Does community archaeology work? Worldwide over the last decade, there has been a boom in projects utilising the popular phrase ‘community archaeology’. These projects take many different forms, stretching from the public-face of research and developer-funded programmes to projects run by museums, archaeological units, universities and archaeological societies. Many of these projects are driven by the desire for archaeology to meet a range of perceived educational and social values in bringing about knowledge and awareness of the past in the present. They are also motivated by the desire to secure adequate funding for archaeological research. However, appropriate criteria and methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of these projects have yet to be designed. This thesis sets out a methodology based on self-reflexivity and ethnology. It focuses on community excavations, in a range of contexts both in the UK and US. It assesses the values these projects produce for communities and evaluates what community archaeology actually does. It concludes that community archaeology frequently fails to balance the desired outcomes of its stakeholders. It suffers from its short-term funding and, therefore, often lacks sustainability, which hampers its ability to produce and maintain values. Evaluation of projects should be qualitative as well as quantitative in establishing the cost effectiveness of projects. Subsequently, recommendations are made for future community archaeology project designs.

The thesis critically assesses parliamentary and political discussions preceding the adoption of a Danish law from 2018, which has the purpose of increasing the use of deportation of what is referred to as ‘criminal foreigners’. The purpose is to investigate how persons brought up in Denmark can be viewed as foreigners rather than Danes and hence why they are deportable when convicted.This is done by identifying antagonisms and common assumptions in the arguments for and against it. Thus, the method used is discourse analysis building on the theoretical framework of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis. The theory of the community of value is used as lens to understand the identified discourses through. It is found that claims that problematise deportation on the grounds that the persons are Danes is not successful in the order of discourse, and that the discursive struggle primarily is over the role of human rights.

Taking the form of a case study on an interpellation on ‘youth crime and street gangs’ and its consideration in plenary debate in the Finnish Parliament in December 2022, the purpose of this study is to examine how politicians narrate the Finnish community of value and its boundaries. The methodological framework of this study consists of strategic narrative analysis, poststructural and critical research theoretical underpinnings, and the operationalization of the concept of ‘community of value’. The findings of the study show that the strategic narratives on the Finnish community of value are diverse but return to similar points of boundary-making problematizing the ‘Migrant’ as part of a ‘suspect population’. The character of the community of value is simultaneously defined through the ordinary actions of its ‘Good Citizens’ and Finland as ‘not-Sweden’. Ultimately, the role left to play for the ‘Migrant’ is one of a ‘Tolerated Citizen’. These findings add a contribution to the field of critical migration and integration studies, as well as to the field of Finnish and Nordic political discourses.

The topic of diploma theses is VAT of selected business subject. The aim of this thesis is to apply value added tax at domestic market and in context of intra-community trade and suggest possible changes to reduce tax liability. The theoretical section shows how to count tax base to find out when the company gets over the limit for VAT in Slovakia. The ABC s.r.o. company (whose real name is not allowed to use) sells goods through their e-shop in Czech Republic and Slovakia. They got over the limit for registration for VAT at the end of the year 2018 and since that time they had to pay VAT in Slovakia too. VAT rate in Slovakia is 20 %. You can see fictive example in these diploma theses in which would company focused on selling goods in Slovakia instead of in Czech Republic. It is based on dates from the year 2018. There is calculated a reduction on tax liability and the date when would the company got over the limit for VAT in Slovakia is shown. The diploma theses is concluded with tax optimalization and several ideas for reducing tax liability are outlined here.