Under skolgången ska elever utveckla flera grundläggande kunskaper inom matematiken. En sådan kunskap handlar om de fyra räknesättens olika egenskaper. Kommutativitet är en egenskap hos addition och multiplikation som innebär att termer eller faktorer kan byta plats utan att summan eller produkten förändras, exempelvis att 2+4 är lika mycket som 4+2 och att 3‧2 är lika mycket som 2‧3. Egenskaper räknesätt har sammanfattas i olika räknelagar, de vanligaste är kommutativa-, associativa- och distributiva lagen. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa ny kunskap om hur kommutativa lagen presenteras för elever i matematikläromedel. Studien bygger på en läromedelsgranskning som genomförs med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och inspireras av variationsteorin. Tre läromedelsserier avsedda för årskurs 1–6 har granskats. I analysen har det framkommit att kommutativitet sällan beskrivs som en fristående egenskap utan ofta presenteras tillsammans med något annat. Främst är det tillsammans med talkamrater, tillsammans med sambandet mellan addition och subtraktion och när elever ska överföra något bildligt till matematiska uttryck som kommutativitet beskrivs. Det går också att urskilja en viss progression av kommutativitetbegreppen i läromedel. / Students should develop several basic skills in mathematics during their school years. For instance, they should develop solid understanding of the properties of the four rules of arithmetic. Commutativity is a property of addition and multiplication that means that terms or factors can change place without changing the sum or the product, for example, that 2 + 4 is equal to 4 + 2 and 3‧2 is equal to 2‧3. The purpose of this study is to expand our understanding about how the commutative law is presented to students in mathematics textbooks. This work is a textbook review which is a qualitative content analysis and is inspired by the theory of variation. Three series of mathematics textbooks for school years 1 through 6 in Sweden have been reviewed. The analysis of the textbooks show that commutativity is rarely described on its own,but is often presented together with something else: Primarily with part-whole relations, along with the connection between addition and subtraction and when students are going to transfer something figuratively to math expressions. A progression of the commutativity concepts in the textbooks can be distinguished.

This thesis is focused on the idea of an additive triad in the 1st year of elementary school. Specifically, it addresses the problems of additive operations, their reading and writing, the commutative law, and the transition to an inverse additive operation. The objectives of the diploma thesis are two: - to find and to characterize the cognitive phenomena that occur in solving the tasks of addition and subtraction of small natural numbers, thus contributing to mapping the area of the pupil mental scheme of the additive triad. - to describe my own development in the field of research and experimentation. The content of the theoretical part is the research of professional literature, the commentary on the tasks in textbooks for the 1st year of three publishing houses and the description of the new didactic environment in Hejný's Method - Abaku. The practical part is devoted to the recording and description of cognitive phenomena, which appear in solving problems focused on additive operations in the work of pupils from the first years of three different elementary schools, and to a description of my mistakes that occurred during experimentation. The result of this diploma thesis are denominated and commented cognitive phenomena, which appeared in the solving strategies when solving the problems of...