Predicting tenderness in today's beef supply could be advantageous to packers and consumers. In this study (n = 1,137 carcasses), visible-near-infrared, electrical impedance, pH and Minolta CIE L*, a*, and b* color space values were examined as predictors of beef 1, 7, and 14 d Warner-Bratzler (N) or Slice Shear (N) force values as estimators of beef tenderness. Visible-NIR at 350 to 1830 nm, electrical impedance, and color space values were taken at the beef packing plant, along with carcass data. Strip loins were transported to Texas A & M University where pH was taken. Six steaks were taken from the anterior end of the strip loin and randomly assigned to either Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) after 1, 7, or 14 days, or Slice shear force (SSF) after 1, 7, and 14 days of post-harvest aging at 2 degrees C. Shears were taken on assigned days. Shear force values were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.37 to 0.56 for WBSF and r = 0.75 to 0.78 for SSF) (P < 0.05). Within the independent variables, reflectance values for mid-range wavelengths (562nm-1193nm) were found to be most highly correlated with the dependent variables (P < 0.05). pH and color spaces values were more highly correlated (P < 0.05) to slice shears values then to Warner-Bratzler shears force values. Electrical impedance was the least significant with r values of 0.00 to 0.14. When Visble-NIR reflectance values were used in stepwise regression equations to predict 1, 7, or 14 d WBSF or 1, 7, or 14 d SSF, prediction equations for 14 d WBSF and SSF had the highest R^2 (0.14 and 0.36, respectively). Stepwise regression equations that included pH and color space values had the highest R^2 for 7 d WBSF and 1 d SSF (0.22 and 0.28, respectively). Electrical impedance alone in a stepwise regression equation had the highest R^2 for 1 and 14 d WBSF and 1 and 7 d SSF (0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Stepwise regression equations that included pH, color space values, and electrical impedance had the highest R^2 for 7 d WBSF and 14 d SSF (0.25 and 0.24, respectively). When pH, color space values, electrical impedance, and Visible-NIR were used, 7 d WBSF and 1 d SSF had the highest R^2 (0.38 and 0.34, respectively). Stepwise regression equations that included pH, color space values, and Visible-NIR had the highest R^2 for 7 d WBSF and 14 d SSF (0.30 and 0.44, respectively). For predicting 14 d Warner-Bratzler shear force, a R^2 of 0.20 was found using Visible-NIR, pH and color space values. When used, the partial least squares equation predicted tenderness with an 85 percent success rate. For predicting 14 d Slice shear forces, a R^2 of 0.40 was found. When used, the partial least squares equation had a 100 percent success rate of predicting those steaks found tender to be tender for Slice shear force. There was an 85 percent success rate for predicting 14 d Warner-Bratzler shear forces. Both equations still had little to no success in predicting tough steaks. The Visible-NIR can successfully predict tenderness

NPR (Non-Photo-Realistic Rendering) is a new and quick-developed research topic in Image Processing. The main purpose of NPR is to generate pencil sketching¡Bwatercolor and oil painting, something different from photos, automatically by computer algorithms. On the other hand, there is another technique called PR (Photo-Realistic Rendering). The goal of PR is to generate real objects by computer algorithms, such as Matting or Inpainting. Furthermore, NPR includes two modes¡Gone is with physical model, researchers could write programs to simulate NPR by the properties of physical model. Without physical model, researchers could write programs to simulate NPR by their observation and deliberation. This thesis to the latter, there is no physical model in NPR. In the viewpoint of artists, drawing is performance of light and shadow. Then, in scientific, drawing depends on the degree of luminance. Luminance supports artists block and direction when drawing. Moreover, This thesis is mainly simulating oil painting with impressionist.

Banana has become the most commonly consumed fresh fruit among US population. It is a challenge to use computer vision to divide touching bananas, for this purpose a novel image segmentation algorithm is proposed, combining k-means and the watershed transformation. The first part is to extract the background, achieved using a K-means based in the HS space, the second part is individual banana segmentation where a smarter selection of the initial markers from where the watershed transformation grows is attained fusing two morphological filters with different structural elements. The validation of the proposed algorithm has been conducted using 124 experimentally capture banana pictures manually segmented. For background extraction K-means in HS space produced the best performance over the other two tested (Otsu, K-means(L*a*b*), getting average a F1 Score average of 96.99%, Otsu and K-means(L*a*b*) scored 82.58% and 88.06% respectively. The result of the watershed segmentation was also compared with the manual segmentation; The overall performance using the F1 Score in average is 92.28%. The performance would improve with modifications to the system, including a more homogenous illumination, only allowing certain positions to be possible for the bananas cluster, and a more adequate background selection.

Statistical graphics are often augmented by the use of color coding information contained in some variable. When this involves the shading of areas (and not only points or lines) - e.g., as in bar plots, pie charts, mosaic displays or heatmaps - it is important that the colors are perceptually based and do not introduce optical illusions or systematic bias. Here, we discuss how the perceptually-based Hue-Chroma-Luminance (HCL) color space can be used for deriving suitable color palettes for coding categorical data (qualitative palettes) and numerical variables (sequential and diverging palettes). / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

Statistical graphics are often augmented by the use of color coding information contained in some variable. When this involves the shading of areas (and not only points or lines) - e.g., as in bar plots, pie charts, mosaic displays or heatmaps - it is important that the colors are perceptually based and do not introduce optical illusions or systematic bias. Here, we discuss how the perceptually-based Hue-Chroma-Luminance (HCL) color space can be used for deriving suitable color palettes for coding categorical data (qualitative palettes) and numerical variables (sequential and diverging palettes). / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

This thesis describes summarizing and comparsion of advanced dithering techniques used to reduce the image color space on n-dimensional palette. The goal is to create a set of basic methods including theirs enhancements and modifications focusing on the output image quality and maximum visual fidelity to the original image. Another part of this thesis is to analyze this methods using own comparsing method and design new dithering algorithm combining their advantages.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>У овој докторској дисертацији извршен је преглед постојећих метода мерења угаоног положаја и дат је предлог нове методе за мерење апсолутног угаоног положаја. Предложена мерна метода заснива се на примени трансформације боје објекта из Декартовог RGB простора боја у неки од цилиндричних, кориснички оријентисаних, простора боја (HSV, HSI, HLS). На бази предложене мерне методе конструисан је сензор апсолутног угаоног положаја који се састоји од три оптичка рефлексиона сензора и штампаног шаблона са сивом скалом. Тачност, поновљивост и резолуција мерења, постигнути приликом тестирања сензора су &plusmn;1 &deg;, &plusmn;0,3 &deg; и 0,1 &deg;.</p> / <p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji izvršen je pregled postojećih metoda merenja ugaonog položaja i dat je predlog nove metode za merenje apsolutnog ugaonog položaja. Predložena merna metoda zasniva se na primeni transformacije boje objekta iz Dekartovog RGB prostora boja u neki od cilindričnih, korisnički orijentisanih, prostora boja (HSV, HSI, HLS). Na bazi predložene merne metode konstruisan je senzor apsolutnog ugaonog položaja koji se sastoji od tri optička refleksiona senzora i štampanog šablona sa sivom skalom. Tačnost, ponovljivost i rezolucija merenja, postignuti prilikom testiranja senzora su &plusmn;1 &deg;, &plusmn;0,3 &deg; i 0,1 &deg;.</p> / <p>In this doctoral thesis a review of existing methods for angular position<br />measurement is conducted and a new method for measuring absolute<br />angular position is proposed. The proposed measurement method is based<br />on the use of object color transformation from Cartesian RGB color space to<br />one of the user-oriented cylindrical color space (HSV, HSI, HLS). Оn the<br />basis of the proposed measurement method, absolute angular position<br />sensor consisting of three optical reflective sensors and a grayscale printed<br />pattern is constructed. Accuracy, repeatability and resolution of<br />measurement using proposed sensor were &plusmn; 1 &deg;, &plusmn; 0.3 &deg; and 0.1 &deg;.</p>

O mamão (Carica papaya L.) cv. \"Sunrise Solo\" é um fruto que apresenta mudança gradual e desuniforme da cor da casca, que vai de verde para amarela. Isso faz com que a metodologia instrumental para avaliação da cor, por meio de um colorímetro, seja subjetiva, devido ao número de pontos observados, bem como às localizações deles no fruto. Como alternativa, foi proposta a utilização de imagens digitalizadas de toda região da casca do fruto, obtidas por meio de um scanner de mesa. Para avaliar a precisão desses métodos, foi conduzido um experimento com 20 repetições. Cada repetição era constituída de um fruto de mamoeiro cv. \"Sunrise Solo\", mantido sob temperatura e umidade relativa controladas. A cor da casca dos frutos foi avaliada, diariamente, utilizando um colorímetro e um scanner. Com o scanner, foram digitalizadas as duas faces do fruto e, com o colorímetro, foram observados quatro pontos equidistantes, na região equatorial do mesmo. Como a avaliação para cada fruto foi feita ao longo do tempo, os dados são classificados como longitudinais. Assim, utilizaram-se modelos lineares de efeitos mistos para estudar o comportamento da tonalidade média, pois essa técnica permite o uso de diferentes estruturas de variâncias e covariâncias para as matrizes dos efeitos aleatórios e dos erros. O processo de seleção do modelo foi realizado por meio do teste da razão de verossimilhanças e dos critérios de informação AIC e BIC, resultando no mesmo preditor linear e matrizes de variâncias e covariâncias para ambas as metodologias de quantificação da cor. O modelo final apresentou um preditor linear quadrático com efeitos aleatórios para o intercepto e para os termos linear e quadrático com matriz de variâncias e covariâncias dos efeitos aleatórios não estruturada e componentes de variância com heterocedasticidade para os erros. A utilização do scanner revelou dois grupos de maturação fisiológica distintos, que podem estar relacionados ao ponto de colheita do fruto, fato que não ficou evidente ao utilizar um colorímetro. De forma geral, o uso de um scanner possibilitou obter uma avaliação precisa da maturação do fruto, além de ser mais consistentes e eficiente do que o uso de um colorímetro para estudar a tonalidade média da casca de frutos que apresentam coloração desuniforme. / Papayas (Carica papaya L.) of \"Sunrise solo\" variety are fruits that present gradual and uneven changes in the peel color, which goes from green to yellow. As a consequence, when using a colorimeter to quantify their color, the results are subjective because of the number of observed points, as well as because of their position on the fruit. A proposed alternative was to use scanned images of the whole fruit peel to quantify color. To assess the precision of these methods, an experiment with 20 replicates was carried out. Each replicate consisted of a papaya fruit, kept under controlled temperature and relative humidity. The fruits\' peel colors were assessed, daily, using a colorimeter and a scanner. With the scanner, both sides of the fruit were scanned and, with the colorimeter, four equidistant points at the equatorial region of the fruit were observed. As the assessment was made through time for a same fruit, the data are classified as longitudinal. Therefore, linear mixed effect models were used to study the behavior of the average fruit color tonality through time, as this technique allows usage of different random effects and error covariance structures. Model selection was made using likelihood-ratio tests and the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria, which resulted in the selection of the same linear predictor and covariance matrices for both color quantification methods. The final model presented a quadractic linear predictor with random effects for the intercept, linear and quadractic terms with an unstructured variance-covariance matrix for the random effects and a variance components with heterogeneity matrix for the residuals. The use of a scanner revealed two distinct phisiological maturation groups, which may be related to the harvesting time. This was not observed when using a colorimeter. In general, using a scanner made possible to obtain more consistent observations, which makes it a more efficient methodology to study the average fruit peel color tonality.