This study investigated the potential of companion planting as a strategy to aid in the management of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato and capsicum cropping systems. The investigaitons showed that a companion planting type system is unlikely to confer any benefits to the management of H. armigera in these crops. The project has contributed to the understanding of H. armigera host selection and how the pest responds to a diversified environment. Companion planting and vegetational diversity are strategies for reducing pest incidence on crops. Many theories have been devised to explain how introducing more than one plant species to a cropping space may reduce the incidence of a pest. Five ecological theories formed the basis of experiments in this study: The resource concentration hypothesis - Herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands (Root, 1973). Associational resistance/Plant apparency - Crop plants grown as monocultures are more apparent to herbivorous insects than plants in diverse natural systems (Tahvanainen and Root, 1972). Trap cropping – the use of plants within a cropping area to attract oviposition away from the main crop (Banks and Ekbom, 1999). The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host seleciton (Cunningham et al., 1998a). The natural enemies hypothesis - generalist and specialist natural enemies are expected to be more abundant in diverse rather than simple systems (Root, 1973) A tall variety of sorghum (the forage variety Chopper) was tested for its ability to disrupt host location. Sorghum was planted around plots of tomatoes to act as a screen to disrupt visual cues for host location by Helicoverpa spp. No difference was found in egg numbers on tomatoes with or without sorghum companions. However, significantly higher numbers of Helicoverpa spp. larvae were found in the sorghum at flowering than in the tomatoes. This suggested the sorghum was acting as a trap crop, diverting oviposition away from the tomato crop. However, due to a short period of flowering and therefore peak attractiveness to H. armigera, sorghum was not considered to be a suitable companion plant for inclusion in commercial tomato production systems. A host preference study was conducted to determine the preferences of H. armigera for crop plants and possible companions in the hope of finding a suitable trap crop species. Tomatoes were shown to be a highly preferred plant making it difficult to find a compatible trap crop species that would be more attractive than the main crop. However, capsicums were less prefered and therefore more suitable for this type of experimentation. Marigolds were also found to be a highly preferred plant and formed the basis for further investigations into trap cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted in successive years in two geographical locations to assess the suitability of marigolds as a trap crop for capsicums in a field situation. However, in both years H. armigera incidence was extremely and unusually low leading to inconclusive results. A glasshouse experiment was performed to assess if the ratio of capsicum plants to marigolds plants had an effect on which species H. armigera would choose for oviposition. It was found that as more capsicum plants were introduced, moths became less likely to oviposit on the supposedly more preferred marigold plant. The diminishing attractiveness of a more preferred host in the presence of other hosts is a new observation of H. armigera behaviour. This result suggests that marigolds would be unlikely to be a successful trap crop in a field situation. The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host selection and the influence of this on host selection in the field was investigated. No evidence of learning was found. This was the first study investigating the effect of learning in a field situation; previously the behaviour had only been investigated in a laboratory situation (Cunningham, et al. 1998a). The ability of the Australian assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to predate H. armigera larvae on capsicum plants was investigated. This predator has been sucessfully been used for H. armigera management in cotton (Grundy, 2000b), but had not been investigated in horticultural crops. Significant reductions in larvae were achieved in treatments where assassin bugs were introduced. This predator warrants further investigation for inclusion in commercial integrated pest managment programs for capsicums. Pest repellent plants were also considered. Previous to this study, very little research work had been conducted on repellent plants for H. armigera. The herbs investigated were catnip (Nepta cataria), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), basil (Ocium basilicum) and coriander (Coriander sativum). An olfactometer system was designed and built to test H. armigera moths’ responses to odours from the herbs. Glasshouse experiments were also conducted. No repellent activity was recorded with any of the herbs tested. The results of this study support the theory that Helicoverpa spp. employ a strategy of passive host selection as suggested by Firempong (1986). This means that all available plants in an area may be oviposited on with successful ovipostion and larval development leading to the future utilisation of a species as a host plant. The implication of this finding is that in-field trap cropping is unlikely to be a successful strategy for reducing H. armigera oviposition in tomato or capsicum production systems in Australia. In cotton crops in Australia, trap cropping is used as part of an area wide management strategy and aims to reduce the total Helicoverpa spp. population of a region. Such a strategy may also be successful in horticultural crops but only with the full participation of the growers of all crops that are attractive to H. armigera in a horticultural growing region. Due to the diverse nature of horticultural production this may be a difficult task.

This study investigated the potential of companion planting as a strategy to aid in the management of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato and capsicum cropping systems. The investigaitons showed that a companion planting type system is unlikely to confer any benefits to the management of H. armigera in these crops. The project has contributed to the understanding of H. armigera host selection and how the pest responds to a diversified environment. Companion planting and vegetational diversity are strategies for reducing pest incidence on crops. Many theories have been devised to explain how introducing more than one plant species to a cropping space may reduce the incidence of a pest. Five ecological theories formed the basis of experiments in this study: The resource concentration hypothesis - Herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands (Root, 1973). Associational resistance/Plant apparency - Crop plants grown as monocultures are more apparent to herbivorous insects than plants in diverse natural systems (Tahvanainen and Root, 1972). Trap cropping – the use of plants within a cropping area to attract oviposition away from the main crop (Banks and Ekbom, 1999). The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host seleciton (Cunningham et al., 1998a). The natural enemies hypothesis - generalist and specialist natural enemies are expected to be more abundant in diverse rather than simple systems (Root, 1973) A tall variety of sorghum (the forage variety Chopper) was tested for its ability to disrupt host location. Sorghum was planted around plots of tomatoes to act as a screen to disrupt visual cues for host location by Helicoverpa spp. No difference was found in egg numbers on tomatoes with or without sorghum companions. However, significantly higher numbers of Helicoverpa spp. larvae were found in the sorghum at flowering than in the tomatoes. This suggested the sorghum was acting as a trap crop, diverting oviposition away from the tomato crop. However, due to a short period of flowering and therefore peak attractiveness to H. armigera, sorghum was not considered to be a suitable companion plant for inclusion in commercial tomato production systems. A host preference study was conducted to determine the preferences of H. armigera for crop plants and possible companions in the hope of finding a suitable trap crop species. Tomatoes were shown to be a highly preferred plant making it difficult to find a compatible trap crop species that would be more attractive than the main crop. However, capsicums were less prefered and therefore more suitable for this type of experimentation. Marigolds were also found to be a highly preferred plant and formed the basis for further investigations into trap cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted in successive years in two geographical locations to assess the suitability of marigolds as a trap crop for capsicums in a field situation. However, in both years H. armigera incidence was extremely and unusually low leading to inconclusive results. A glasshouse experiment was performed to assess if the ratio of capsicum plants to marigolds plants had an effect on which species H. armigera would choose for oviposition. It was found that as more capsicum plants were introduced, moths became less likely to oviposit on the supposedly more preferred marigold plant. The diminishing attractiveness of a more preferred host in the presence of other hosts is a new observation of H. armigera behaviour. This result suggests that marigolds would be unlikely to be a successful trap crop in a field situation. The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host selection and the influence of this on host selection in the field was investigated. No evidence of learning was found. This was the first study investigating the effect of learning in a field situation; previously the behaviour had only been investigated in a laboratory situation (Cunningham, et al. 1998a). The ability of the Australian assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to predate H. armigera larvae on capsicum plants was investigated. This predator has been sucessfully been used for H. armigera management in cotton (Grundy, 2000b), but had not been investigated in horticultural crops. Significant reductions in larvae were achieved in treatments where assassin bugs were introduced. This predator warrants further investigation for inclusion in commercial integrated pest managment programs for capsicums. Pest repellent plants were also considered. Previous to this study, very little research work had been conducted on repellent plants for H. armigera. The herbs investigated were catnip (Nepta cataria), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), basil (Ocium basilicum) and coriander (Coriander sativum). An olfactometer system was designed and built to test H. armigera moths’ responses to odours from the herbs. Glasshouse experiments were also conducted. No repellent activity was recorded with any of the herbs tested. The results of this study support the theory that Helicoverpa spp. employ a strategy of passive host selection as suggested by Firempong (1986). This means that all available plants in an area may be oviposited on with successful ovipostion and larval development leading to the future utilisation of a species as a host plant. The implication of this finding is that in-field trap cropping is unlikely to be a successful strategy for reducing H. armigera oviposition in tomato or capsicum production systems in Australia. In cotton crops in Australia, trap cropping is used as part of an area wide management strategy and aims to reduce the total Helicoverpa spp. population of a region. Such a strategy may also be successful in horticultural crops but only with the full participation of the growers of all crops that are attractive to H. armigera in a horticultural growing region. Due to the diverse nature of horticultural production this may be a difficult task.

This study investigated the potential of companion planting as a strategy to aid in the management of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato and capsicum cropping systems. The investigaitons showed that a companion planting type system is unlikely to confer any benefits to the management of H. armigera in these crops. The project has contributed to the understanding of H. armigera host selection and how the pest responds to a diversified environment. Companion planting and vegetational diversity are strategies for reducing pest incidence on crops. Many theories have been devised to explain how introducing more than one plant species to a cropping space may reduce the incidence of a pest. Five ecological theories formed the basis of experiments in this study: The resource concentration hypothesis - Herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands (Root, 1973). Associational resistance/Plant apparency - Crop plants grown as monocultures are more apparent to herbivorous insects than plants in diverse natural systems (Tahvanainen and Root, 1972). Trap cropping – the use of plants within a cropping area to attract oviposition away from the main crop (Banks and Ekbom, 1999). The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host seleciton (Cunningham et al., 1998a). The natural enemies hypothesis - generalist and specialist natural enemies are expected to be more abundant in diverse rather than simple systems (Root, 1973) A tall variety of sorghum (the forage variety Chopper) was tested for its ability to disrupt host location. Sorghum was planted around plots of tomatoes to act as a screen to disrupt visual cues for host location by Helicoverpa spp. No difference was found in egg numbers on tomatoes with or without sorghum companions. However, significantly higher numbers of Helicoverpa spp. larvae were found in the sorghum at flowering than in the tomatoes. This suggested the sorghum was acting as a trap crop, diverting oviposition away from the tomato crop. However, due to a short period of flowering and therefore peak attractiveness to H. armigera, sorghum was not considered to be a suitable companion plant for inclusion in commercial tomato production systems. A host preference study was conducted to determine the preferences of H. armigera for crop plants and possible companions in the hope of finding a suitable trap crop species. Tomatoes were shown to be a highly preferred plant making it difficult to find a compatible trap crop species that would be more attractive than the main crop. However, capsicums were less prefered and therefore more suitable for this type of experimentation. Marigolds were also found to be a highly preferred plant and formed the basis for further investigations into trap cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted in successive years in two geographical locations to assess the suitability of marigolds as a trap crop for capsicums in a field situation. However, in both years H. armigera incidence was extremely and unusually low leading to inconclusive results. A glasshouse experiment was performed to assess if the ratio of capsicum plants to marigolds plants had an effect on which species H. armigera would choose for oviposition. It was found that as more capsicum plants were introduced, moths became less likely to oviposit on the supposedly more preferred marigold plant. The diminishing attractiveness of a more preferred host in the presence of other hosts is a new observation of H. armigera behaviour. This result suggests that marigolds would be unlikely to be a successful trap crop in a field situation. The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host selection and the influence of this on host selection in the field was investigated. No evidence of learning was found. This was the first study investigating the effect of learning in a field situation; previously the behaviour had only been investigated in a laboratory situation (Cunningham, et al. 1998a). The ability of the Australian assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to predate H. armigera larvae on capsicum plants was investigated. This predator has been sucessfully been used for H. armigera management in cotton (Grundy, 2000b), but had not been investigated in horticultural crops. Significant reductions in larvae were achieved in treatments where assassin bugs were introduced. This predator warrants further investigation for inclusion in commercial integrated pest managment programs for capsicums. Pest repellent plants were also considered. Previous to this study, very little research work had been conducted on repellent plants for H. armigera. The herbs investigated were catnip (Nepta cataria), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), basil (Ocium basilicum) and coriander (Coriander sativum). An olfactometer system was designed and built to test H. armigera moths’ responses to odours from the herbs. Glasshouse experiments were also conducted. No repellent activity was recorded with any of the herbs tested. The results of this study support the theory that Helicoverpa spp. employ a strategy of passive host selection as suggested by Firempong (1986). This means that all available plants in an area may be oviposited on with successful ovipostion and larval development leading to the future utilisation of a species as a host plant. The implication of this finding is that in-field trap cropping is unlikely to be a successful strategy for reducing H. armigera oviposition in tomato or capsicum production systems in Australia. In cotton crops in Australia, trap cropping is used as part of an area wide management strategy and aims to reduce the total Helicoverpa spp. population of a region. Such a strategy may also be successful in horticultural crops but only with the full participation of the growers of all crops that are attractive to H. armigera in a horticultural growing region. Due to the diverse nature of horticultural production this may be a difficult task.

This study investigated the potential of companion planting as a strategy to aid in the management of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato and capsicum cropping systems. The investigaitons showed that a companion planting type system is unlikely to confer any benefits to the management of H. armigera in these crops. The project has contributed to the understanding of H. armigera host selection and how the pest responds to a diversified environment. Companion planting and vegetational diversity are strategies for reducing pest incidence on crops. Many theories have been devised to explain how introducing more than one plant species to a cropping space may reduce the incidence of a pest. Five ecological theories formed the basis of experiments in this study: The resource concentration hypothesis - Herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands (Root, 1973). Associational resistance/Plant apparency - Crop plants grown as monocultures are more apparent to herbivorous insects than plants in diverse natural systems (Tahvanainen and Root, 1972). Trap cropping – the use of plants within a cropping area to attract oviposition away from the main crop (Banks and Ekbom, 1999). The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host seleciton (Cunningham et al., 1998a). The natural enemies hypothesis - generalist and specialist natural enemies are expected to be more abundant in diverse rather than simple systems (Root, 1973) A tall variety of sorghum (the forage variety Chopper) was tested for its ability to disrupt host location. Sorghum was planted around plots of tomatoes to act as a screen to disrupt visual cues for host location by Helicoverpa spp. No difference was found in egg numbers on tomatoes with or without sorghum companions. However, significantly higher numbers of Helicoverpa spp. larvae were found in the sorghum at flowering than in the tomatoes. This suggested the sorghum was acting as a trap crop, diverting oviposition away from the tomato crop. However, due to a short period of flowering and therefore peak attractiveness to H. armigera, sorghum was not considered to be a suitable companion plant for inclusion in commercial tomato production systems. A host preference study was conducted to determine the preferences of H. armigera for crop plants and possible companions in the hope of finding a suitable trap crop species. Tomatoes were shown to be a highly preferred plant making it difficult to find a compatible trap crop species that would be more attractive than the main crop. However, capsicums were less prefered and therefore more suitable for this type of experimentation. Marigolds were also found to be a highly preferred plant and formed the basis for further investigations into trap cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted in successive years in two geographical locations to assess the suitability of marigolds as a trap crop for capsicums in a field situation. However, in both years H. armigera incidence was extremely and unusually low leading to inconclusive results. A glasshouse experiment was performed to assess if the ratio of capsicum plants to marigolds plants had an effect on which species H. armigera would choose for oviposition. It was found that as more capsicum plants were introduced, moths became less likely to oviposit on the supposedly more preferred marigold plant. The diminishing attractiveness of a more preferred host in the presence of other hosts is a new observation of H. armigera behaviour. This result suggests that marigolds would be unlikely to be a successful trap crop in a field situation. The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host selection and the influence of this on host selection in the field was investigated. No evidence of learning was found. This was the first study investigating the effect of learning in a field situation; previously the behaviour had only been investigated in a laboratory situation (Cunningham, et al. 1998a). The ability of the Australian assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to predate H. armigera larvae on capsicum plants was investigated. This predator has been sucessfully been used for H. armigera management in cotton (Grundy, 2000b), but had not been investigated in horticultural crops. Significant reductions in larvae were achieved in treatments where assassin bugs were introduced. This predator warrants further investigation for inclusion in commercial integrated pest managment programs for capsicums. Pest repellent plants were also considered. Previous to this study, very little research work had been conducted on repellent plants for H. armigera. The herbs investigated were catnip (Nepta cataria), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), basil (Ocium basilicum) and coriander (Coriander sativum). An olfactometer system was designed and built to test H. armigera moths’ responses to odours from the herbs. Glasshouse experiments were also conducted. No repellent activity was recorded with any of the herbs tested. The results of this study support the theory that Helicoverpa spp. employ a strategy of passive host selection as suggested by Firempong (1986). This means that all available plants in an area may be oviposited on with successful ovipostion and larval development leading to the future utilisation of a species as a host plant. The implication of this finding is that in-field trap cropping is unlikely to be a successful strategy for reducing H. armigera oviposition in tomato or capsicum production systems in Australia. In cotton crops in Australia, trap cropping is used as part of an area wide management strategy and aims to reduce the total Helicoverpa spp. population of a region. Such a strategy may also be successful in horticultural crops but only with the full participation of the growers of all crops that are attractive to H. armigera in a horticultural growing region. Due to the diverse nature of horticultural production this may be a difficult task.

À venir / The customary regime of NRM in Bhutan faces greater challenges from economic development, rapid transformation of social values, local institutions and traditional perceptions on NR. Although Bhutan is projected rich in water resource for hydropower potentials, water for agriculture and domestic use is fast becoming scarcer and highly contested. As the water becomes scarce the people living in highlands are most severely affected. A detail diagnostic study of two communities, Lingmuteychu depedent of irrigated rice and Kengkhar depedent on dryland farming presents two situations of water resource issues. In Lingmuteychu the conflict of irrigation water sharing for cultivation of rice among seven villages has been inflicting restentment in all aspect of society. In contrary, in Kengkhar has been facing drinking water scarcity as the natural spring ponds dry, which forces people to walk from more than five hours to fetch water from the river. In these two sites Companion Modelling was applied to enhance understanding of water resource management dynamics and improve shared communication and learning to facilitate adaptative management dynamics and improve shared communication and learning to facilitate adaptative management strategies. The study provides as comparison of the process followerd in two sites with analysis of impacts and effects from the process. The research illustrates fow ComMod process help develop trust and and commitment in the conflicting community and pave pathways to develop social capital for adaptive management of water resource. The process was able to foster shared learning and co-construct collective actions which were implementable. The research also revealed the important role of the researchers in furthering and sustaining newly achieved cooperation. The ABMs provided an opportunity to re-create different water resource management strategies which could be used as options for the community. The research also demonstrates the feasibility of applying the ComMod approach in different fields of NRM.

Existing Human Computer Interaction (HCI) strategies are seriously limited by current technologies. These are neither sensitive nor accurate enough to respond to users' emotional states, the fundamental basis for effective communication in real time. This offered the challenge of investigating factors that would impact on the designing of effective and more emotionally intelligent interaction strategies for Companions. These were applied to a conceptual tool, the Affective Channel (AC), to endow Companions with emotional capabilities. This was implemented in the Wizard of Oz (WoZ) platform to evaluate Companions in real time. The WoZ is an experimental setup where existing immature technologies and a human operator combine to simulate Companion interaction with end users. In these aspects of my work is my original contribution to the HCI knowledge base. Experiments, focus groups and face to face interviews were carried out to ascertain users' perception and expectations of virtual agents. ‘Descriptors' thus identified formed the bases for the designing of user friendly Companions. Verbal and facial expressions data and other affective elements of effective human-companion interactionwere collected for use in the AC and the WoZ as stated above. Companion evaluations yielded the subsidiary contribution that Companions are perceived as empathetic, useful and trustworthy entities. Further, that they arouse positive emotions in children and also that they promote their learning improvement. These findings were the result of two experiments, one within subjects and one between subjects, conducted with thirty grade four pupils in a rural school in the poor Oaxaca region of Mexico.

This master thesis engages in representative social, psychological, economic and environmental aspects of breeding pets in unprofessional homely way in the town of České Budějovice specifically, and in general as well. The sample survey that has been done in the town streets shows that at leasth each household breeds a pet. There was no excessive influence on the number of bred pets had been proved in the field of socio-demographic aspects. People consider their pets to be full family members and are willing to subordinate their lives to them.

CNPq; Capes / A Integração Lavoura Pecuária (ILP) é um sistema com destaque na recuperação de áreas degradadas, visando a maximizar o uso do solo ao produzir maiores quantidades de biomassa,pois possibilita o cultivo de diferentes espécies vegetais na mesma área, no tempo e/ou espaço. O consórcio entre milho e forrageiras se destaca na ILP, pois garante ao produtor diversidade na renda, garantindo a sustentabilidade do sistema. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, através deste trabalho, avaliar uma alternativa de consórcio para a região sudoeste do Paraná, com forrageiras consorciadas com milho, em clima subtropical. O plantio do milho consorciado com B. Ruziziensis, B. Brizantha cv. Piatã, e Panicum Maximum cv. Aruana, ocorreu no início do mês de outubro de 2014, dispostos em quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca (MS) de milho no ponto de ensilagem, o total de biomassa das forrageiras, componentes de rendimento, produtividade de grãos do milho e nitrogênio no tecido de ambas as espécies. Na produtividade de silagem milho não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, já no rendimento de grãos, o tratamento com menor produção foi Milho + B. ruziziensis com 5.486,88 kg ha-1. Na produção de silagem de milho + forrageira, o tratamento Milho + B. ruziziensis apresent ou maior produção de MS, 21.502,5 kg ha-1, seguido pelo tratamento Milho + B. brizantha cv. Piatã com 21.192,6 kg ha-1 de MS, e o tratamento Milho + Aruana com a menor produção. Observou-se que quanto maior a produtividade de biomassa da forrageira, menor foi o rendimento de grãos nos tratamentos consorciados com forrageiras. Há maior rendimento na produção de silagem quando há maior incremento da forrageira. Nas três épocas de corte da forrageira, o tratamento Milho+ B. Ruziziensis obteve maior rendimento de biomassa. Na questão competição por Nitrogênio, os resultados não foram significativos para ambos os tratamentos quando comparados com o milho solteiro, ou seja, não houve competição das forrageiras com a cultura do milho pelo nutriente. O tratamento com P. Maximum cv. Aruana obteve um menor índice na produção de biomassa, mas na questão proteína bruta, foi a com maior percentual avaliado 165,6 g kg-1, levando o produtor a ter boas alternativas quanto ao seu objetivo principal. Na questão de grande produção de biomassa, o tratamento Milho+ B. Ruziziensis apresentou-se como uma boa alternativa para incrementação de palhada ao solo e pecuária de corte. No teor de proteína, o tratamento Milho+ P. Maximum cv. Aruana se destaca, sendo ótimo para a pecuária leiteira, de grande destaque na região Sudoeste do Paraná. / Crop-animal System is a system with emphasis on the recovery of degraded areas and aims to maximize the use of land to produce greater quantities of biomass. It allows the cultivation of different plant species in the same area, time and / or space. The combination of corn and forage is important in this system. It ensures to the producer diversity in the income and guarantee the system's sustainability. In this context, the aim of this work is to evaluate an alternative combination of corn and forage in the southwest of Paraná, in a subtropical climate.The plantation of crop with Brachiaria Ruziziensis, Brachiaria Brizantha cv. Piatã,and Panicum Macimum cv. Aruana, was at the beginning of October 2014. The experiment was arranged in four repetitions. We evaluated the production of dry matter (DM) of maize silage point, total biomass, the forage yield components for corn productivity and nitrogen in the tissue of both species. Productivity of corn silage there was no significant difference between the treatments, but, Corn + B. Ruziziensis in the grain yield it was the treatment with lower production, with only 5486.88 kg ha-1. In the production of corn silage + forage, treatment Corn + B. Ruziziensis showed higher DM production, 21,502.5 kg ha-1, followed by treatment Corn + B. Brizantha cv. Piatã with 21,192.6 kg ha-1 DM, and treatment Corn + P. Maximum cv. Aruana with lower production. It was observed that the higher the forage biomass productivity, the smaller the grain yield in forage consortium treatments. There is a greater efficiency in the production of silage when there is a greater increase in forage. In the three forage cutting times, Corn + B. Ruziziensis treatment obtained higher biomass yield. In the case of nitrogen competition, the results were not significant for both treatments compared with single corn, there was no competition from forage with the corn crop by nutrient. The P. Maximum cv. Aruana got a lower rate in the production of biomass, but the question crude protein was the highest percentages estimated 165.6 g kg-1, leading the producer to have good alternatives as their primary goal. In the case of biomass, the Corn+ B.Ruziziensis treatment would be a good alternative to incrementing straw to the soil and also for beef cattle activity. On protein, Corn fits+ P. Maximum cv. Aruana, it’s great for dairy farming that has great prominence in the Paraná Southwest region.

CNPq; Capes / A Integração Lavoura Pecuária (ILP) é um sistema com destaque na recuperação de áreas degradadas, visando a maximizar o uso do solo ao produzir maiores quantidades de biomassa,pois possibilita o cultivo de diferentes espécies vegetais na mesma área, no tempo e/ou espaço. O consórcio entre milho e forrageiras se destaca na ILP, pois garante ao produtor diversidade na renda, garantindo a sustentabilidade do sistema. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, através deste trabalho, avaliar uma alternativa de consórcio para a região sudoeste do Paraná, com forrageiras consorciadas com milho, em clima subtropical. O plantio do milho consorciado com B. Ruziziensis, B. Brizantha cv. Piatã, e Panicum Maximum cv. Aruana, ocorreu no início do mês de outubro de 2014, dispostos em quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca (MS) de milho no ponto de ensilagem, o total de biomassa das forrageiras, componentes de rendimento, produtividade de grãos do milho e nitrogênio no tecido de ambas as espécies. Na produtividade de silagem milho não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, já no rendimento de grãos, o tratamento com menor produção foi Milho + B. ruziziensis com 5.486,88 kg ha-1. Na produção de silagem de milho + forrageira, o tratamento Milho + B. ruziziensis apresent ou maior produção de MS, 21.502,5 kg ha-1, seguido pelo tratamento Milho + B. brizantha cv. Piatã com 21.192,6 kg ha-1 de MS, e o tratamento Milho + Aruana com a menor produção. Observou-se que quanto maior a produtividade de biomassa da forrageira, menor foi o rendimento de grãos nos tratamentos consorciados com forrageiras. Há maior rendimento na produção de silagem quando há maior incremento da forrageira. Nas três épocas de corte da forrageira, o tratamento Milho+ B. Ruziziensis obteve maior rendimento de biomassa. Na questão competição por Nitrogênio, os resultados não foram significativos para ambos os tratamentos quando comparados com o milho solteiro, ou seja, não houve competição das forrageiras com a cultura do milho pelo nutriente. O tratamento com P. Maximum cv. Aruana obteve um menor índice na produção de biomassa, mas na questão proteína bruta, foi a com maior percentual avaliado 165,6 g kg-1, levando o produtor a ter boas alternativas quanto ao seu objetivo principal. Na questão de grande produção de biomassa, o tratamento Milho+ B. Ruziziensis apresentou-se como uma boa alternativa para incrementação de palhada ao solo e pecuária de corte. No teor de proteína, o tratamento Milho+ P. Maximum cv. Aruana se destaca, sendo ótimo para a pecuária leiteira, de grande destaque na região Sudoeste do Paraná. / Crop-animal System is a system with emphasis on the recovery of degraded areas and aims to maximize the use of land to produce greater quantities of biomass. It allows the cultivation of different plant species in the same area, time and / or space. The combination of corn and forage is important in this system. It ensures to the producer diversity in the income and guarantee the system's sustainability. In this context, the aim of this work is to evaluate an alternative combination of corn and forage in the southwest of Paraná, in a subtropical climate.The plantation of crop with Brachiaria Ruziziensis, Brachiaria Brizantha cv. Piatã,and Panicum Macimum cv. Aruana, was at the beginning of October 2014. The experiment was arranged in four repetitions. We evaluated the production of dry matter (DM) of maize silage point, total biomass, the forage yield components for corn productivity and nitrogen in the tissue of both species. Productivity of corn silage there was no significant difference between the treatments, but, Corn + B. Ruziziensis in the grain yield it was the treatment with lower production, with only 5486.88 kg ha-1. In the production of corn silage + forage, treatment Corn + B. Ruziziensis showed higher DM production, 21,502.5 kg ha-1, followed by treatment Corn + B. Brizantha cv. Piatã with 21,192.6 kg ha-1 DM, and treatment Corn + P. Maximum cv. Aruana with lower production. It was observed that the higher the forage biomass productivity, the smaller the grain yield in forage consortium treatments. There is a greater efficiency in the production of silage when there is a greater increase in forage. In the three forage cutting times, Corn + B. Ruziziensis treatment obtained higher biomass yield. In the case of nitrogen competition, the results were not significant for both treatments compared with single corn, there was no competition from forage with the corn crop by nutrient. The P. Maximum cv. Aruana got a lower rate in the production of biomass, but the question crude protein was the highest percentages estimated 165.6 g kg-1, leading the producer to have good alternatives as their primary goal. In the case of biomass, the Corn+ B.Ruziziensis treatment would be a good alternative to incrementing straw to the soil and also for beef cattle activity. On protein, Corn fits+ P. Maximum cv. Aruana, it’s great for dairy farming that has great prominence in the Paraná Southwest region.

Les polérovirus infectent de nombreuses plantes d’intérêt économique telles que la pomme de terre, la betterave à sucre et les cucurbitacées. Ces virus icosaédriques renferment un ARN simple brin et leur capside est constituée d’une protéine majeure (CP) et d’un composant mineur (RT*) localisé à la surface des virions. Ces virus sont restreints aux cellules du phloème dans lesquelles ils se multiplient et se déplacent. Les protéines CP et RT sont essentielles à la dissémination du virus par le puceron vecteur et à son mouvement dans la plante. L’objectif de cette étude a consisté à identifier dans les cellules du phloème, les protéines associées aux virions susceptibles d’intervenir dans le cycle viral en criblant une banque d’ADNc de cellules compagnes (CC) d’A. thaliana avec les protéines de structure ou des domaines protéiques du CABYV. Quatre gènes codant pour une protéine Heat Shock (HSP), la profiline 3 (PRF3) une glysosyl hydrolase ; et la protéine « Response to low sulfur 3 » ont été identifiés. Tous ces gènes candidats interagissent avec le domaine RTC-ter du CABYV et avec la protéine RT* pour la protéine HSP. En plus de ces gènes candidats, je me suis intéressée à la protéine ALY, identifiée au laboratoire, au cours du criblage d’une banque d’ADNc de puceron entier avec les deux protéines de structure du Turnip yellows virus (un autre polérovirus). Cette protéine possède quatre orthologues chez Arabidopsis susceptibles d’être impliquées dans le mécanisme de gene silencing mis en place contre le Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus. Les protéines ALY sont donc des candidats intéressants et j’ai montré une interaction entre les protéines de structure du CABYV et du TuYV et les quatre orthologues d’Arabidopsis. L’implication de ces gènes candidats n’a pas pu être confirmée à ce jour dans des mutants knock-out d’arabidopsis. Les résultats complexes obtenus pour le candidat PRF3 au cours des analyses de validation fonctionnelle, m’a conduit à étudier l’interaction entre ce candidat et le domaine RTC-ter du CABYV in planta par FLIM mais aucune interaction n’a pu être confirmée à ce jour. Tous les candidats isolés lors du criblage de la banque d’ADNc de CC interagissant avec le domaine RTC-ter du CABYV, ce travail m’a conduit à analyser le rôle dans le cycle viral de ce domaine et de la protéine RT (sous sa forme complète ou dépourvue du domaine RTC-ter), en étudiant l’accumulation de ces mutants dans les plantes et le clivage de la protéine RT. Tout d’abord, afin de localiser précisément le site de clivage de la protéine RT, des mutants ponctuels dans la zone de clivage ont été réalisés ce qui a permis de montrer que la structure secondaire de la protéine est importante pour son clivage. Puis, afin d’analyser le rôle du domaine RTC-ter dans le cycle viral, j’ai obtenu par délétion, un mutant n’exprimant plus ce domaine. Ce mutant synthétise uniquement la protéine RT tronquée, forme des particules virales semblables au virus sauvage et est transmissible par puceron. Par contre, de façon surprenante, ce mutant est incapable d’envahir les feuilles non-inoculées d’une plante. Ce résultat suggère que les deux formes de la protéine RT (complète et tronquée) sont indispensables au mouvement à longue distance du virus et nous proposons un modèle dans lequel le domaine C-terminal de la protéine RT agit en trans sur la particule virale pour promouvoir le mouvement du CABYV à longue distance. / Poleroviruses infect a wide range of cultivated plants such as potatoes, sugar beet and plants of Cucurbitaceae family. These viruses are restricted to phloem tissue where they replicate in nucleated cells and translocate over long distances through sieve elements. Polerovirus capsid is composed of the major coat protein (CP) and of a minor component referred to as the readthrough (RT*) protein and exposed at the outside of the particles. CP and RT proteins are essential for virus movement and transmission by aphids. The aim of this study is to identify phloem proteins interacting with viral proteins and potentially involved in viral cycle, by screening an A. thaliana companion cell (CC) cDNA library with structural proteins or protein domains of CABYV. Four genes encoding for a heat shock protein (HSP), a profilin (PRF3), a glycosyl hydrolase and the protein ”Response to low sulfur ” (LSU3) were identified and interact with the C-terminal part of the RT protein (RTC‑ter) and with the RT* protein for the HSP. An additional gene encoding for the protein ALY, identified in the laboratory, by screening an aphid cDNA library with structural proteins of the Turnip yellows virus (another polerovirus) was studied. This protein has four orthologues in Arabidopsis, involved in the gene silencing mechanism against Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus. Here we show that CABYV and TuYV structural proteins interact with the four orthologues of Arabidopsis. Involvement of these candidate genes was not confirmed in Arabidopsis knock-out mutants. In functional experiments, ambiguous results were obtained with PRF3 arabidopsis mutants, and this lead me to study the interaction between PRF3 protein CABYV RT c-ter domain by FLIM, but no interaction was found so far. As all candidat interact with the RTC-ter domain, we studied more precisely the role of this domain in the viral cycle and the role of the complete RT protein. We studied the in vivo RT protein processing and its consequences on systemic movement of CABYV mutants. Using a collection of point mutations introduced in the central domain of the CABYV RT protein, we approached the site of the RT processing and proposed that this process is affected by the secondary structure around the cleavage site. We also reported for the first time the generation of a polerovirus mutant able to synthesize only the RT* protein and to incorporate it into the particle. This mutant was unable to move systemically. Conversely another mutant producing a full-length RT protein impaired in correct processing and incorporating a shorter version of the RT* protein showed very weak systemic infection. These data are strongly in favor of a role of both RT proteins in efficient CABYV movement. An inefficient virus transport was still maintained in the absence of RT proteins suggesting an RT-independent movement pathway. Based on these results, we propose a model for CABYV long-distance transport in which the complete RT protein, or its C-terminal part, acts in trans on wild-type virions to promote their efficient long-distance transport.