<p>Command and Control (C2) refers to the process or function of commanding and controlling military or civilian units. For most military context C2 is exercised in an adversarial environment where two or more forces are fighting against each other. In these situations it is desirable to constrain the adversarial forces in order to prevent them from achieving their objectives. By maintaining an accurate view of the possible dependencies and couplings within the own forces and between the own and adversarial forces, constraints can be managed and coordinated.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to develop a model that is capable of capturing these dependencies and couplings. This model is developed using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM; Hollnagel, 2004). FRAM builds on the assumption that all parts of the system can be described as functional units. These functional units can then be linked together to form large systems. The links themselves are defined by how a function may affect other functions or in turn be affected by them. This enables the model to incorporate complex interactions within the system as well as between two adversarial systems.</p><p>The microworld “Dynamiskt Krigsspel för Experiment” (DKE) was used to develop the model. A scenario with two teams battling in this adversarial microworld setting was analyzed in detail for this purpose. The developed model uses three different layers, or resolutions, of functions to capture all potential couplings between functions. The lowest level of functions, called the tactical level, is the physical actions of the units in the microworld. The next level, the operational level, concerns the more overarching goals for which the tactical functions are used. Last, the strategic level consists of the C2 functions, such as data collection, sensemaking and planning.</p><p>The developed model is then applied to the scenario in DKE and shown to be able to describe and explain all actions by the two adversary systems as well as the couplings and dependencies between them.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This thesis had two purposes. The main one was to examine how mixed conditions affect a Command & Control (C²) system, particularly in terms of shared understanding, situation awareness (SA), performance and workload. Mixed conditions refer here to when subsystems of a larger C²-system differ in terms of capabilities, particularly those capabilities influencing the understanding of a situation e.g. sensors or communication, which could affect the C²-capabilities when working toward a common goal. The second purpose of this thesis was to investigate a newly developed tool for measuring shared understanding, Shared Priorities, in terms of validity and usefulness.</p><p><strong>METHOD:</strong> A number of hypotheses were constructed and investigated by a controlled experiment using a microworld, C3Fire, where two-man teams fought a simulated forest fire. The independent variable manipulated was the type of support system used. One condition used one computer interface per participant, the second was mixed conditions where one participant used the computer interface and one used a paper map, and the last condition was both participants using a paper map. Different questionnaires developed to measure SA, workload etc. was used to measure the dependent variables.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The statistical analysis performed on the collected data showed that the performance and SA was comparatively better when both participants used the computer interface than the mixed condition, which in turn was better than when both participants used a paper map. For workload and teamwork, no differences between the mixed condition and the dual map condition were found. As for the Shared Priorities measurement, no differences were found between any of the conditions.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>A C²-system in which some additional capabilities are introduced for some but not all subsystems may not benefit in some regards, e.g. workload and teamwork, but could improve in others, e.g. SA and performance. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) shows that the theoretical constructs of SA, workload, teamwork and performance are related and affect each other, so that the workload of the system negatively affects the teamwork and SA, while the teamwork may affect SA positively and a high SA enables high performance. </p>

<p>In organizations the permissions a member has is not decided by their person, but by their functions within the organization. This is also the approach taken within military command and control systems. Military operations are often characterized by frictions and uncontrollable factors. People being absent when needed are one such problem.</p><p>This thesis has examined how roles are handled in three Swedish command and control systems. The result is a model for handling vacant roles with the possibility, in some situations, to override ordinary rules.</p>

by Elizabeth R. Ducot. / "August 1982." / Bibliography: p. 61-62. / Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract AFOSR-80-0229

by Alexander H. Levis. / Bibliography: p. 54. / With: On modeling teams of interacting decisionmakers with bounded rationality / Alexander H. Levis, Kevin L. Boettcher. Cambridge, Mass. : Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [1982] / "March, 1982." / NASA Grant No. NAG1-2

Thesis (M.S. in Telecommunications Systems Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Schwendtner, Thomas A. Second Reader: Davidson, K. L. "March 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 25, 2009. DTIC Descriptor(s): Interception probabilities, communication and radio systems, communications networks, spectra, command and control systems, extremely high frequency, naval operations, tactical warfare, low rate, theses, scenarios, line of sight, military applications. Author(s) subject terms: Millimeter wave, EHF, Extremely High Frequency, LPI, Low Probability of Intercept. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70). Also available print.

Denna uppsats analyserar och prövar den ledningsteori som är framlagd av Martin vanCreveld i boken ”Ledning i krig”. Prövningen tar sin utgångspunkt i Poppers metod omteoriprövning. Van Crevelds slutsatser testas först internt och sen överses teoribilningenslogiska form. Slutligen jämförs slutsatserna med andra teorier om ledning ochorganisation. Resultatet visar att Crevelds teorier har sämre intern korrelation än extern.Orsaken bedöms främst vara hans fria hållning och låg precision i egen metod.

In organizations the permissions a member has is not decided by their person, but by their functions within the organization. This is also the approach taken within military command and control systems. Military operations are often characterized by frictions and uncontrollable factors. People being absent when needed are one such problem. This thesis has examined how roles are handled in three Swedish command and control systems. The result is a model for handling vacant roles with the possibility, in some situations, to override ordinary rules.

OBJECTIVE: This thesis had two purposes. The main one was to examine how mixed conditions affect a Command &amp; Control (C2) system, particularly in terms of shared understanding, situation awareness (SA), performance and workload. Mixed conditions refer here to when subsystems of a larger C2-system differ in terms of capabilities, particularly those capabilities influencing the understanding of a situation e.g. sensors or communication, which could affect the C2-capabilities when working toward a common goal. The second purpose of this thesis was to investigate a newly developed tool for measuring shared understanding, Shared Priorities, in terms of validity and usefulness. METHOD: A number of hypotheses were constructed and investigated by a controlled experiment using a microworld, C3Fire, where two-man teams fought a simulated forest fire. The independent variable manipulated was the type of support system used. One condition used one computer interface per participant, the second was mixed conditions where one participant used the computer interface and one used a paper map, and the last condition was both participants using a paper map. Different questionnaires developed to measure SA, workload etc. was used to measure the dependent variables. RESULTS: The statistical analysis performed on the collected data showed that the performance and SA was comparatively better when both participants used the computer interface than the mixed condition, which in turn was better than when both participants used a paper map. For workload and teamwork, no differences between the mixed condition and the dual map condition were found. As for the Shared Priorities measurement, no differences were found between any of the conditions. CONCLUSION: A C2-system in which some additional capabilities are introduced for some but not all subsystems may not benefit in some regards, e.g. workload and teamwork, but could improve in others, e.g. SA and performance. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) shows that the theoretical constructs of SA, workload, teamwork and performance are related and affect each other, so that the workload of the system negatively affects the teamwork and SA, while the teamwork may affect SA positively and a high SA enables high performance.

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