Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Colonial settlement of Indiana changed the environment in significant ways; the aim of this study is to quantify the impacts of settlement through the use of geochemical proxies including: % lithics; the carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S) isotope composition of organic matter; the elemental composition of carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (Ntot) in organic matter and their ratio (C/N); the δ34S of mineral sulfides (pyrite and acid volatile sulfides); and iron redox proxies. Lakes are a great recorder of aquatic-terrestrial linkages on both local and global scales. Martin lake’s watershed, in northeastern Indiana, was settled in 1840 by Euro-Americans, and since then clear shifts in lake chemistry are recorded in its sediments. A core spanning roughly the last 300 years taken from Martin Lake is the basis of this study. The impacts of settlement can be seen through the lenses of all the proxies that were used in this study. 1) Post-settlement deforestation increased erosion in Martin Lake’s watershed, increasing sedimentation rates and % lithics. 2) δ13C of organic matter reveals a pattern of deforestation and partial regrowth and agricultural use of land. 3) A pronounced increase in δ15N timed with the change in population at the time of settlement is consistent with the increased input of human or animal waste into Martin Lake. 4) TOC and C/N show an overall increase in the amount of organic matter within the lake caused by deforestation, and that the increased nutrient supply may have stimulated more in-lake productivity. 5) δ34S of mineral sulfides show that deforestation lead to an increase in the available sulfate pool of Martin Lake, which in combination with 6) an increase in FeHR created redox conditions in which pyrite formation was more favorable. These factors culminated in a transition in Martin Lake chemistry and redox cycling within the sediments.

This dissertation aims to analyze the transformation of Pusan by examining the social, political, economic, and cultural changes during the open-port period (1876-1910). Prior to annexation, Pusan, as the first open port in Korea, reflected features of the colonial urban development in which alien power achieved and sustained a hegemonic domination on socio-cultural-economic dimensions of people’s lives. Colonial history in Korea has been divided and moving on parallel lines. The ‘nationalist school’ and the ‘socioeconomic school’ have failed to come together and move us into a deeper understanding of the Japanese colonial period. In order to narrow the gap between the two schools of thought, this thesis suggests looking at ‘colonial modernity’ through the analytical lens of the colonial city of Pusan. The approach examines changes in the social, economic, and cultural life of people rather than through the traditional binary construction of ‘victim versus victimizer’ or ‘colonial repression versus national resistance.’ In particular, I pay close attention to the fact that colonization is a process of imperial expansion by means of colonialists. In the end, the process of colonization in Pusan was a process by which the Japanese settlers expanded in wealth, population, influence, and power. The cluster of factors – enlargement of settlement (living space), the expansion of the economy (economic opportunity), improvement of public enterprises, such as transportation infrastructure, water supply and hygiene (improving quality of life) – were catalysts for the Japanese settlers to take up residence in Pusan. Based on the transformation of the urban space of Pusan at this micro level, I discuss a hierarchy of power relations within the spatial boundary of Pusan. In other words, I focus on human aspects of these changes rather than on systemic changes. I attempt to demonstrate how studying a city can offer a useful category of analysis for the question of ‘modernity’ in Korea.

A presente investigação visa dar subsídio à melhoria da gestão das áreas naturais protegidas que são afetadas pela irregularidade fundiária. Para isso, o objetivo foi identificar, analisar e descrever a maneira pela qual os conselheiros, moradores, funcionários, pesquisadores e visitantes da Parte Baixa do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) percebem e interagem com o mesmo, assim como os possíveis conflitos de interesse, ressaltando a importância da participação das comunidades envolvidas e a qualidade das relações sócio-ambientais construídas no lugar ao longo do tempo, propondo formas partilhadas de criação, gestão e apropriação das áreas naturais, de modo a dividir a responsabilidade sobre o patrimônio natural e seus recursos. O atual momento vivenciado no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, em que distintas articulações e proposições estão sendo (re)feitas, descritas e discutidas, são analisados, buscando compreender como os atores sociais do PNI sedimentam os conflitos encontrados, assim como a existência ou não de laços afetivos com o Parque. Para isto, foi utilizado o método qualitativo da pesquisa participante, através da aplicação de questionários. Os moradores/sitiantes expressam emoções, trazendo identidade, sentimento de pertencimento e personalidade ao lugar, sempre carregado de muita afetividade e apreensão pelo futuro de sua propriedade. Os outros atores sociais, com raras exceções, não demonstram comprometimento afetivo com o lugar, relatando significados conceituais e generalizados, teóricos ou essencialmente práticos, relativos à natureza, administração e gestão do Parque, juntamente com o sentimento ético de obrigação para preservar a natureza, mostrando indignação pela insuficiente proteção ao mundo natural e pelas decisões governamentais pautadas exclusivamente em condições políticas passageiras. Os turistas/visitantes se destacam por relatar sempre grande preocupação com as gerações futuras e os pesquisadores pelas condições insuficientes oferecidas para realização de pesquisa científica. As diferentes motivações encontradas são passíveis de transformar sentimentos, atitudes e valores nas pessoas, colaborando para novas políticas de gestão ambiental no Brasil e como se posicionar diante dos impasses sociais colocados pelas populações residentes em áreas naturais protegidas. / The current investigation aims to subsidize the improvement in the management of natural protected areas which are affected by latifundiary irregularity. For doing so, the goal was identify, analyze and describe the way counselors, inhabitants, employees, researchers and visitors at the Low Part of the Itatiaia National Park (INP) perceive and interact with it, in as much as possible conflicts of interests, emphasizing the importance of the participation of the involved communities and the quality of socio-environmental relationships built in the place throughout time, proposing shared ways for the creation, the management and the appropriation of natural areas, so to share the responsibility over the natural heritage and its resources. . The current time at INP, in which distinct articulations and propositions are being (re)made, are described and debated, trying to understand how the social actors at INP sediment the found conflicts, just as the existence or not of affective links with the Park. To do that, it was utilized the quantitative method of the participant research, through the application of questionnaires. The inhabitants/land owners express emotions, bringing identity, a sense of belonging and personality to the place, always charged with much affectivity and concern about the future of ones land. The other social actors, with rare exceptions, do not demonstrate affective commitment to the place, reporting conceptual and generalized meanings, theoretical or excessively practical, concerning nature, park administration and management, together with an ethical feeling of obligation to preserve nature, showing indignation with the insufficient protection of the natural world and the governmental decisions exclusively guided by transient political conditions. The tourists/visitors are noted for always reporting great concern with future generations and the researchers with the insufficient conditions offered for scientific research. The distinct motivations found are likely to transform peoples feelings, attitudes and values, collaborating for new environmental management policies in Brazil and also in how to stand in face of the social embarrassment placed by the population residing in natural protected areas.

A presente investigação visa dar subsídio à melhoria da gestão das áreas naturais protegidas que são afetadas pela irregularidade fundiária. Para isso, o objetivo foi identificar, analisar e descrever a maneira pela qual os conselheiros, moradores, funcionários, pesquisadores e visitantes da Parte Baixa do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) percebem e interagem com o mesmo, assim como os possíveis conflitos de interesse, ressaltando a importância da participação das comunidades envolvidas e a qualidade das relações sócio-ambientais construídas no lugar ao longo do tempo, propondo formas partilhadas de criação, gestão e apropriação das áreas naturais, de modo a dividir a responsabilidade sobre o patrimônio natural e seus recursos. O atual momento vivenciado no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, em que distintas articulações e proposições estão sendo (re)feitas, descritas e discutidas, são analisados, buscando compreender como os atores sociais do PNI sedimentam os conflitos encontrados, assim como a existência ou não de laços afetivos com o Parque. Para isto, foi utilizado o método qualitativo da pesquisa participante, através da aplicação de questionários. Os moradores/sitiantes expressam emoções, trazendo identidade, sentimento de pertencimento e personalidade ao lugar, sempre carregado de muita afetividade e apreensão pelo futuro de sua propriedade. Os outros atores sociais, com raras exceções, não demonstram comprometimento afetivo com o lugar, relatando significados conceituais e generalizados, teóricos ou essencialmente práticos, relativos à natureza, administração e gestão do Parque, juntamente com o sentimento ético de obrigação para preservar a natureza, mostrando indignação pela insuficiente proteção ao mundo natural e pelas decisões governamentais pautadas exclusivamente em condições políticas passageiras. Os turistas/visitantes se destacam por relatar sempre grande preocupação com as gerações futuras e os pesquisadores pelas condições insuficientes oferecidas para realização de pesquisa científica. As diferentes motivações encontradas são passíveis de transformar sentimentos, atitudes e valores nas pessoas, colaborando para novas políticas de gestão ambiental no Brasil e como se posicionar diante dos impasses sociais colocados pelas populações residentes em áreas naturais protegidas. / The current investigation aims to subsidize the improvement in the management of natural protected areas which are affected by latifundiary irregularity. For doing so, the goal was identify, analyze and describe the way counselors, inhabitants, employees, researchers and visitors at the Low Part of the Itatiaia National Park (INP) perceive and interact with it, in as much as possible conflicts of interests, emphasizing the importance of the participation of the involved communities and the quality of socio-environmental relationships built in the place throughout time, proposing shared ways for the creation, the management and the appropriation of natural areas, so to share the responsibility over the natural heritage and its resources. . The current time at INP, in which distinct articulations and propositions are being (re)made, are described and debated, trying to understand how the social actors at INP sediment the found conflicts, just as the existence or not of affective links with the Park. To do that, it was utilized the quantitative method of the participant research, through the application of questionnaires. The inhabitants/land owners express emotions, bringing identity, a sense of belonging and personality to the place, always charged with much affectivity and concern about the future of ones land. The other social actors, with rare exceptions, do not demonstrate affective commitment to the place, reporting conceptual and generalized meanings, theoretical or excessively practical, concerning nature, park administration and management, together with an ethical feeling of obligation to preserve nature, showing indignation with the insufficient protection of the natural world and the governmental decisions exclusively guided by transient political conditions. The tourists/visitors are noted for always reporting great concern with future generations and the researchers with the insufficient conditions offered for scientific research. The distinct motivations found are likely to transform peoples feelings, attitudes and values, collaborating for new environmental management policies in Brazil and also in how to stand in face of the social embarrassment placed by the population residing in natural protected areas.

This thesis investigates the narrated experiences of a number of individuals that migrated to Argentina from Russia and Ukraine in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union. The over-arching aim of this thesis is to study the ways in which these migrants navigated the social reality in Argentina, with regards to available physical, material, and socioeconomic positions as well as with regards to their narrated self-understandings and identifications. The empirical data consists of ethnographic in-depth interviews and participatory observation from Buenos Aires between the years 2011 and 2014. Through the theoretical frameworks of political discourse theory, critical race studies, auto-ethnography, and theories on coloniality, the author examines questions of migration, mobility, race, class, and gender in the processes of re-establishing a life in a new context. The interviewees were not only directly affected by the collapse of the USSR in the sense that it drastically changed their terrain of possible futures as well as retroactive understandings of their pasts, but they also began their lives in Argentina during the turmoil of the economic crisis that culminated in 2001. Central to this thesis is how these dislocatory events impacted the interviewees’ possibilities and limitations for living the life they had expected, and thus how discursive structures affect subject positions and identifications, and thereby create specific conditions for different relocatory trajectories. By focusing on how these individuals narrate their reasons for migration and their integration into Argentine labor and housing markets, the author demonstrates the role Argentine and East European history, as well as the neoliberal restructuring of the postsocialist region and Argentina in the 1990’s, had for self-understandings, subject positions, identities, and mobility. Various intersections of power, and particularly the making of race and whiteness, are important for the way that the interviewees negotiated subject positions and identifications. The author addresses how affect and hope played a part in these processes and how downward mobility was articulated and made meaningful. She also examines how participants’ ideas about a “good life” were related to understandings of the past, questions of race, social inequality, and a logic of coloniality. / Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur ett antal individer som migrerade från Ryssland och Ukraina till Argentina efter Sovjetunionens fall berättar om sin erfarenhet. Det övergripande syftet är att studera hur dessa migranter navigerade i den sociala verkligheten i Argentina, särskilt vad det gäller kroppsliga, materiella och socioekonomiska positioner, såväl som hur detta påverkat deras berättade självförståelse och identifikationer. Det empiriska materialet består av etnografiska djupintervjuer och deltagande observationer gjorda i Buenos Aires mellan åren 2011 och 2014. Författaren använder sig av ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av politisk diskursteori, kritiska ras- och vithetsstudier, autoetnografi och teorier om kolonialitet för att undersöka frågor om migration, mobilitet, rasialisering, klass och kön i en kontext av återetablering av ett liv i ett nytt samhälle. De som intervjuas i denna avhandling påverkades inte bara av Sovjetunionens kollaps, på så sätt att det påverkade deras förståelse av möjlig framtid samt deras retroaktiva förståelser av det förflutna, utan de påbörjade även sina nya liv i Argentina under den ekonomiska krisen som kulminerade år 2001. Centralt i avhandlingen är hur dessa dislokatoriska händelser inverkade på de intervjuades möjligheter och begränsningar för att kunna leva det liv som de hade förväntat sig, och därmed hur diskursiva strukturer påverkar subjektspositioner och identifikationer och därmed skapar specifika villkor för olika vägar för återetablering. Genom fokus på hur dessa individer berättar om sina anledningar för migrationen och om deras väg in i den argentinska arbets- och bostadsmarknaden visar författaren vilken roll argentinsk och östeuropeisk historia, såväl som 1990-talets nyliberala omstrukturering av den postsovjetiska regionen och Argentina, hade för deras självförståelse, subjektspositioner, identitet och mobilitet. Viktigt för hur de intervjuade förhandlade om olika subjektspositioner och identifikationer är intersektionella maktordningar och särskilt skapandet av ras och vithet. Författaren analyserar hur affekt och hopp spelade en roll i dessa processer och hur social deklassering artikulerades och gjordes meningsfull. Här undersöks även hur de intervjuades idéer om möjligheten att leva ett ”gott liv” var sammanflätade med förståelser av det förflutna, rasialisering, social ojämlikhet och en logik som präglades av kolonialitet. / Тема этой диссертации – это личный опыт ряда индивидуумов, переехавших в Аргентину вскоре после распада Советского Союза, на основе их собственных повествований. Основная цель работы заключается в исследовании того, как мигранты-участники вписывались в общественную реальность Аргентины на фоне её превалирующих физических,  материальных и социо-экономических позиций, а также по отношению к тому, как согласно их рассказам, эти люди сами себя воспринимали и идентифицировали. Эмпирическая компонента диссертации включает в себя комплекс углубленных этнографических интервью и включенного наблюдения, проводимых в Буэнос Айрес в 2011 -2014 гг. Автор изучает вопросы миграции, класса, социальной мобильности, расы и гендера в процессе переустановки жизни в новых условиях, руководствуясь теоретическими посылами теорий политического дискурса, критических расовых исследований (critical race studies), автоэтнографии и теорий колониальности. В дополнение к тому факту, что на интервьюируемых оказал непосредственное влияние распад Советского Союза, который кардинальным образом изменил как возможные сценарии их будущего, так и ретроактивные интерпретации их прошлого, эти люди начали свою новую жизнь в Аргентине сразу после сумятицы экономического кризиса, достигшего кульминации в 2001 г. Центральным аспектом диссертации является изучение воздействия, которое имели эти дислоцирующие обстоятельства на спектр естественных возможностей и преград на пути реализации жизненного проекта участников исследования, как они себе его представляли, а также какое влияние оказывают соответствующие дискурсивные структуры на позиции и идентификации субъектов, обуславливая определенные условия реализации различных траекторий их жизни в эмиграции. Фокусируя внимание на том, как эти индивидуумы повествуют о том, что побудило их к эмиграции в Аргентину и интеграции в местные рынки труда и жилья, автор подчеркивает ту роль, которую сыграли в этом особенности как аргентинской, так и восточноевропейской истории, наряду с более поздними структурными изменениями 90х гг., происходившими как на постсоветском, так и аргентинском пространствах в эпоху неолиберализма. Это касается в равной степени аспектов самовосприятия, позиций субъектов, а также вопросов их идентификации и мобильности. Важной составляющей того, каким образом интервьюируемые устанавливали рамки своей субъективной идентификации и позиции, являлись различные грани концепции власти; в частности того, как возникают понятия расы и ‘белизны’ (whiteness). Автор обращается к вопросу, какую роль в этих процессах сыграли аффект и надежда, и как субъекты исследования артикулировали и находили смысл в своей нисходящей мобильности. Параллельно автор анализирует то, как представления участников о "хорошей жизни" ставились ими в зависимость от их собственной интерпретации прошлого, наряду с вопросами расы, общественного неравенства и колониальной логики. / Esta tesis investiga las experiencias narradas por una serie de individuos que emigraron a Argentina desde Rusia y Ucrania a raíz de la caída de la Unión Soviética. Su objetivo general es estudiar el modo en que estos inmigrantes transitaron la realidad social argentina en lo que se refiere a las posiciones físicas, materiales y socioeconómicas disponibles, así como también a su auto-comprensión y a las identidades construidas desde sus narraciones. La autora examina cuestiones de migración, movilidad, raza, clase y género en los procesos de restablecimiento de la vida de estos sujetos a través del marco de la teoría política del discurso, los estudios críticos de la raza, la auto-etnografía y teorías sobre la colonialidad. Los datos empíricos consisten en entrevistas etnográficas en profundidad y observación participante realizadas en Buenos Aires entre los años 2011 y 2014. Los entrevistados no sólo se vieron directamente afectados por el colapso de la URSS en el sentido de que éste cambió drásticamente su terreno de futuros posibles y la comprensión retroactiva de su pasado, sino que también comenzaron sus vidas en Argentina durante las turbulencias de la crisis económica que estalló en el año 2001. En esta tesis, es central la indagación sobre cómo estos eventos dislocatorios impactaron en las posibilidades y limitaciones de los entrevistados para vivir la vida que esperaban y cómo las estructuras discursivas afectan las posiciones y las identificaciones de los sujetos, creando condiciones específicas para diferentes trayectorias de reubicación. Al enfocarse en cómo estos individuos narran sus razones para la migración y su integración en los mercados laborales y de la vivienda en Argentina, la autora demuestra el papel que tienen en las auto-comprensiones, posiciones de sujeto, identidades y movilidad, tanto la historia argentina y de Europa del Este, así como también la reestructuración neoliberal de la región postsocialista y de la Argentina en los años 90. Diversas intersecciones de poder, y particularmente la raza y la blancura son importantes para la manera en que los entrevistados negociaron posiciones subjetivas e identificaciones. La autora aborda cómo el afecto y la esperanza desempeñaron un papel en estos procesos y cómo la movilidad descendente se articuló y se hizo significativa. También examina cómo las ideas de los participantes acerca de una "buena vida" se relacionan con la comprensión del pasado, las cuestiones de raza, desigualdad social y una lógica colonial.