Previous behavioral and neuroimaging findings (Drivonikou, et al., 2007; Gilbert, et al., 2006; Tan, et al., 2008; Siok, et al., 2009) indicate that reaction times to targets in visual search are faster in the right than the left visual field when the target and distractor colors straddle a category boundary. This phenomenon is known as the lateralized categorical color perception, which supports the weaker form of Whorf’s hypothesis that linguistic information shapes color perception. Yet, these studies did not demonstrate a definite cause and effect relation between language and perception. The observed lateralized category effect of color perception may either rely on the individual’s innate color categories or his linguistic experience. In the present study, we used an intensive training method to study categorical perception (CP) of color. We aimed to show a definite causal relation between language and perception. In Experiment 1, 37 native Mandarin speakers were tested with a color discrimination task. We taught 20 participants four new linguistic items for the four stimulus colors which were initially from the same lexical category (two blues and two greens) whilst other participants did not learn any new color names. Performances between the two groups were compared before and after training. Experiment 2 was based on Zhou et al.’s (2010) behavioral study, in which we used the same training procedure and measured and contrasted 19 participants’ brain structure before and after training. In experiment 1, participants exhibited lateralized Whorf effect when performing the visual search task at the pre-training phase. After training, the experimental group successfully acquired the new color names, reflected by overall shorter reaction time and higher task accuracy, while the control group did not show significant difference in the performance across two phases. The improved performance of experimental group implicated that the newly learned categories altered participants’ color perception pattern. However, we failed to show lateralized Whorf effect at the post-training phase due to several experimental flaws. In Experiment 2, gray matter density is found to increase in color region of the left visual cortex after a short-term training (less than two hours). The data provided strong structural evidence for newly-learned categorical color perception and also suggested structural plasticity of the human brain. The results from this study indicate that language experience shapes perception, both functionally and structurally, after a period of learning that is much shorter than previously established (Draganski, 2004; Carreiras, et al., 2009; Trachtenberg, 2002). / published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

The United Colors of Benetton is a high-end clothing company that has been deemed as an iconic brand because of their non-traditional print advertisements. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the Benetton campaign used photographic images to symbolize social (and sometimes controversial) messages pertaining to race, gender, religion, sexuality and multiculturalism. Benetton claims that their advertising campaign sought to promote diversity, worldwide. However, others believed that their true motive was to gain revenue by placing sensitive social, political cultural issues and messages into an exchange system. The varieties in opinions about Benetton’s motives are highly dependent on how consumers interpret their advertisements. This paper will not only examine the ways in which consumers encode and decode social messages in Benetton’s print advertisements, but will also attempt to understand the process of attitudinal change through a theoretical approach by using discourse analysis. Further recommendations will be given that detail the importance of how consumers can become more active in their participation of encoding and decoding messages by the use of media literacy. / text

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This essay is about side health indicator in FPS, why they look like they do and what function they provide in FPS and their existence in modern FPS. The essay also contains information about traditional health indicators, psychology in colors, the crosshair focus area and research about FPS in modern times. The author research of 44 FPS games is find out the amount of side health indicators against the more traditional types and the reasons a developer would include a side health indicator instead of the others. In his research he found out that in the selected games, a fair amount of them did include only a side health indicator but a far larger amount of the combination type, using a traditional type as a primary health indicator and a side health indicator when an avatar takes too much damage or nearing death. The author also found out a type he had not thought of, called full screen health indicators, which affects the whole screen to indicate the avatars state of health.

In this text I am investigating the relationship between craft, fine art and kitsch/popular culture through the making of a three-dimensional pattern in patchwork technique. I apply the investigation to my working technique by comparing certain examples of fine art pieces with kitsch items. A method that during the process was named Versus Associations. I have connected the art pieces and kitsch items through this method of associations based on their similarities in colors and composition. The aim of the pattern is to mediate color interactions that make up a visual illusion. I want to make the beholders curious of what is happening in the pattern and show that it can affect them physically. / <p>Due to copyright some pictures has been removed. Numbers, representing these pictures, with attached web links can be found in references.</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1989. / "References": leaves 61-63.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1974. / "Portion of final report, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office Contract Number N62306-70-0414". Bibliography : leaves 197-204.

Eighteen two-year-olds and twenty four-year-olds were studied as to their knowledge and use of eleven colour terms: BLUE,GREEN,RED,YELLOW,BLACK,WHITE,GREY,BROWN,PURPLE, ORANGE, and PINK. Level of acquisition was determined by a production (naming) task, a comprehension (selection) task, and a discrimination (matching) task. The objectives were to examine various performance differences in light of possible evolutionary, perceptual and environmental factors and aspects of general lexical development. Performance accuracy was found to have no correlations with the evolutionary order proposed by Berlin & Kay, nor did it reveal the strong conceptual groups of primary, non-primary and achromatic colours which have been proposed by other studies. In particular, the non-primary colours did not behave as a group in any of the analyses. Measures of input and practice obtained from parental questionnaires also showed few correlations of environment with task performance. For various reasons, this information was considered unreliable and no claims about environment as a determinant in naming behavior could be made. Performance was notably more accurate in four-year-olds than in the two-year-olds. More terms had been acquired by the older group than by the younger, the average being eight terms and two terms respectively, and six of the older group had acquired all eleven colour terms. Comprehension was more advanced for both ages than, production, although more terms were produced than were comprehended. No sex differences were found at all. Further analyses concentrated on production performance. As expected, the number of colour terms used increased with age and their use became more stable with age. There was no one colour term that appeared in all of the subjects' lexicons, but the colour terms most likely to appear were the primaries and the non-primary ORANGE. BLUE showed a marked, though not significant, preference at both ages and several possible reasons are suggested for this. GREY, as expected, appeared least frequently, followed by the achromatics. Colour terms used most accurately were ORANGE and PINK. These appear to be the first colour categories to emerge with separate labels, followed by the primary colours and GREY again ranking lowest. There were no terms which had been acquired by a significantly large number of two-year-olds and none by a significantly small number of four-year-olds. Primary terms as a group were also those most likely to be used incorrectly. Those terms most likely to be overextended by the younger subjects were also those without a stable referent, while for the older ones it was those terms which the subject already knew the correct use of. The actual errors did not seem to be based on any of the proposed perceptual properties of colour. It is suggested that the child at these stages does not organize his lexical or conceptual colour categories in terms of the adult distinctions of primary/non-primary/achromatic or of hue/saturation/brightness. Further in-depth examination might reveal a base of associative or contextual criteria instead of the random, ad-hoc guesses they appear to be in this study. It is further suggested that such organizational criteria are very individualistic and therefore will not fit the generalizations made by previous studies about colour-term acquisition. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the different aspects of therapeutic architecture through the design of a therapeutic community for refugees who suffer from PTSD. To understand a therapeutic space a depth of understanding of what space, atmosphere and stimulation of senses is explored through the effects of light, shadow, and color psychology. The methodology exploration studies different lighting strategies and massing models to understand the relationship and aura of the space being designed.

Statistical graphics are often augmented by the use of color coding information contained in some variable. When this involves the shading of areas (and not only points or lines) - e.g., as in bar plots, pie charts, mosaic displays or heatmaps - it is important that the colors are perceptually based and do not introduce optical illusions or systematic bias. Here, we discuss how the perceptually-based Hue-Chroma-Luminance (HCL) color space can be used for deriving suitable color palettes for coding categorical data (qualitative palettes) and numerical variables (sequential and diverging palettes). / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics