<p>The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned &ldquo / only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time&rdquo / . This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders.</p>

<p>The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned &ldquo / only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time&rdquo / . This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders.</p>

Magister Legum - LLM / The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned "only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time". This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders. / South Africa

<p>The aim of this paper is to get a deeper understanding if research about international relations has any practical meaning. The main focal point is about the importance of the scholar idea soft power, and its meaning on foreign policy actions through expressions. A quantity and quality method is used. The point of the main theory that concerns international relations takes a rationalistic perspective, and expands it to the notion that ides can have an impact on policy outcomes. Three different types of research utilization can be traced to determine in which way an idea is getting implemented. Why certain ideas can be used lies in the foreign policy preferences with the political institutions and its policymakers. In the last ten years, policymaking preferences in the USA, Great Britain and Sweden have shifted due to change of governments, challenges by expanding institutions as the European Union (EU) and terror alerts. Soft power is an upcoming idea that can be traced in the countries policies. In conclusion, the concept is expressed in the political agendas on the margins. For the American and the British policy the importance with the idea seems to be utilized for mediation for the retention and the legitimating of there existing policies regarding hard power. The main purpose with the idea for Sweden seems to be the utilization for guidance to promote EU: s ability to act as a prominent actor in international relations. The idea is, acts and expressed foremost as a positive symbol for the countries, rather than a ground-breaking new idea that changes policies. Due to is variables already exist in the policymaking processes.</p>

Upphävande av ett naturreservat innebär inte alltid att reservatet upphävs helt, utan det kan även innebära förändringar av reservatets syfte eller ändringar i naturreservatsföreskrifterna. Upphävande av naturreservat kan vara nödvändigt av olika skäl och får ske endast i undantagsfall och efter noggrann bedömning där två olika faktorer vägs samman. Dels förekomsten av synnerliga skäl för upphävande samt möjligheten att kompensera för förlust av naturvärden. Denna studie undersöker förutsättningarna för upphävande av naturreservat generellt och förutsättningarna för upphävande av naturreservatet Pålsjö skog i Helsingborg. Genom en analys av lagstiftning, förarbeten och domar relaterade till upphävandet av naturreservat får man en djupare förståelse för den juridiska ramen och tidigare praxis. Aktiv deltagande och observationer av Helsingborgsteamet och Stadsbyggnadsnämnden i Helsingborg ger insikt i deras perspektiv, arbetsprocess och utmaningar. Slutsatsen från studien är att definitionen och tillämpningen av "synnerliga skäl" och "kompensation" inom naturvårdsområdet är komplexa och föremål för diskussion och tolkning. "Synnerliga skäl" avser exceptionella omständigheter som motiverar upphävande av naturreservat, medan "kompensation" handlar om att balansera eller motverka förlusten av naturvärden i samband med upphävanden. Det finns utmaningar med att fastställa rättvisa och effektiva kompensationsåtgärder samt bedöma värdet av förlorade naturvärden. Återskapande av den ursprungliga biologiska mångfalden och naturliga processer efter upphävande av naturreservat är svårt. Kompensation kräver noggrann planering och förvaltning för att ha en positiv och hållbar effekt på naturmiljön. Förbättringar kan göras genom att utveckla tydliga riktlinjer och rättsliga principer för kompensationsåtgärder samt involvera experter och berörda parter i beslutsprocessen. Att uppnå balans mellan naturvärden och samhällets utvecklingsbehov är viktigt. Genom fortsatt diskussion och utforskning av dessa begrepp kan vi arbeta mot förbättrad naturvård och bevarande av våra värdefulla naturresurser. / The revocation of a nature reserve does not always mean the complete revocation of the reserve, but it can also involve changes to the purpose of the reserve or amendments to the nature reserve regulations. Revoking a nature reserve may be necessary for various reasons and can only occur in exceptional cases and after careful consideration, weighing two different factors. These factors include the existence of exceptional reasons for revocation and the possibility of compensating for the loss of natural values. This study examines the conditions for revoking nature reserves in general and the conditions for revoking the Pålsjö Skog nature reserve in Helsingborg specifically. Through an analysis of legislation, preparatory works, and court judgments related to the revocation of nature reserves, a deeper understanding of the legal framework and past practices is obtained. Active participation and observations of the Helsingborg team and the Urban Planning Committee provide insights into their perspectives, working processes, and challenges. The conclusion of the study is that the definition and application of "exceptional reasons" and "compensation" within the field of nature conservation are complex and subject to discussion and interpretation. "Exceptional reasons" refer to exceptional circumstances that justify the revocation of a nature reserve, while "compensation" involves balancing or counteracting the loss of natural values associated with revocations. There are challenges in determining fair and effective compensation measures and assessing the value of lost natural values. Restoring the original biodiversity and natural processes after the revocation of a nature reserve is difficult. Compensation requires careful planning and management to have a positive and sustainable impact on the natural environment. Improvements can be made by developing clear guidelines and legal principles for compensation measures and involving experts and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Achieving a balance between natural values and the development needs of society is important. Through continued discussion and exploration of these concepts, we can work towards improved nature conservation and preservation of our valuable natural resources.

Criminal law issues related to Advance directives Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the recent institute of Advance directives in the Czech legal system and to analyze criminal law issues related with it's aplication. The focus is on medical workers which can get into jeopardy of criminal liability by respecting the Advance directives. Furthermore in this thesis are compared the legislations of Czech republic and the Australian state Queensland conserning Advance directives. Also, key rullings of Australian courts and other common law courts related to the aplicaton of Advance directives are described in this thesis. Descreption methods were aplied to describe each institute and terms close to it, analyzing methods to analyze liability of medical workers and comparative methods to compare the Czech and Queensland legislations. The thesis is divided into seven chapters and many subchapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the institute of Advance directives, to it's definition, history and to the legislations it is based in. The second chapter describes fundamental human rights related to Advance directives. These are the Right to Life, Right to dignity and the Right to self- determination. Every one of these rights is closely described and a subchapter deals with their collisions. The third...

The aim of this paper is to get a deeper understanding if research about international relations has any practical meaning. The main focal point is about the importance of the scholar idea soft power, and its meaning on foreign policy actions through expressions. A quantity and quality method is used. The point of the main theory that concerns international relations takes a rationalistic perspective, and expands it to the notion that ides can have an impact on policy outcomes. Three different types of research utilization can be traced to determine in which way an idea is getting implemented. Why certain ideas can be used lies in the foreign policy preferences with the political institutions and its policymakers. In the last ten years, policymaking preferences in the USA, Great Britain and Sweden have shifted due to change of governments, challenges by expanding institutions as the European Union (EU) and terror alerts. Soft power is an upcoming idea that can be traced in the countries policies. In conclusion, the concept is expressed in the political agendas on the margins. For the American and the British policy the importance with the idea seems to be utilized for mediation for the retention and the legitimating of there existing policies regarding hard power. The main purpose with the idea for Sweden seems to be the utilization for guidance to promote EU: s ability to act as a prominent actor in international relations. The idea is, acts and expressed foremost as a positive symbol for the countries, rather than a ground-breaking new idea that changes policies. Due to is variables already exist in the policymaking processes.