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Merci intangibili e patrimonio culturale. La costruzione del turismo enogastronomico a Montepulciano (provincia di Siena, regione Toscana, Italia) Merci intangibili e patrimonio culturale. La costruzione del turismo enogastronomico a Montepulciano. (provincia di Siena, regione Toscana, Italia) Intangibles merchandises and cultural heritage. The construction of the gastronomic tourism at Montepulciano (Siena, Tuscany, Italy)Fiorillo, Alessia 28 June 2010 (has links)
Cette thèse a comme objet d'étude le processus de production du tourisme œnogastronomique tel qu'il a eu cours ces cinquante dernières années sur le territoire de la commune di Montepulciano, dans la province de Sienne (Toscane, Italie). Le tourisme œnogastronomique se révèle être un système de production qui intègre les stratégies de sujets publics et de sujets privés dans la construction d' "objets d'échange " monnayables qui ont la caractéristique d'être la plupart du temps immatériels.
Les pratiques principales, analysées au cours de cette recherche, mettent en évidence le caractère constant et répétitif de la construction de marchés locaux éphémères (Mugnaini 1997) qui deviennent les lieux privilégiés de la circulation de produits agroalimentaires et des biens immatériels incorporés en eux.
À l'intérieur de cette stratégie de développement économique local, le moment de l'échange correspond à la vente de marchandises dont la valeur est déterminée par le lien reconnu entre biens aliénables (les produits agroalimentaires) et biens inaliénables (le territoire et les biens artistiques, architecturaux et les paysages qu'il recouvre) (Papa 1999, Papa-Piermattei 2004, Siniscalchi 2002). La caractéristique qui ressort de l'étude du cas particulier de Montepulciano et du secteur œnogastronomique est l'intangibilité des "objets" échangés et la propension à se répandre du processus de marchandisation de l'immatériel qui va jusqu'au monnayage de l'expérience physique de la traversée de l'espace et de la perception du goût.
Ce processus est étroitement subordonné à la construction d'une segmentation de marché qui permet de mettre en valeur et de transformer une vaste gamme de possibilités de jouir du territoire en de potentiels produits à introduire sur le marché du tourisme international.
Les campagnes publicitaires et la vitrine télématique apparaissent comme le "moyen de transport" le plus efficace pour que de tels produits soient disponibles dans un "magasin" facilement accessible au touriste. Dans cette optique le marketing territorial est un véritable processus de production de marchandises immatérielles, fruit de l'intellect et de la créativité du publicitaire. De tels produits se concrétisent et circulent à travers la production d'images et de vitrines virtuelles comme les sites internet, qui parfois semblent construits exactement comme un étalage de supermarché avec des produits à la fois coordonnés et différenciés, porteurs de la marque de l'entreprise et construits dans un "packaging visuel" selon des règles spécifiques de psychologie sociale de la consommation.
Le processus de production de marchandises hautement différenciées correspond à l'idéation a priori de la correspondance entre segmentation du marché et construction d'idéaltypes de consommateur. Dans le cas spécifique du tourisme œnogastronomique la valeur immatérielle des biens, créée par l'incorporation des biens inaliénables du territoire, confère à la consommation de ces biens une valeur hautement symbolique. La conscience et la capacité de reconnaître la valeur symbolique de telles marchandises correspond de la consommation culturelle des biens symboliques, à une véritable stratification sociale, marquée par les réelles possibilités d'accès à la consommation des susdites marchandises (Bourdieu 1983[1979], Douglas 1985[1982]).
Le territoire de Montepulciano a été choisi pour l'ancienneté historique de son processus de valorisation des produits agroalimentaires de qualité et pour l'importance qu'a eu, au niveau local, le choix stratégique du tourisme vert, déjà effectif dès la fin des années '60. La construction du tourisme œnogastronomique comme choix stratégique de développement économique local met en évidence un processus visant à l'intégration sur le marché international d' "objets " valorisés et considérés comme un facteur économique entraînant, avant même de constituer un fondement identitaire de la ville.
La Toscane, ainsi que l'Ombrie, fait partie des premières régions italiennes à avoir lancé un processus de protection et de sauvegarde de son propre patrimoine agroalimentaire et œnogastronomique. Montepulciano est apparu comme un terrain de recherches intéressant et fertile pour faire ressortir les contradictions entre les choix locaux et les dynamiques communautaires, entre structures productives d'entrepreneurs et mode de production paysan, entre produits agroalimentaires comme biens de luxe et produits agraires comme biens nécessaires pour survivre.
L'observation des actions mises en œuvre par la Strada del Vino Nobile, considérée comme une des plus actives et efficaces, a permis d'analyser le tourisme œnogastronomique déjà en place et de faire ressortir les éléments de différenciation actuels par rapport aux autres contextes dans lesquels le phénomène se développe aujourd'hui.
La recherche, qui dans son ensemble a duré quatre ans, a utilisé un regard transversal dans son approche du terrain de recherche. L'étude des entreprises et de la certification des produits typiques a tenu compte des différentes études qui se sont développées en Italie (Papa 1999, Papa-Piermattei 2004, Siniscalchi 2004, Lai 2004) et en France (Bérard-Marchenay 2004).
L'étude des occasions de consommation alimentaire a été conduite à partir d'une tradition d'études portant sur les transformations de l'alimentation au cours du XXè siècle (Flandrin-Montanari 1997, Fischler 1992[1990], Loupton 1999[1996], Poulin 2008[2005]) et qui considèrent que le tourisme œnogastronomique place la consommation alimentaire dans le domaine du superflu et de la consommation du temps libre (Douglas-Hisherwood 1984[1979]). L'analyse des processus de revitalisation des traditions (Hobsbawm-Ranger 2002[1983], Clemente-Mugnaini 2001) qui concernent aussi bien la fête locale que la tradition culinaire, a tenu compte des études sur le rapport entre comportements festifs et tourisme (Boissevain 1992, Silverman 1985). La narration ethnographique est focalisée sur la contemporanéité; elle enquête sur le rapport entre local et global et tient compte de la perspective proposée par Appadurai (2001[1996]) sur l'imagination comme pratique collective.
Dans la version finale, cependant, je n'ai retenu que deux perspectives d'analyse: l'identitaire, liée à la reconstruction des acteurs sociaux, et celle de la marchandisation de l'immatériel. La première m'a permis de restituer la pluralité des voix (Bacthin 1979[1975]) qui opèrent dans la transformation du territoire de Montepulciano en "musée vitivinicole et œnogastronomique diffus". La seconde m'a permis de focaliser mon attention sur l'actuel processus de construction de marchandises touristiques et sur l'importance qu'a revêtu la transformation des évènements estivaux en marchés thématiques. Ces évènements, généralement fondés sur la valorisation des spécificités culturelles du territoire, sont le moteur de la vente sur place des productions agraires et des marchandises touristiques.
Considérant que les marchandises touristiques sont immatérielles et inaliénables par définition et qu'actuellement la différenciation de cette typologie de marchandises se base sur le caractère unique et typique des biens immatériels qui y sont liés, j'ai posé l'analyse du processus de marchandisation de l'immatériel comme trait distinctif de ma recherche sur le territoire de Montepulciano.
Dans le cas examiné ici, se perd le sens patrimonial qui est aujourd'hui attribué aux productions agraires mais est renforcé un concept de patrimoine local qui comprend plutôt les biens-artistico-architecturaux. Actuellement, on assiste à la construction de marchandises toujours plus complexes, culturelles et basées sur l'expérience, comme les dégustations qui sont prises en considération dans le chapitre 5, intitulé "L'incorporation de la localité" et dont je reporte dans le présent texte un extrait.
L'introduction, orientée vers l'encadrement théorique et méthodologique de la recherche, rapporte le débat disciplinaire sur le rapport en anthropologie de l'entreprise et études sur le produit du terroir. La confrontation avec les études conduites en France met en évidence une différence principale: l'importance du rôle des institutions.
Le premier chapitre, qui se veut à la fois méthodologique et ethnographique, présente les trois phases de la recherche, les nœuds thématiques affrontés et les techniques de recherche utilisées. La narration montre la complexité de la recherche sur le terrain, le changement continu de position du chercheur et la difficulté d'une recherche anthropologique sur la tradition, quand celle-ci est conduite dans un contexte de profit.
Dans le chapitre deux, la définition de frontières est analysée. Il s'agit d'une réflexion sur les significations des confins et sur l'incorporation de la valeur du terroir dans l'appellation des produits agroalimentaires. La dénomination d'origine est considérée comme un dispositif d'augmentation de la valeur ajoutée. En revanche, la signification identitaire des frontières est moins évidente. L'analyse du lien entre qualité, terroir et enquête démontre qu'il est impossible de conduire une enquête étroitement territorialisée.
Le chapitre trois est focalisé sur les généalogies des familles de la noblesse locale comme capital culturel incorporé dans les produits et signifié aux consommateurs par l'étiquette. Cependant l'ancienneté des traditions familiales couvre les changements au cours des années. En ce qui concerne la question du paysage, le chapitre l'aborde en plaçant ce dernier entre tradition et production agraire spécialisée. La démarche de transformation du paysage en marchandise est analysée à travers les tours thématiques et la construction d'un cadre ayant pour but de stimuler le sens de la perception. Enfin je fixe mon attention sur le centre-ville entendu comme vitrine.
Le chapitre quatre montre la complexité des acteurs collectifs et des événements festifs de l'été. La fête s'est révélée être un dispositif pour la triangulation des données : elle a été importante pour la validation des interviews. La consultation de sources historiques a montré l'origine de la construction du tourisme vinicole dans la commune de Montepulciano, qui coïncide avec la révocation des célébrations médiévales pour Sain Jean décapité. La fête est considérée comme patrimoine local par son fondateur. L'engagement de la population augmente le jour de la célébration et les réseaux en ressortent renforcés. Le sentiment d'appartenance à la ville se concrétise dans la participation aux activités économiques et à la mise en scène du cortège.
Le chapitre cinq porte sur "l'incorporation de la localité" et est focalisé sur deux cas de "dégustation culturalisée". L'analyse est centrée sur le cérémonial de la dégustation et le récit du sommelier. Le cadre met en valeur, comme potentiellement monnayable, l'expérience du corps humain mais aussi l'intellect. La narration ethnographique est focalisée sur la façon de culturaliser la dégustation, en transmettant les savoirs traditionnels et les savoirs scientifiques liés au processus de vinification. Dans les deux cas, la dégustation est valorisée aussi par la projection de vidéos qui font de la publicité pour les biens artistiques locaux. L'expérience, sensorielle et culturelle, est transformée en marchandise.
On trouve dans la conclusion l'analyse de la frontière entre marchandise et patrimonialisation. La production des images, étroitement liée à la valorisation des produits et à la promotion du terroir, agit à plusieurs niveaux: l'entreprise et le produit, le territoire, les marchandises touristiques. L'originalité de la recherche et des résultats issus de l'ethnographie de terrain réside dans l'analyse du processus de marchandisation de l'immatériel. Un tel processus est remarquable à deux niveaux. Au niveau de la production agraire, il est activé par des dispositifs de certification des dénominations ; au niveau de la production du tourisme, il se concrétise comme la construction de paquets fondés sur les caractéristiques relatives à l'expérience de voyage. Le corps même du consommateur est mis en valeur, aussi bien comme sujet qui perçoit que comme sujet qui pense ou qui se déplace dans l'espace.
Dans le tourisme œnogastronomique, la patrimonialisation est moins évidente, et le processus de marchandisation tend à se diffuser partout, c'est-à-dire que la valorisation de l'immatériel est conçue en fonction du marché. Le processus de patrimonialisation, même si étroitement lié au secteur productif vitivinicole, a conduit à la reconnaissance de la fête en l'honneur du Saint patron comme "patrimoine de la communauté". La fête a été l'objet d'un processus d'institutionnalisation entre 2007 et 2008. Émerge comme donnée de terrain l'effectif enracinement de l'événement qui actuellement dure dix jours. Patrimonialisation et marchandisation coexistent mais privilégient des objets différents.
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Myths of the Elderly in Magazine Advertisements: A Semiotic PerspectiveLin, Chin-Yi 14 February 2007 (has links)
Since 1993, the Taiwanese society has reached the WHO standard of an aging society in which over 7% of the whole population are older than 65. This research aims to find out the images of older people, those cultural and societal factors involved in the representations of older people, and what roles the media plays to connect the related signs?
This research takes perspectives from the critical theories and applies the methodology of semiotics to analysis of Changchun and Kangjiang magazines in Taiwan. The researcher collects 85 different ads containing images of older people and uses the viewpoints of mythology to analyze in semiotic terms in order to make known the cultural myths and ideologies hidden in those images and signs.
The result shows, images of older people in the ads are deeply influenced by culture, regarding older people as inevitable declining because of aging. However, owing to modernization of Taiwan and more contact with the western culture, the images of older people in magazine ads start to incorporate new concepts. Fore example, active and energetic ¡§successful¡¨ older people have gradually become the new paradigm. This course of development is similar to that in the American society discussed in the reviewed literature. This change in images is related to the trend that the baby boomers that hold most political and economic resources are starting to retire.
In the context of Chinese culture, older people represented in those ads are rarely without their families and values of an idealized family are highly embellished. Although the realities have greatly changed, the traditional image of ¡§three generations in a family¡¨ is constructed as the ideal form of the happy family. Older people are suggested by ads to have the utmost happiness and gratification.
In these ads, commodities are presented as the resolution of problems. Conventionally, advertisement ¡§creates¡¨ an anxiety out of short comparison with the ¡§ideal¡¨ and then introduces products as the panacea to cure all the problems. Health-related ads make good use of the existing Chinese medicine belief in pureness and harmlessness of nature and the concept of effectiveness and efficiency of new technology to grant the bio-tech products a combination of benevolence and familiarity of nature and preciseness and effectiveness of technology. By doing so, the ads smooth over the possible conflicts between nature and technology and make up a collage of associated myths.
The dominant ideology in ads about older people is the binary extremes of being young or old. By means of emphasizing older people as ugly, unable and powerless, the ideology promotes the values of being young. Advertisements set some high standards for older people to catch up with and assimilate those who are deemed as ¡§insufficient.¡¨ Mythology arbitrarily selects conventional concepts and popular myths to make up seemingly reasonable explanations, successfully transforms the public issues about older people to insufficient anxieties to be coped with by individual efforts, and implies that products are the only resort to ease the anxieties, cleverly de-politicizing the societal awareness of well-being about older people.
In a paternal social system, the dominant mainstream ideology tends to separate the dominant and subordinate sides into two contradictory extremes and then establish a few roles models in accord with social expectations to stabilize the structure of the social system. Discriminating levels such as race, sex, class and age are practiced in similar ways. Besides, these discriminating categories will add up and interplay due to the overlapping of a person¡¦s multiple positions and intensity inequality. For instance, in this research the standards and roles for older people, apart form being taken care of in the family, a new kind of images for older people is burgeoning. The new images of Caucasian older people, energetic expressions and lifestyles are modeled as the new paradigm for the elderly. In addition, collaborating with sex discrimination, this study shows, the standards for older males are different form those for older females. The new research domain is worth our further trying to exam the different standards for the male and female elderly from a perspective of sex.
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Multi-commodity flow estimation with partial counts on selected linksKang, Dong Hun 25 April 2007 (has links)
The purpose of this research is to formulate a multi-commodity network flow model
for vehicular traffic in a geographic area and develop a procedure for estimating traffic
counts based on available partial traffic data for a selected subset of highway links. Due
to the restriction of time and cost, traffic counts are not always observed for every
highway link. Typically, about 50% of the links have traffic counts in urban highway
networks. Also, it should be noted that the observed traffic counts are not free from
random errors during the data collection process. As a result, an incoming flow into a
highway node and an outgoing flow from the node do not usually match. They need to
be adjusted to satisfy a flow conservation condition, which is one of the fundamental
concepts in network flow analysis.
In this dissertation, the multi-commodity link flows are estimated in a two-stage
process. First, traffic flows of "empty" links, which have no observation data, are filled
with deterministic user equilibrium traffic assignments. This user equilibrium
assignment scheme assumes that travelers select their routes by their own interests
without considering total cost of the system. The assignment also considers congestion
effects by taking a link travel cost as a function of traffic volume on the link. As a result,
the assignment problem has a nonlinear objective function and linear network constraints.
The modified Frank-Wolfe algorithm, which is a type of conditional gradient method, is
used to solve the assignment problem. The next step is to consider both of the observed traffic counts on selected links and
the deterministic user equilibrium assignments on the group of remaining links to
produce the final traffic count estimates by the generalized least squares optimization
procedure. The generalized least squares optimization is conducted under a set of
relevant constraints, including the flow conservation condition for all highway
intersections.
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Cost minimization in multi−commodity multi−mode generalized networks with time windowsChen, Ping-Shun 25 April 2007 (has links)
The purpose of this research is to develop a heuristic algorithm to minimize total
costs in multi-commodity, multi-mode generalized networks with time windows
problems. The proposed mathematical model incorporates features of the congestion of
vehicle flows and time restriction of delivering commodities. The heuristic algorithm,
HA, has two phases. Phase 1 provides lower and upper bounds based on Lagrangian
relaxations with subgradient methods. Phase 2 applies two methods, early due date with
overdue-date costs and total transportation costs, to search for an improved upper bound.
Two application networks are used to test HA for small and medium-scale
problems. A different number of commodities and various lengths of planning time
periods are generated. Results show that HA can provide good feasible solutions within
the reasonable range of optimal solutions. If optimal solutions are unknown, the average
gap between lower and upper bounds is 0.0239. Minimal and maximal gaps are 0.0007
and 0.3330. If optimal solutions are known, the maximal gap between upper bounds and
optimal solutions is less than 10% ranges of optimal solutions.
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Technology and Economics Affecting Unconventional Reservoir DevelopmentFlores Campero, Cecilia P. 15 January 2010 (has links)
Worldwide, unconventional resources are important sources of oil and gas when
most conventional resources are declining and demand for hydrocarbons is growing. The
Masters? (1979) concept of the energy resource triangle suggest that the exploitation of
unconventional reservoirs is particularly sensitive to both technology and commodity
price parameters.
In the United States, production from unconventional reservoirs has been stimulated
by a combination of Federal tax credits, technical development programs -supported by
government agencies and private organizations- and high commodity prices. In this work,
the effect of technology and different economic events for selected unconventional oil
and gas plays in the United States was evaluated according to the concept of the Resource
Triangle Theory (RTT).
Studies conducted in the Austin Chalk -our textbook case- and other seven unconventional
plays in the United States have supported the RTT concept that high prices and
better technologies do result in more drilling activity and more oil and gas production
from unconventional reservoirs. For instance, two approaches were employed to support
RTT concept: Correlation study and Forecasting graphs. On the first one, correlations of commodity prices and technology with drilling activity
demonstrated that periods of high commodity prices coincide with increase in unconventional
producing wells approximately 75% from selected plays in this study.
The second one shows that high prices and technological advances also translate into
additional oil and gas production and reserves. This behavior was observed through the
analysis of a series of decline production curves using a VBA program in Excel that
compute oil and gas production volumes and their corresponding economic values under
specific conditions. The results indicated that maximum value of approximately $50 billion
oil plus gas would have been possible using conventional hydraulic fracturing technology
only. Moreover, subsequent episodes of high commodity allow the introduction
of new technologies that have boosted even more oil and gas production from the plays.
Great examples are the use of horizontal and multilateral wells which has opened up additional
areas for development, such as the Barnett Shale and the Bakken Shale. Using
horizontal wells has also revived older plays, such as the Austin Chalk. The combination
of horizontal well technology and water fracturing technology has led to a dramatic increase
in the development of both oil and gas from shale reservoirs. Current production
schemes suggest that the plays could produce an additional of $320 billion when producing
at rates higher than 5 BOE/day.
Our results confirm the concept of the resource triangle that natural gas and oil resources
can be produced from low quality resources when either product prices increase
or when better technology is available. The seven oil and gas plays studied in this research
are demonstrative examples.
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The Impact of the US Interest Rate Movement on the Global Stock and Commodity MarketsYeh, Chao-kun 15 July 2008 (has links)
This research would like to study the influence that US has on the global market by proving the global stock and commodity markets are correlated to the Fed's interest rate policy. Meanwhile, hope this research can help investors to evaluate the market trend and make appropriate investment decision.
we look into detail by examining the correlation between the US stock market and different periods of rate hike, rate cut and neutral, respectively. The results are :
(1) In rate hike period, normally, the US stock market performed well. It's the time with economy booming at high growth rate and strong domestic demand that the Fed needs to take action, hiking rate, to cool down the market.
(2) In the rate cut period, the US stock market was not good. That is because the rate cut decision is normally adopted due to slowing down economy, weak domestic demand, and stock market underperformance. Thus, the accumulated performance won't be too exciting during the rate cut period.
(3) In the neutral period, the stock market performed excellently. Especially at the time after Fed's rate cut period, the stock market is booming due to the high liquidity and low interest rate environment, stimulating consumers spending and enterprises investment.
(4) In the rate hike period, the oil price and commodity index (comprised by Reuters by averaging19 different commodity future index) were at the best performance. Besides, it also benefited the energy related share price. However, in the rate cut or neutral period, they were up and down without clear trend.
(5) At the last, we further study the unexpected rate cut will surprise the market in upside.
Given the results of these examinations, it is a good timing to buy when it's approaching the end of rate cut period. If the rate cut is unexpected or the extent is over expectation, investors shouldn't be too pessimistic. Instead, they should believe the government will continuously introduce favorable policy to boost the economy and it is good timing to invest in stock market.
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Essays on corporate risk managementZhu, Rui, 1980- 24 October 2011 (has links)
This dissertation addresses issues in corporate risk management. Part I examines the determinants for corporate decisions to commodity hedge and to the extent of hedging. Chapter 1 discusses prior literature, including theory and empirical evidence on corporate risk management. It provides the background to support the empirical analyses of Chapters 2, 3 and 4. Chapter 2 examines corporate decisions to commodity hedge. I find that firms are more likely to hedge when they are big, have risk management department set up and have more of their competitors hedge. Chapter 3 investigates what determines the extent of hedging conditional on hedging decisions and the cross-sectional and time series deviation of the hedge ratio. I find that firms tend to hedge less when they have younger CEOs and have more options in their compensation plan.
I also find that when determining the hedge ratio, firms with young CEOs and higher option compensation tend to respond to past commodity price growth and to deviate from industry average. Part II investigates the relationship between corporate risk management and product market competition. Chapter 4 examines the different product market performance for firms with different hedging polices after commodity price shocks. I find that unhedged firms which are ex ante financially constrained lose market share and experience a decreased profitability during and after commodity price shocks. Chapter 5 examines whether the loss of unhedged constrained firms in product market is driven by the competitors. I find that firms with financial advantages—unconstrained hedged firms—tend to increase advertising expenditures and decrease price-cost-margins during negative commodity shocks, indicating that the market share loss of constrained unhedged firms is due to increased competition in the product market. Chapter 6 examines whether corporate risk management affects the likelihood of firms exiting the market. I find that constrained unhedged firms are 6% more likely to exit the market than their unconstrained hedged rivals and the effects are stronger in concentrated industries and industries with higher leverage dispersion. / text
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The Effects of Exchange Rate and Commodity Price Volatilities on Trade Volumes of Major Agricultural CommoditiesHaque, A K Iftekharul 03 October 2012 (has links)
This thesis examines the effects of price and exchange rate volatilities on the volume of trade corn, soybean, wheat and rice. Empirical results indicate that price volatility and exchange rate volatilities do not have effects on Canada’s export of wheat and soybean, and Canada’s import of corn and rice. This thesis also examined the effects of exchange rate and commodity price volatilities on developed countries’ trade and developing countries’ trade separately. Results show that trade between developing countries is more sensitive to exchange rate and commodity price volatilities than trade between developed countries. / Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy and Competitiveness Research Network (CATPRN)
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The Effects of Exchange Rate and Commodity Price Volatilities on Trade Volumes of Major Agricultural CommoditiesHaque, A K Iftekharul 03 October 2012 (has links)
This thesis examines the effects of price and exchange rate volatilities on the volume of trade corn, soybean, wheat and rice. Empirical results indicate that price volatility and exchange rate volatilities do not have effects on Canada’s export of wheat and soybean, and Canada’s import of corn and rice. This thesis also examined the effects of exchange rate and commodity price volatilities on developed countries’ trade and developing countries’ trade separately. Results show that trade between developing countries is more sensitive to exchange rate and commodity price volatilities than trade between developed countries. / Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy and Competitiveness Research Network (CATPRN)
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The Effects of Exchange Rate and Commodity Price Volatilities on Trade Volumes of Major Agricultural CommoditiesHaque, A K Iftekharul 03 October 2012 (has links)
This thesis examines the effects of price and exchange rate volatilities on the volume of trade corn, soybean, wheat and rice. Empirical results indicate that price volatility and exchange rate volatilities do not have effects on Canada’s export of wheat and soybean, and Canada’s import of corn and rice. This thesis also examined the effects of exchange rate and commodity price volatilities on developed countries’ trade and developing countries’ trade separately. Results show that trade between developing countries is more sensitive to exchange rate and commodity price volatilities than trade between developed countries. / Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy and Competitiveness Research Network (CATPRN)
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