No description available.

No description available.

In this thesis, we present the first detailed, long-term seismotectonic studies of oceanic ridge-transform systems. The proximity of the Juan de Fuca plate to a network of broadband seismic stations in western North America provides a unique synergy of interesting tectonic targets, high seismicity, and recording capabilities. Our main tools are earthquake source parameters, determined by robust waveform modeling techniques, and precise earthquake locations, determined by joint epicenter relocation. Regional broadband data are used to invert for the source moment tensors of the frequent, moderate-sized (M ≥ 4) earthquakes; this analysis began 1994. We include Harvard centroid moment-tensors available since 1976 for larger (M ≥ 5) earthquakes. Two studies comprise the main part of this thesis. In the first, we determine the current tectonics of Explorer region offshore western Canada. Earthquake slip vector azimuths along the Pacific-Explorer boundary require an independent Explorer plate. We determine its rotation pole and provide a tectonic model for the plate's history over the last 2 Ma. Plate motion changes caused distributed deformation in the plate's southeast corner and caused a small piece in the southwest corner to transfer to the Pacific plate. Capture of the plate fragment indicates that preserved fragments not necessary represent entire microplates. In the second study, we investigate seismicity and source parameters along the Blanco Transform Fault Zone (BTFZ). The deformation style-- strike slip and normal faulting-- correlates well with observed changes in BTFZ's morphology. We infer that Blanco Ridge probably consists of two fault segments, that several parallel faults are active along BTFZ's west part, and that Cascadia Depression possibly is a short spreading center. The slip distribution along the BTFZ is highly variable, although seismicity could account for the full plate motion rate along the entire BTFZ. The final part is a short study where we locate an earthquake in the tectonically active Mendocino triple junction region offshore northern California using land and offshore data. The precise location may be useful as a master event for relocating other earthquakes. / Graduation date: 1999

The changes in housing policy during the 1990s has been profound. With federal funds for non-market housing no longer available, the Province of British Columbia has attempted to involve municipalities to a greater extent in meeting the housing needs in their communities. However, this has proved to be an immense challenge for many municipalities. Nevertheless, many have reported that they use, or in the future will use, partnerships with other organizations to obtain more affordable housing in their communities. Specifically, partnering with non-profit housing organizations is seen as one means of achieving this. The non-profit organizations, too, find building more affordable housing a challenge, and are interested in working with municipalities where possible. The intent of this research, then, is to analyze the relationships between local governments in B.C. and non-profit societies, and identify some of the barriers that each party faces. The research also examines the roles of some of the other participants in affordable housing. For municipalities, the barriers faced by them to enter housing partnerships are great. A lack of resources, the absence of staff dedicated to housing issues, the lack of staff expertise required to analyze complex housing partnerships, and a lack of commitment on the part of politicians all contribute to the difficulties in having these agreements. The non-profit housing groups also face deterrents, such as small staff sizes, few resources, in some cases, little expertise in development, or ageing board members who do not wish to build new housing. These barriers, however, are not insurmountable, and recommendations are provided to overcome them. It is important to realize that although housing partnerships can be a very effective tool, they are just one of many that municipalities use to meet the housing needs in their communities. Ultimately, housing needs will best be met by having all levels of government, the private and non-profit sectors working together towards common goals.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: James L. Malfetti. Dissertation Committee: Ken Simon. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2006. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed May 15, 2007. Includes bibliographical references.

The growth of population was an outstanding feature of the economic and social development of British Columbia, between 1951 and 1961. The effects of this remarkable growth on the distribution of population, among the census subdivisions of the province, is the particular aspect selected for study. Changes in population distribution result from areal inequalities of the rate of population growth and decline. These differences can be analysed in terms of the varying contributions of the natural and migrational components of population change in each part of the province. The "explanation" of redistribution is thus to be found in the factors which influence the action of the components of population change. This apparently straightforward approach to the topic is beset by a number of problems. Some arise from the concepts, methodology and techniques of population studies in general, as they are applied to the data available for the census subdivisions of British Columbia. Changes in the boundaries of the areal units and in the definitions of statistical categories also create difficulties. The demographic basis for the growth of population in the province as a whole is examined in Chapter Three. Several trends produced a greater relative importance of natural increase as a source of population growth, but net migration was still, in the nineteen -fifties, the major component of change. Estimates of the natural and migrational components of population change in each census subdivision, and in certain cities and municipalities are provided. Migration was the primary cause of regional variations in the rate of population change, although natural increase was far from uniform. Several generic types of population change are identified, to demonstrate the demographic processes and causal factors at work. In Chapter Four the growth in each part of the province is set into perspective, by considering the distribution of the total provincial growth of population. In this way, the extent to which each component of change was responsible for the shifts in the distribution of population can be assessed. Migration was more important than natural increase as a mechanism of adjustment between the initial distribution of population and the changes in the factors which shape the distribution pattern. [ ... ] / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The hypothesis for this study is that recreational automobile tourist patterns are urban-oriented and are a function of accessibility. British Columbia was chosen as a case study area in which this hypothesis could be tested. British Columbia was examined in terms of its accessibility by automobile from the rest of North America. Its internal characteristics were considered in relationship to its primary highway system. Tourist travel was analyzed in terms of American travel, regional points-of-origin of American and Canadian travellers, points-of-entry to British Columbia and regional distribution of traffic, regional distribution of tourist accommodation facilities and average traffic patterns. Published and unpublished studies conducted by the Federal and Provincial Governments were reviewed and pertinent data was extrapolated. The points-of-origin of most non-resident automobile tourists are the urbanized portions of the Pacific Coast of the United States and the province of Alberta. It is felt that these factors shall probably continue in the future, but that the demand for automobile recreational travel will continue to grow. Most automobile tourists visit British Columbia during the months of July and August. A relationship exists between ports-of-entry and time spent in the province which might, or might not, have a bearing on the propensity of tourists to travel deep into the province. It is felt that more convenient access to the Trans-Canada Highway, and to more northern points in the province from the southern interior, would increase the tendency of visitors to these areas, to travel north-wards. It was found that an increase in tourists entering the province at Prince Rupert occured in 1966. It is felt that this increase is largely attributable to improved access - the introduction of the Prince Rupert-Kelsey Bay ferry system in 1966, integrated with the already existing system joining the continental United States to Alaska. The loop tours made possible by recent improvements in the northern road system were found to coincide with a marked increase in travel to those regions. Recreational travel patterns in British Columbia were found to be urban-oriented and a function of accessibility, which agreed with the hypothesis of this paper and verified it. In view of this it is suggested that the Province of British Columbia might undertake the construction of a rationally conceived loop system of highways to serve tourism. It is felt that the role of accessibility, road geometries and split modes of travel (automobile and ferry) is worthy of more intense research. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Fresh water entering the inlets moves seaward, mixing with and entraining salt water from below. On the assumption that horizontal advection of salt is balanced by vertical diffusion, the magnitude and variation in time and space of the diffusion coefficient are determined by numerical evaluation of the differential equation describing this process. A method of systematically smoothing the data is established by solving the differential equation analytically. These solutions yield further information on the diffusion coefficient which is found to be nearly constant in the upper reaches of an inlet but increases rapidly towards the mouth in the brackish layer. A technique is developed for determining the total fresh water inflow to the inlets using precipitation observations and available river flow measurements. The results indicate that a significant proportion of fresh water enters from the sides at all times. The importance of this in theoretical studies is emphasized. The results are also analyzed for a possible relationship between inlet dimensions and intensity of mixing. A new method, based on the heat budget, is developed to determine the mean seaward movement of the brackish layer. This method is also applied to determine the depth from which salt water is entrained into the surface layer. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

This is a study of the negro migration to British Columbia in the mid-19th century. It is the story of the early coloured pioneers who came to the colony from California to escape oppression. Here is a glance at the early history of the Canadian west coast from the standpoint of one of the many minority groups who once settled there. The first of the negro immigrants arrived in Victoria, Vancouver Island in April of 1858, when the gold rush to the Fraser River was just beginning. While many preferred to try their luck at the diggings, others remained in the town where they prospered as merchants, barbers, restaurant and saloon keepers and ordinary labourers. Not wishing to live in segregation as they had been forced to do in California, they fitted themselves into the life of the settlement to a remarkable degree. The coloured townspeople were particularly active in colonial politics, and when they voted en bloc, they could, and sometimes did control the outcome of elections, a situation which aroused antagonism toward them. Several negroes ran as candidates in colonial and municipal elections and one of them, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs was not only elected to the City Council, but later on leaving the colony became the first negro Judge in the United States and was eventually appointed United States Consul to Madagascar. The first volunteer military unit on Vancouver Island, the Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corps was composed entirely of coloured men. After much discouragement at the hands of the whites, the negro soldiers disbanded, but at least they deserve the credit for being the first to volunteer and to prepare themselves for the defence of the colony. Other important centers of negro settlement were on Salt Spring Island, where they established themselves as farmers and ranchers, and in the gold fields where they panned the bars of the Fraser River and the creeks of the Cariboo country. While it is doubtful if many became wealthy as miners, some became prosperous business men supplying the economic needs of the pioneer settlements. The coloured people had not entirely escaped prejudice by their northward migration however, for it followed them from California on every gold rush steamer, and even the British settlers were not entirely blameless. Attempts were made in Victoria to segregate them in the churches and theatres, and to exclude them from the public bars. On Salt Spring Island the situation appears to have been somewhat different, for on the fringe of settlement, any neighbour, regardless of his colour, was a decided asset, and in the mining country men were generally judged by the amount of money in their pockets rather than by the colour of their skin. By the mid-1860’s the gold excitement had almost died away bringing a period of depression to Vancouver Island. In the United States the Civil War had come to an end and slavery had been abolished. Now it was no longer necessary for the coloured people to continue their self-imposed exile and many decided to return to the United States. As this movement progressed, the race problem in the colony diminished, and in time the fact that there had ever been an extensive settlement of negroes in British Columbia was forgotten. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate