Prepared by: Alexander H. Levis. / "August 7, 1985." "OSP Number 94078." / Bibliography: p. 88-89. / Final report / Contract Number N00039-83-C-0466

by Michael Athans. / "Reprint from Naval research reviews, Office of Naval Research, v. 35, no. 2, 1983, pp. 18-28." / Bibliography: leaves 27-28. / Research supported by ONR Grant N00014-77-C-0532 (NR 041-519)

M.Com.(Business Management) / Beheer as een van die take van bestuur, soos reeds in 1916 deur Fayol beskryf, is in die moderne idioom nie 'n losstaande taak wat in isolasie beoefen word nie. Dit word vandag erken dat beheer aIleen sinvol toegepas kan word indien dit reeds vanaf die beplanningsfase doelbewus met die ander bestuurstake geintegreer is. Koontz & 0 I Donnell (1976 635) sê in die verband: "Before there can be any meaningful control, both plans and organization structure must be as clear, complete, and integrated as possible". Schutte (1981:14) bepleit 'n verdere veredeling van die integrasieproses wanneer hy sê: "If an organisation is to become more effective and efficient it has to move from an empirical type of management structure to a normative type ... ", waar die normatiewe bestuurstruktuur streef na die optimalisering van die tydsbesteding aan beplanning en beheer van bestuurders op die onderskeie vlakke in die organisasiestruktuur. Binne die beheertaak is beheerstelsels kernbelangrik vir die voortgesette suksesvolle funksionering van 'n onderneming, want sonder beheerstelsels is daar geen lewensvatbare meganisme om te verseker dat hulpbronne effektief toegedeel en benut word nie, aldus Steers, et al. (1985 : 207). Die behoefte aan beheermaatreëls en -tegnieke wat deurlopend aangepas word by die veranderende omstandighede waaraan bestuur blootgestel is, is 'n integrale komponent van die proses van voortdurende verfyning van die totale bestuurstaak...

Flexibility is the keyword when preparing for the uncertainfuture tasks for the civilian and military defence. Supporttools relying on general principles will greatlyfacilitateflexible co-ordination and co-operation between differentcivilian and military organizations, and also between differentcommand levels. Further motivations for general solutionsinclude reduced costs for technical development and training,as well as faster and more informed decisionmaking. Mosttechnical systems that support military activities are howeverdesigned with specific work tasks in mind, and are consequentlyrather inflexible. There are large differences between forinstance fire fighting, disaster relief, calculating missiletrajectories, and navigating large battle-ships. Still, thereought to be much in common in the work of managing thesevarious tasks. We use the termCommand and Control(C2) to capture these commonfeatures in management of civilian and military, rescue anddefence operations. Consequently, this thesis describes a top-down approach tosupport systems for decision-making in the context of C2, as acomplement to the prevailing bottom-up approaches. DISCCO(Decision Support for Command and Control) is a set ofnetwork-based services includingCommand Supporthelping commanders in the human,cooperative and continuous process of evolving, evaluating, andexecuting solutions to their tasks. The command tools providethe means to formulate and visualize tasks, plans, andassessments, but also the means to visualize decisions on thedynamic design of organization. Also included in DISCCO isDecision Support, which, based on AI and simulationtechniques, improve the human process by integrating automaticand semiautomatic generation and evaluation of plans. The toolsprovided by DISCCO interact with aCommon Situation Modelcapturing the recursive structureof the situation, including the status, the dynamicorganization, and the intentions, of own, allied, neutral, andhostile resources. Hence, DISCCOprovides a more comprehensivesituation description than has previously been possible toachieve. DISCCO shows generic features since it is designed tosupport a decisionmaking process abstracted from the actualkinds and details of the tasks that are solved. Thus it will beuseful through all phases of the operation, through all commandlevels, and through all the different organizations andactivities that are involved. Keywords:Command and Control, Management, DecisionSupport, Data Fusion, Information Fusion, Situation Awareness,Network-Based Defence, Ontology. / <p>QCR 20161026</p>

Maintaining large-scale legacy applications has been a major challenge for software producers. As the application evolves and gets more complicated, it becomes harder to understand, debug, or modify the code. Moreover, as new members are joining the development team, and others are leaving, the need for a well-documented code arises. Good documentation necessitates the visualization of the code in an easy to understand manner. The Unified Modeling Language (UML), an Object Management Group's (OMG) standard, is a graphical modeling language used for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting software intensive artifacts. UML, which has been accepted as an industry standard in November 1997, has aided the design and maintenance of object-oriented legacy applications. While the software developers were building UML models for their existing applications as part of a reverse-engineering process, development of next generation software applications started from the models (forward-engineering process). In the forward engineering process, the system's code is specified and constructed from the UML models, which evolve as the system evolves in order to maintain consistent documentation and visualization of the system. Moreover, UML has the power of hiding unnecessary details of the system by the ability to model its different views. This enables visualizing the system at different levels of hierarchy. This thesis documents how to use UML to model a software-intensive simulation for the combat systems of a fully automated naval "digital ship". This process started with building the use case diagrams based on the system requirements given by the domain experts. Then activity diagrams were used to describe the exact performance of the use cases. The logical view of the system was built using class, interaction, and activity diagrams. Then, the physical view of the system was built using component diagrams. Finally, an example of the code generation process from the UML models was carried out for one of the system components. These models are to be maintained as the application evolves. Using UML has aided in building a well-structured object-oriented application, validating the use cases of the application with the domain experts, visualizing and validating the structure of the source code before writing it, communicating between different members of the development team, and providing an easily understandable documentation of the system. / Master of Science

No description available.

This study is based upon the premise that overall team performance is the sum of the team's performance in several individual team processes. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to measure performance in each of these individual team processes. This study begins the measurement development cycle by developing a tool that uses direct observation to collect data on team processes. The tool was then tested in a battle simulation being used as a C2 training exercise. The study showed that (1) the team process performance can be measured using direct observation, and (2) non subject-matter experts can accurately and reliably rate team performance by using the data collection tool. The tool developed here relied on an observer to rate the command team on 43 items concerning ten team processes. Ratings were collected on visual analog scales that were overlaid with a Likert-type template for analysis. The results showed that six of the ten constructs were measured reliably and validly. However, inter-rate reliability was shown to be an issue to be overcome in future studies. The implications of this weakness, the potential of this line of research,and potential tool design changes are discussed in this thesis. / Master of Science

No description available.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / An investigation of how fuel cells, an integrated power system, and directed energy weapons will affect the shipboard command and control process. The focus is on the implementation of the new technologies onboard near-term and far-term destroyer variants and the resulting changes to the command and control process. / Ensign, United States Naval Reserve

Nya ledningsstödsystem är under införande inom Försvarsmakten. För förband som verkar inom teknisk tjänst innebär detta nya förutsättningar för att lösa sina uppgifter. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur väl de ledningsstödssystem som är under införande är anpassade till verksamhetens krav inom Teknisk Bataljon och vilka förändringar som bör göras för att få en klok systemlösning. Styrande dokument inom teknisk tjänst har studerats och personer verksamma inom Teknisk Bataljon och Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt har intervjuats. Tekniskt finns det förutsättningar för att arbeta effektivt, men idag används flera olika system parallellt. Det är på fältet svårt att ha en gemensam teknisk lägesbild, där särskilt överblick av reservdelar och materiell status är viktigt. Det största hindret för detta är förmågan att i samma system verka mellan förband då transmissionsresurser kan vara olika eller saknas. Säkerhetskrav och förmågan att verka med andra nationer utgör även dessa hinder för att verka effektivt både nationellt och internationellt. Studien pekar på att systeminförandet inte kommer att leda till gynnsammast möjliga effekter då detta inte sker på tillräcklig nivå, eller är koncentrerat till ett system, för att lyckas med detta. Effektivare ledningsstödsystem möjliggör lättare och därmed rörligare tekniska förband. En klok implementering skulle ha både verksamhetsrationella och kostnadseffektiva vinster. / New Command and Control Support systems are being introduced within the Swedish Armed Forces. Military maintenance units are therefore presented with new conditions. This study aims to evaluate how well this implementing of systems is adapted to said organizations and what should be done to further improve the effects of this change. Directorial documents are studied and active personnel are interviewe to provide data for this study. There are technical solutions to put in place an effective use of maintenance units and today there are several systems used side by side. Sensemaking is hard to achieve on the field, in particular with important items like spare parts and technical systems. The largest hindrance is within transmission resources and common transmission system, which are sometimes different and sometimes absent. Information security and capability to exchange information with other nations restricts operational effect, both nationally and internationally. This study suggests that the implementation will not reach optimum effect since the changes doesn’t reach low enough within the organization, or are focused on a single system to achieve maximum effect. More effective Command and Control systems enable more mobile maintenance units. A wise implementation will lead to both rational operations and economical efficiency.