Ore zones, skarn, host rocks, and associated intrusions of 12 magnetite deposits were studied in both field and laboratory to determine their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, origin of the iron, and factors controlling emplacement of iron-bearing minerals. This study seeks a better understanding of the origin and mode of occurrence of contact metasomatic magnetite deposits which in turn may provide better guides to their exploration and evaluation. Local folds and faults are important factors in the explacement of magnetite in volcanic rocks and limestone of the Vancouver group. Adjacent stocks are of intermediate composition. Post-ore leucodiorite dykes are common in many orebodies . The author proposes that the process by which skarn is formed be called skarnification i.e. the replacement by, conversion into, or introduction of skarn. The term would include all processes by which skarn may be formed such as contact metamorphism, contact metasomatism, or regional metamorphism. Skarn in the coastal British Columbia region is composed mainly of garnet (andradite-grossularite), pyroxene (diopside-hedenbergite), epidote, and magnetite. Conformity to Gibbs Phase Rule and the non-appearance of incompatible phases is strong evidence that equilibrium was attained during skarnification. Magnetite is the major metallic mineral, but chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite are locally abundant. The temperature of intrusion is estimated to be in the range 800-900°C and stability relations of coexisting minerals indicate a temperature of 700- 550°C daring skarnification. The pyrite-pyrrhotite geothermometer applied to eight specimens shows that ore deposition, took place within the temperature range 400-550°C. The composition of arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and pyrrbotite in one orebody indicates a confining pressure of 2600± 1,000 bars during ore formation. The immediate source of iron in these deposits is believed to be nearby intrusions. The ultimate source, however, is very probably underlying volcanic rocks which have been assimilated, in part, by an advancing pluton. Iron is considered to have been derived from plutons adjacent to the orebodies and to have been carried to the sites of deposition as aqueous supercritical solutions of iron chloride. Magnetite was precipitated from the ore-forming fluid by an increase in pH brought about by reaction with limestone. Changes in the chemical and physical nature of the ore-forming fluid during ore deposition are discussed in terms of temperature, density, pH, partial pressures of oxygen and sulphur, and composition. Hydrothermal processes operative in formation of the deposits were solvate opposition, metasomatism, and cavity filling / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to critically review earlier studies of the Sooke Formation, to present a previously unreported microflora and to assign an age to the formation on the basis of paleontological evidence. The methods used to arrive at the general conclusions consisted of field work and laboratory analyses, supplemented by reference to the literature and to authorities in the fields of palynology, Tertiary invertebrate paleontology and vertebrate paleontology. The Sooke Formation crops out along the south and southwest coast of Vancouver Island in a series of isolated areas. Each area appears to represent a sedimentary basin. The lithology consists of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and shales in varying proportions. Sooke strata contain a well preserved fossil fauna and-flora. The fauna consists of one vertebrate and 132 marine invertebrates. The flora consists of a few cones, leaf and wood fragments and a well preserved microflora. The Sooke Formation is correlated with the upper Blakeley Formation of Washington and shows close faunal resenblance to the Astoria fauna of Washington and Oregon. It is correlated with the European Aquitanian stage, but may range as high as the Helvetian stage. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The Orchard Park Housing Project, first tenanted in December 1958 is the second instalment of subsidized housing in Vancouver. Also managed by the Vancouver Housing Authority under the sanction of federal, provincial and municipal governments, it is the sister project to "Little Mountain", the public housing project situated at Main Street and 33rd Avenue, Vancouver. This project has been the subject of a previous survey (Elaine Fromson, Joy Hansen, and Roger Smith: The Little Mountain Low-Rental Housing Project: A Survey of its Welfare Aspects.) An important similarity to the Little Mountain project is that Orchard Park, too, was constructed without direct involvement with slum-clearance; in other words, the people here re-housed were drawn from many different locations to a new site. This study attempts to analyse, from the tenants’ point of view, the efficacy with which their various "welfare" needs are being met by the provision of publicly-owned housing; the ramifications of project-community relations; and the administrative implications of the entire undertaking. This information was obtained by means of interviews (a one-in-three sampling of the tenant population), averaging approximately one hour in length. Proportional samples of the tenant "categories" were obtained, with regard to (a) types of family ("complete" families, "broken" families, "single" occupants) and (b) income groups. An overall statistical picture, for comparison, was derived from the registration files of the Vancouver Housing Authority. Tenant reactions varied greatly depending partially upon previous housing experience; but the provision of new, bright, and clean surroundings, with adequate heat and hot water, was hailed with virtual unanimity. However, several areas of concern are outstanding (1) No appropriately planned facilities for children exist; (2) initial laundry arrangements were unsatisfactory; (3) the layout of Orchard Park includes three "through" streets, a hazard to both young and old; and, (4) so far as space and facilities are concerned, absolutely no provision has been made for tenant gatherings. The growing proportion of lower-income families, and also of multi-problem families in local public housing is vital in the implications of this study, which are discussed fully in Chapter IV. It is clear that not only further research, but more attention to "welfare practicalities" is essential, if present deficiencies are to be avoided in the future. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Today much emphasis is placed on the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. This study undertakes a survey of the values of foster home care as a therapeutic resource in the rehabilitation of such patients. The programs presently in operation in Maryland, U.S.A. and Ontario have been examined to determine their effectiveness in meeting needs evinced by recidivist patients at the Provincial Mental Hospital, Essondale, B.C. A sample group of twenty-one patients was obtained by taking all recidivist patients returning to the hospital from probation between July 1, 1959 and December 31, 1959, who had been active with the social service department during the previous admission. Patients who met these criteria were assessed primarily through the use of rating scales based on information contained in the files. An examination of the needs and resources of these patients indicated that the average patient was unmarried, returning for his fourth admission, without family resources, and limited in social, vocational and educational skills. Previous to this readmission one out of every two had become the client of public welfare agencies, drawing social assistance. The study suggests that patients' needs may be adequately met through a foster care program which provides emotional support, thus helping to stabilize and aid the patient in his adjustment to the community. The use of this system is also indicated for the care of chronic patients whose symptoms of illness are controlled, yet who are unable to accept full responsibility for their own care. The program could also be adapted to provide care for the geriatric patients who today swell the population of mental hospitals. Considering the program under three headings: general policy, required facilities and type of patients, methods of implementing foster home care in the community are indicated. Research would be of value in developing methods of selecting patients who would derive optimum benefit from the program, and in assessing the progress made in the new setting. Foster home care, which has as its goal the placing, of patient's in family settings in the community, is in line with the current emphasis on decentralization of large mental institutions, and, as such, provides a suitable therapeutic resource in the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Drug addiction has a special significance for the citizens of Vancouver, for in this city alone there is roughly one third of the nations drug addicts. This social disease is both widespread and threatening in that the number afflicted has increased steadily since the years of World War II. The thesis begins with a preliminary review of how drug addiction spread to Canada and to what extent it now exists. The effect of various drugs and the withdrawal process are described. An attempt is made to show the costs of addiction, and difficulties in policing the traffic in narcotics. There is some assessment of legislation governing the use of narcotic drugs. The central focus of the thesis is an evaluation of the group living units for treatment and rehabilitation of selected drug addicts within Oakalla Prison, known as the "Panabode units." Methods used in evaluating the Panabode programs were many and varied. One of the most helpful was frequent visits to Oakalla and actual participation in all phases of program. Data also came from reports and texts of various authorities; in the field, particularly from the findings of the Senate Committee on Traffic in Narcotic Drugs in Canada 1955, and those of the "Stevenson" Report, Drug Addiction in British Columbia, 1956. At Oakalla, discussions were held with the administration, with the staffs of both Panabode units, and with addicts themselves. Case files and all personal records were reviewed. Discussions were also held with various staff members from the Narcotic Addiction Foundation, (Vancouver,) with doctors, nurses and hospital personnel who are frequently in contact with some phase of addiction. Panabode programs are compared to other programs which exist in New York, and in Lexington, Kentucky. It is indicated that methods of treating drug addiction could be improved (a) by providing additional and better qualified staff; (b) by giving more individual attention to treatment; (c) by improving and increasing facilities and for a more self contained program. The importance of careful discharge follow-up is stressed. It is argued that the community is not attacking the problem of drug addiction on a broad enough front. Present treatment and rehabilitation facilities represent only a dim, half hearted response to a social illness that is now of alarming magnitude. Finally, legislative changes are suggested as a means of bringing addicts out into the open where they can be treated as sick people and not as criminals. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The transition from school to work is a highly significant event in the lives of all young people. For adolescent boys, especially, it warrants thoughtful planning and preparation, since the type of work a man does will have far-reaching effects on his life as a whole. The amount of planning and the nature and extent of his preparation, in the form of education and training, will be major factors in determing his status in one of the main occupational categories -- professional, technical, semi-skilled or unskilled. At the same time, many youths do not plan or prepare themselves because of lack of ability or opportunity, and are thereby at a disadvantage in striving to attain higher occupational status. The limitations to individual ability and opportunity are grouped under "Personality Inadequacies" and "Labour Market Inadequacies". This study is concerned primarily with the occupational adjustment problems of the "disadvantaged" adolescent boy. The sample selected is a group of former young offenders -- "graduates of the New Haven "Community" and the B.C. Borstal system. The advantages in selection of this group are the high incidence of employment problems, to which a remedial program has been applied, with some members achieving occupational adjustment (Group I), and some failing to do so (Group II). Reasonably complete records are also available. A limiting factor is the delinquent behaviour of youths in the sample, which distinguishes them from non-delinquent, "disadvantaged" youngsters. However,since all persons in the sample have been delinquent, the findings in terms of occupational adjustment of both groups should not be affected. To investigate the reasons for achievement and non-achievement, the "Determinants of Occupational Adjustment" were applied to the sample in order to establish which of three factors might explain these differences in eventual occupational adjustment: differences in the pre-New Haven period, differential treatment; or differential response to treatment. These "Determinants" are: economic status and stability of family; amount of education; wise or haphazard choice of occupation; character of first employments; and character of significant relationships. These do not exhaust all possible factors but are representative of the major influences upon a man's "working life". It must be emphasized that this is a small sample, which can, however, serve for illustrative purposes. On the basis of the "Determinants", characteristics of youths in both groups in the pre-New Haven period would contra-indicate eventual occupational adjustment. Young men in both groups received equal treatment at New Haven and on parole. Therefore groups differ in their response to treatment. These differences are closely linked to relative capacity for satisfactory interpersonal relationships with staff and sponsors. This conclusion is corroborated by the eventual successful social adjustment of Group I and the unsuccessful performance of Group II as evidenced in few marriages, unstable marital relationships, and a high incidence of recidivism. Psychiatric reports indicated more severe personality disturbance in Group II. Thus, Borstal treatment emphasizing interpersonal relationships, "work therapy", vocational guidance and job placement was not effective for Group II because the degree of personality disturbance of young men in this group constituted a barrier to response. Therefore alternative specialized treatment is required. But the Borstal program was effective for Group I. Since there are many similarities between this group, the high school "dropout" and other disadvantaged adolescents, a similar approach, combining opportunity for positive relationships with adults and help in planning, preparation and job placement, should be helpful to these other troubled adolescents as well. A comprehensive youth employment program would contribute to prevention of occupational maladjustment and its effects in terms of both individual and national welfare. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Logging has proceeded continuously since 1915 in the Nimpkish valley. The cutting has been of the old-growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt, western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (RAF.) Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abies amabilis (Bougl.) Forbes. Many of the areas cut have become restocked naturally with various species of trees which are classified as second-growth. The excess of low-value trees and the slow rate of regeneration are not economically satisfactory. Since 1924 various plantations have been established. A study of the results of this natural regeneration and this artificial regeneration indicates practical methods for future procedure. Additional information comes from experiments that have been completed, and from those that are still in progress. The synthesis of the collected material and the silvicultural discourse form the basis for recommendations for future management of forestry operations in the Nimpkish valley. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Before the eighteenth century, several mariners—especially mariners from Spain—visited what is called the North West Coast of America, but brought back little knowledge of it. Some legendary Spanish voyages resulted in claims of the existence of a navigable passage connecting the northern ends of the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. After 1719 the Russians and, later, the British and the French carried out voyages of exploration along those coasts, intent, primarily, on finding the inter-oceanic passage. Spain, which had traditionally claimed sovereignty over all of that coast, also carried out voyages of exploration organized from the Viceroyalty of Mexico. Around 1760 the port of San Bias was founded, in Mexico, to serve as the centre of Spanish shipping to the Californias and the rest of the North West Coast. Gradually the myth of the inter-oceanic passage began to fade, but a new incentive (the fur trade) brought Russian, British and, later, American shipping to the coast. Some British trading ships voyaged under foreign flags in order to circumvent the onerous monopoly duties. In Chapter I a number of these early exploratory and trading voyages are described, especially insofar as they refer to Nootka Sound which became a favourite halting-place for shipping along that coast. For all practical purposes, the discovery of Nootka Sound has to be credited to Captain James Cook, whose expedition stayed there in 1778 and gave the place its name. However, the Spanish claimed afterwards that it was this same port which their ship, Santiago, had approached four years previously, when a storm had frustrated the attempt to land and take formal possession of that area. This Spanish claim is discussed in the light of all the evidence available, but the question is left unsolved. (Chapter II.) In 1788 Captain Meares led a British trading expedition to the North West Coast, with ships flying the Portuguese flag. He established his headquarters at Nootka and built a house on ground which he claimed to have purchased from the natives. Subsequently he accused the Spanish of appropriating that land and structure when they occupied the place in 1789. This became one of the main points of contention in the subsequent controversy between Spain and Great Britain, over Nootka Sound. The point is fully discussed (Chapters III and IV) using, in part, statements from the records of the American trading ships Columbia and Washington which arrived at Nootka Sound in 1788 and made a long stay. Their officers witnessed several events in the story of Nootka, and their reports are of considerable value as evidence. Following Meares' voyage, his firm was reorganised by amalgamation with another one which had obtained permission from the two companies which held the British monopoly, to trade on the North West Coast of America. The new concern prepared another expedition to the North West Coast, under Captain Colnett. He was to voyage to Nootka with the Argonaut and the Princess Royal—both under the British flag. They would be joined by the Iphigenia and the North West America, which had participated in Meares' expedition under Portuguese colours, and had subsequently wintered in the Sandwich Islands and were expected, to return to Nootka. Colnett would set up a trading-factory and erect some sort of a fortification there, for which purpose he carried a number of Chinese artisans. (Chapter V.) The Spanish were disturbed by "foreign" movements on the coast, which they considered as their own. An expedition was dispatched in 1788 to ascertain what the Russians were doing there. It was reported that prosperous Russian establishements had been set up on the coasts of what is now Alaska, and rumoured that the Russians were planning to occupy Nootka. This information, together with the news that two American ships were on their way to the North West Coast, prompted the Viceroy of Mexico to effect at least a token occupation of Nootka. In 1789, an expedition was dispatched for the purpose, under the command of E.J. Martínez. Details about its equipment and its voyage are given. (Chapters VI and VII.) In the meantime, the American ships had wintered at Nootka and the Iphigenia and the North West America, still under Portuguese colours, had returned there. Martinez arrived in May and had friendly meetings with the captains of all those ships, as well as with the native chieftains of that area. (Chapter VIII.) As commander of a. Spanish port, Martínez requested the credentials of all non-Spanish ships there. Finding objectionable points in those of the Iphigenia, he seized her, but after re-consideration he released her on a dubious bond. (Chapter IX.) As for the American ships, Martínez had been alerted about them and instructed to beware of their moves. He duly checked their credentials but, finding nothing objectionable in them, he did not interfere with the vessels and actually made friends with their captains and officers. (Chapter X.) At that time, the North West America was on a cruise. When she reported to Nootka, Martinez appropriated her, claiming that her crew had abandoned her as unseaworthy. After having her repaired and re-christening her, he dispatched her to explore the entrance to the Juan de Fuca Strait. (Chapter XI.) When the Princess Royal, of the Colnett expedition, arrived at Nootka, Martinez examined her trading documents and allowed her to proceed, undisturbed, but warned her captain not to trade along that coast. (Chapter XII.) Some days later, the Argonaut, commanded by Colnett, arrived at Nootka and, on the insistent suggestion of Martínez, was moored in Friendly Cove where the Spanish ships were at anchor, and where a fort and establishment were being started. When Martínez asked Colnett for his credentials, the two men engaged in. a heated argument which resulted in Martinez' seizing the Argonaut and placing her crew under arrest. A detailed account is given of the various versions of this incident. (Chapters XIII and XIV.) The treatment of these prisoners and their subsequent transportation to Mexico are discussed in Chapter XV. Unmindful of Martínez' warning, the captain of the Princess Royal brought her back to Nootka, where Martinez promptly seized her and imprisoned her crew. Again, various versions of the incident are given. (Chapter XVI.) The Argonaut and the Princess Royal, manned, by Spaniards and carrying most of their original crews as prisoners, sailed for San Bias. Martinez arranged for the crew of the North West America to be carried to China in the American ship Columbia. (Chapter XVII.) Chapter XVIII gives a detailed account of life in the budding Spanish establishment at Nootka: building activities, everyday events, the acts of taking official possession of the area for the Spanish crown, the arrival of ships with supplies, Martinez’ reports, requests and suggestions to the Viceroy, and other matters. Soon after the Spanish, expedition sailed from San Bias to accomplish the occupation of Nootka, Viceroy Flores issued an order to Martínez to abandon Nootka and return to Mexico before winter set in. This order was carried by a ship bringing supplies to Nootka, several months later. By then, Martínez had already established his forces there and sent for extra supplies in the conviction that he was to remain there indefinitely. Events had convinced him that the British were intent on occupying the place. So he appealed to the Viceroy to cancel the evacuation order. While waiting in vain for word from the Viceroy on the matter, Martínez curtailed or cancelled, some of his building schemes, and soon afterwards he began to prepare for evacuation by careening and re-equipping his ships. His relations with the natives had been very friendly, at first, but deteriorated considerably as a result of his rash shooting of one of their chieftains. But after some time apparently friendly contacts were renewed. (Chapters XIX and XX.) Miscellaneous matters are brought together in Chapter XXI: impressions as to the possibilities of developing Nootka as a Spanish outpost, details about the Indians and their ways, and a few comments of some interest which could not conveniently be included in other chapters. References in some papers suggest that Martinez started building a schooner, and perhaps a second fort, at Nootka. These unimportant points are discussed for the sake of exhaustiveness. (Chapter XXII.) Reluctantly, Martínez completed the dismantling of the fort, pulled down buildings, hid materials for possible future use, and made arrangements with the Indian chief about property which would be left there on his departure. His men carried out some explorations around Nootka, and he seized an American trading schooner which had called at Nooka in distress. This ship was taken to San Bias under escort when the Spanish force sailed wouth from Nootka, on November 13, 1789. (Chapter XXIII.) Viceroy Flores was about to relinquish office when he received news about the Nootka incident. He hastened to send a full report to the Spanish Government, and. to consult his successor-to-be (who was already in Mexico).as to what should be done about the captured ships. Count Revilla-Gigedo took office as Viceroy. The Spanish Government protested to Great Britain about Colnett's attempt to occupy Nootka, and this started a diplomatic dispute. (Chapter XXTV.) Viceroy Flores had given orders to send supplies to Nootka, apparently forgetting that he had already issued an evacuation order. When Martinez and his force returned to San Bias (December 1789) there was much surprise and alarm, and orders were issued to speed up the dispatch of ships to re-occupy Nootka and start a fairly "solid" outpost there. Extra personnel were posted to the Naval Department of San Bias, and a distinguished officer, Bodega-Quadra, took over command and proceeded, to reorganize it and to complete preparations for the new expedition to Nootka. (Chapter XXV.) This expedition arrived at Nootka in April, 1790, and began the erection of a fort which was garrisoned by-troops. Several huts were built, and a schooner—in-frame (removed from the Argonaut) was assembled. Vessels were sent from the new establishment, on exploratory cruises and two ships arrived with extra supplies. (Chapters XXVI and XXVII.) Several reports and. notes about relations between the Spanish and the Indians, during the first months of the new establishment, and the scant information available about life there during the second part of 1790 are brought together in chapters XVIII and XXIX. Chapter XXX describes what happened to the seized ships and their crews; the early release of the American schooner; negotiations between Captain Colnett and the Spanish authorities, and the subsequent release of the Argonaut and its crew. The Argonaut set out for Nootka, where Colnett expected to recover the Princess Royal. Upon reaching the vicinity of Nootka, Colnett sent a few men in a boat to request supplies from the Spanish establishment, but they met a tragic and mysterious death. Another party which was sent to enquire about them was handicapped by bad weather and some time elapsed before it was able to make contact with the Spanish. The Argonaut reached Nootka Sound on January 1, 1791, and stayed, there for three months, during which time she was repaired with the help of the Spanish. (Chapters XXI and XXII.) The Spanish had used the Princess Royal for the re-occupation of Nootka. From there she went on an exploratory cruise and was expected to return to Nootka, but-a stormy sea prevented her from re-entering the port and. she was obliged to return to San Bias. In due course, she was sent to the Philippine Islands and from there to Macao--where she was due to be returned to her owners. They refused to accept her, however, and were eventually paid compensation for her. (Chapter XXXIII.) A number of sick men were taken from Nootka to Monterey in the Princesa. This voyage saw the climax of a series of quarrels between a chaplain, the commander at Nootka and another officer. The story is recounted, for all its pettiness, because it sheds light on aspects of life at Nootka. (Chapters XXIV and XXV.) Some reference is made to the various levels of authority over the Spanish establishment at Nootka (the King's Government, the Viceroy, and Naval Headquarters at San Bias), and the procedure for reporting events (with particular emphasis on the Anglo-Spanish incident and how the news was communicated to the Spanish and British governments). A brief account of the controversy is given, with a reference to the effect that it had on the remote Spanish outpost. (Chapter XXXVI.) The winter of 1790-91, like successive ones at Nootka, was uneventful and dull. Things came to life again in the following spring, when supplies arrived. As a result of a false alarm, the establishment was placed on a war footing for a few days. More buildings went up, contacts with the natives (who always removed their dwellings to a more appropriate place for the winter) were renewed, and an exploratory cruise was made to the Juan de Fuca Strait. (Chapter XXXVII.) This chapter also includes an assessment of one year's record in the life of the establishment. The Aranzazú brought supplies and was dispatched to Monterey to bring further supplies—but her captain finally decided not to return to Nootka. The Viceroy was annoyed about what he considered unreasonable requests for supplies, and insufficient care in keeping stocks in good condition. (Chapter XXXVIII.) Between April and September, 1791, there were more frequent and friendly dealings between Indians and Spaniards at Nootka, the Washington (Captain Kendrick) passed through, and. building and gardening activities continued. (Chapter XXXIX.) A highlight in the history of Nootka was the visit of two Spanish ships, under Captain Malaspina, engaged in a scientific and exploratory voyage around the world. These ships made a two-week stay at Nootka in August, 1790, and visited the various Indian villages along the Sound. Officers made notes of scientific data, and. wrote several very interesting accounts of the populations of Nootka, and also a report about the possibilities of Spanish development of that area. (Chapter XL.) All references to life at the Spanish outpost at Nootka which are to be found in these papers have been quoted in full, and relevant drawings and graphs reproduced and commented upon. Together they provide a sketchy but fairly complete picture of the appearance of that place, and what was achieved there during the one and a half years of re-occupation. (Chapter XLI.) This work is not concerned with the anthropology and sociology of the natives, but a few points are made about them, insofar as they relate to the Spanish establishment. Some notes are added about the fate of some of the natives who were purchased by the Spanish and taken to Monterey or Mexico. (Chapter XLII.) The few details which are available about life in the Spanish establishment during the autumn and winter of 1791-92 are given in Chapter XLIII, and this study stops on the eve of a very important event; the arrival of Bodega-Quadra, and his subsequent negotiations with Captain Vancouver regarding the outcome of the Anglo-Spanish Convention. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

This study was undertaken in an attempt to provide Information regarding the attitudes of beginning teachers toward teaching in B.C. schools. The information obtained is relevant to the more general problem of the shortage of teachers in B.C. The study sought to: 1. Describe the beginning teacher biographically 2. Describe her teaching situation 3. Describe her attitudes toward teaching 4. Describe her attitudes toward her teacher training In order to achieve a most representative sample, all beginning teachers in 1958 - 59 were sent a questionnaire. This study analyzed the first 80% of the returns and comparisons were made between the attitudes and opinions expressed by: 1. B.C. and U.S. beginning teachers 2. Men and women beginning teachers 3. Elementary level and secondary level beginning teachers 4. Urban and rural beginning teachers 5. Beginning teachers trained at the U.B.C. College of Education and at Victoria College. Some 591 beginning B.C. teachers in 1958 - 59 answered 91 questions, thereby providing a broad base on which to build future studies concerning related problems in this area. It is felt that the findings obtained in this study can be useful to further research. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to study some aspects of the relationship between religion and politics in the province of British Columbia. Three facets of the problem are considered. First, the attitudes of clergymen to their role in political affairs, as well as their attitudes towards practical political issues, and their voting behavior. To obtain information on these subjects, a questionnaire approach was utilized. The second facet studied is the history of a religiously based pressure group within the province. The temperance movement was chosen. Research material utilized included minutes and letters of the temperance organizations; letters of governmental officials; newspaper reports; and personal interviews. Third, the religious affiliations of members of the British Columbia Legislature, and the relationship between religion and cabinet appointments are considered. This work is not a comprehensive study of the relationship between religion and politics in British Columbia; but it does stress the inter-relationship between the two, which must be considered in interpreting our political history. Some suggestions are made towards improving the techniques used by the religious community in attempting to exert positive political influence. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate