Universities are increasingly applying student developmental theories in a variety of contexts in order to better understand students and to accomplish institutional educational objectives. Robert Kegan's constructive-developmental theory has been utilized in the creation of the Community Standards Model, a program designed for use in university residence halls. The purpose of the Model is to promote student development from Kegan's third order of consciousness, in which student identity is based on a fusion of their peers' expectations and ideas, to the fourth order of consciousness, in which one becomes the author of his or her own values, beliefs, and ideals. The Community Standards Model has been in place in Brigham Young University-Provo residence halls since 2000, yet no studies have been done to determine its effects. The present study examined the development of student self-authored identity as it occurred during the implementation of the Community Standards Model at BYU-Provo. The Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Inventory was used to evaluate student development across three general developmental tasks. Two populations were sampled: students at BYU-Provo residence halls, where the Model was practiced, and students from BYU-Idaho residence halls, where the Model was not practiced. Students were tested at the beginning and at the end of the 2004-2005 academic school year. Split plot ANOVAs were conducted and no significant interactions were found for any of the three task scores. This study did not detect any significant differential effects with regard to student developmental task achievement that could be attributed to the Community Standards Model. Study results indicated that the Community Standards Model may not fit well at BYU. Many reasons exist as to why the Model may not promote student self-authored identity at BYU, including a mismatch between the Model's emphasis on self-determination of values and ideals and the institution's imposition of certain behavioral and belief standards. However, the Model may have beneficial effects in other areas, such as the development of community. Further research is needed to more fully understand which effects, if any, the Community Standards Model is having at BYU.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-08-19T14:06:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Rayssa Soares da Silva.pdf: 6993577 bytes, checksum: 4b28a1b3bf1dccef7a141f2729ec2180 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T14:06:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Rayssa Soares da Silva.pdf: 6993577 bytes, checksum: 4b28a1b3bf1dccef7a141f2729ec2180 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Seagrass beds are essential habitats for the high biodiversity in coastal environments. They provide nursery, feeding and shelter areas for many organisms. Despite its importance, the seagrass beds are among the most threatened coastal ecosystems on the planet and its influence on fish populations has been little studied in Brazil. The understanding of its influence on the dynamics of fish assemblages associated with these environments and the study of the feeding habits of the species that use them supports the development of new conservation policies of these habitats. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the composition, structure and feeding ecology of fish assemblages found in vegetated and unvegetated areas on the estuary of the Mamanguape River, Paraiba - Brazil, observing the variations in hydrological conditions between the dry and rainy periods. The values of abundance and biomass were higher in non-vegetated areas, although there was no significant difference in species diversity between study areas. Thus, the environmental stability of unvegetated areas proved to be an important factor in determining the biomass and richness patterns. In addition, it was observed that these areas are used by the species at different stages of their ontogenetic development according to the ratio of optimal foraging and the possibility of refuge from predation. Among the species captured in vegetated and unvegetated áreas on the estuary, the four most representative were selected for analysis of stomach contentes, according to their abundance. Of these, three were considered generalists and showed a high degree of individual specialization, supporting the hypothesis of niche variation proposed by Van Valen. Also, we observed the importance of intraspecific competition and the availability of food items in the intraindividual variation in the diet of the species. / Os bancos de fanerógamas marinhas são habitats essenciais para a elevada biodiversidade em ambientes costeiros, pois constituem áreas de berçário, alimentação e refúgio para diversos organismos. Apesar de sua importância, os bancos de fanerógamas estão entre os ecossistemas costeiros mais ameaçados do planeta e sua influência sobre a ictiofauna foi pouco estudada no Brasil. O entendimento da sua influência sobre a dinâmica das assembleias de peixes associados a estes ambientes e o estudo dos hábitos alimentares das espécies que os utilizam auxilia no desenvolvimento de novas políticas de conservação destes habitats. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a composição, estrutura e ecologia alimentar de assembleias de peixes encontradas em áreas vegetadas e não vegetadas do estuário do Rio Mamanguape, Paraíba – Brasil, observando as variações do regime hidrológico entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. Os valores de abundância e de biomassa foram maiores nas áreas não vegetadas, apesar de não haver diferença significativa da diversidade de espécies entre áreas estudadas. Deste modo, a estabilidade ambiental das áreas não vegetadas mostrou -se como fator importante na determinação dos padrões de biomassa e riqueza de espécies. Além disso, foi observado que essas áreas são utilizadas pelas espécies em diferentes fases do seu desenvolvimento ontogenético de acordo com a razão entre o forrageamento ótimo e a possibilidade de refúgio contra a predação. Dentre as espécies capturadas nas áreas vegetadas e não vegetadas do estuário do rio Mamanguape as mais representativas foram selecionadas, de acordo com sua abundância, para análise do conteúdo estomacal. Das quatro espécies, três delas foram consideradas generalistas e apresentaram um alto grau de especialização individual, corroborando com a hipótese da variação de nicho proposta por Van Valen. Além disso, observou-se a importância da competição intraespecífica e da disponibilidade de itens alimentares na variação intraindividual da dieta das espécies.

This examination of the common law obligation of good faith in the performance and enforcement of commercial contracts in Australia seeks to achieve a number of objectives. First, to chart the historical development of the implied good faith obligation. Secondly, to identify a number of issues that remain unresolved at Australian lower court level. Thirdly, to consider five doctrinal approaches that could be adopted by the High Court when ultimately confronted by the competing claims and tensions that have proven divisive in the courts below. Fourthly, to assess each approach against three identified benchmarks. The essential thesis is that good faith should be implied, as a matter of law, in commercial contracts that are relational in nature with an additional call being made for the High Court to explicitly recognise that the underlying basis of the implied good faith obligation is the reasonable expectations of the contractual parties. This approach is the one approach that satisfies all three benchmarks and provides the most satisfactory resolution of the issues that presently bedevil the commercial good faith debate in Australia.