent néfastes au maintien de l'engagement sportif dans le temps. Enfin, le devis expérimental de l'étude 5 a examiné le sens de la relation entre la motivation autodéterminée et le conflit, soutenant l'hypothèse d'un rôle causal de la motivation.

This thesis is concerned with the age-related changes in working memory (WM), and the inter-individual differences in cognitive and neural mechanisms that correspond to healthy versus poor ageing of WM function. The first half of this thesis focusses on the age-related decline in WM and whether preserved top-down attentional control could mitigate such deficits. In Chapter 2, I present a functional MRI study showing that older adults reliably recruit brain networks that subserve cognitive control, which work in concert with the task relevant sensory areas during effective selective WM. In Chapter 3, I show that older adults retain flexible control over WM representations, and this ability corresponded to the reliable recruitment of neural signals of orienting attention qualitatively similar to those observed in younger adults. Magnetoencephalographic recordings showed that the neural dynamics during orienting attention within WM was predictive of good performance, demonstrating that the more efficient the process of orienting within WM to select the target item, the better the memory representation can be preserved for upcoming behaviour. In the second half of this thesis, I explored whether WM for affective content has a special status in healthy ageing. In Chapter 4, I developed an emotional WM precision task to measure WM abilities for emotional content appropriate for elderly adults. In Chapter 5, I tested a group of young and older adults on WM and perceptual-matching abilities for emotional faces. The results suggest that older adults show a general impairment in task performance, but possibly with some preservation in the ability to maintain emotional content in WM. There were marked differences in how the emotional information was processed between age groups, in which older adults have a tendency to represent negative stimuli as less negative than younger adults in perception and WM, and tended to show a positive interpretation of the valence of more ambiguous emotional stimuli. In Chapter 6, I summarise the findings presented in this thesis, discuss the implications of the key findings, and consider some suggestions for future studies that aim to elucidate the mechanisms of WM in healthy ageing.

Com a popularização dos Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Cursos (CMS do inglês Course Management System) torna-se necessária a criação de critérios técnicos que permitam avaliá-los e compará-los. Neste trabalho é feita uma análise da interface com o aluno de um sistema de gerenciamento de cursos de software livre, gratuito e bastante popular, denominado Moodle. A análise é feita, estabelecendo-se critérios e diretrizes desenvolvidos a partir de uma ampla revisão dos princípios da psicologia cognitiva que são aplicados à essa interface. Os resultados são apresentados de forma qualitativa, discutindo-se os aspectos positivos e negativos da interface. Procura-se com isso apresentar um modelo de uso da psicologia cognitiva na análise de interfaces com o usuário em sistemas de e-Laerning, a partir do exemplo prático que poderá ser aproveitado para analisar outros sistemas para uma posterior comparação. / Given the growing popularity of CMS, Course Management Systems, it becomes necessary to develop some criteria to assess them so that they can be compared. The present paper presents an analysis of the student interface of a popular, free open source course management system, the Moodle. This analysis is done establishing a few rules, obtained from a comprehensive revision of cognition psychology, and which are than applied to this interface. It is an attempt to create a model, from a practical example, that can in turn be applied to other systems, followed by a comparison among them.

Com a popularização dos Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Cursos (CMS do inglês Course Management System) torna-se necessária a criação de critérios técnicos que permitam avaliá-los e compará-los. Neste trabalho é feita uma análise da interface com o aluno de um sistema de gerenciamento de cursos de software livre, gratuito e bastante popular, denominado Moodle. A análise é feita, estabelecendo-se critérios e diretrizes desenvolvidos a partir de uma ampla revisão dos princípios da psicologia cognitiva que são aplicados à essa interface. Os resultados são apresentados de forma qualitativa, discutindo-se os aspectos positivos e negativos da interface. Procura-se com isso apresentar um modelo de uso da psicologia cognitiva na análise de interfaces com o usuário em sistemas de e-Laerning, a partir do exemplo prático que poderá ser aproveitado para analisar outros sistemas para uma posterior comparação. / Given the growing popularity of CMS, Course Management Systems, it becomes necessary to develop some criteria to assess them so that they can be compared. The present paper presents an analysis of the student interface of a popular, free open source course management system, the Moodle. This analysis is done establishing a few rules, obtained from a comprehensive revision of cognition psychology, and which are than applied to this interface. It is an attempt to create a model, from a practical example, that can in turn be applied to other systems, followed by a comparison among them.

Cette recherche s'articule autour d'un objectif central, celui des apports éventuels de la relation aux animaux pour les enfants avec autisme. Pour répondre cette question complexe, nous avons rassemblé des compétences pluridisciplinaires (éthologie, psychologie, pédopsychiatrie) et utilisé leurs méthodologies: évaluation clinique, questionnaire, observation en condition habituelle et expérimentation. Nous avons aussi étudié un groupe contrôle d'enfants typiques pour une approche comparative. Nos résultats montrent que les enfants avec autisme sont sensibles à leur environnement social, leur développement langagier étant lié au niveau d'éducation de leurs parents. De plus, les animaux familiers pourraient être des partenaires "sociaux". Les interactions entre les enfants avec autisme et leurs animaux sont diverses, influencées par les caractéristiques des deux partenaires et de leur environnement. L'observation des interactions avec les chiens familiers révèle que les enfants, quelque soit leur diagnostic, ne différent pas dans leurs comportements tournés vers l'animal. Les chiens, quant à eux, semblent moins interagir avec les enfants avec autisme. En parallèle, notre paradigme expérimental, la Strange Animal Situation, a permis l'étude des comportements de l'enfant face à un animal non familier. Il révèle l'existence de profils comportementaux généraux avec une continuité entre les comportements des enfants typiques et avec autisme. Dans cette situation, une partie des enfants avec autisme présente un biais attentionnel vers les êtres humains. Pour finir, nous avons montré un lien entre l'arrivée d'un animal dans une famille et l'amélioration de compétences sociales des enfants avec autisme. Via une approche pluridisciplinaire, cette recherche contribue à la compréhension des relations entre les enfants avec autisme et les animaux de compagnie, tout en donnant des pistes de réflexion pour les interventions assistées par l'animal.

<p>Denna uppsats undersöker hur kvinnor och män i olika åldersgrupper förhåller sig till Flashapplikationer utifrån deras uppfattning om färg och form. Deltagarna som består av skolungdomar, nyexaminerade studenter och pensionärer har genom en enkät och en semistrukturerad intervjuform fått redogöra för sina intryck av Santa Marias, Eccos och Indiskas webbplatser. </p><p>Undersökningsdeltagarna identifierar Flashelementen genom deras rörelser. Deltagarna vill välja om de ska se animationer och andra applikationer skapade i Flash för att inte tappa koncentrationen från övrigt innehåll. Studenterna i undersökningen har en mer kritisk hållning till färgval, formgivning och användandet av Flash än övriga. Kvinnorna i undersökningen har en mer liberal hållning till färg och form än männen. </p> / <p>This essay explores how men and women in different age groups experiences Flashapplications, depending on their perception of colour and form. The participants, teenagers at a junior high school, students who just have finished their degree and senior citizens have by answering a form and by taking part in a semi structured interview been able to express their opinion of the following Scandinavian web pages: Santa Maria, Ecco and Indiska.</p><p>The participants identify the flash objects by their movements. The participants want to be able to choose weather or not to see the animations and other applications created in Flash, to avoid loosing focus on the other information the trademarks wants to express. The students have the most critical approach to colour, form and the use of Flash objects. The female participants have a more liberal approach to colour and form then the male participants. </p>