This diploma thesis aims to investigate an administrative costs of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic between 2013 and 2015. A value of administrative cost has been monitored for individual customs authorities. By using an indicator of the relative administrative cost thesis also assesses an overall effectiveness of Environmental taxes from perspective of tax entity and tax administrator. The main finding from this analysis shows that administration costs of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic were lower and administration of these taxes was more effective than administration of Environmental Taxes in Slovakia. However in comparison with Excise Taxes in the Czech Republic the administration cost of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic were higher and administration of these taxes was less effective. Overall the administration of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic could have been considered as effective in reviewed period.

Targeting farms with low costs of reducing agro-pollution has been suggested as a means to reduce control costs. The potential to use better information to reduce costs of achieving a regulatory performance standard was evaluated. Using the Lower Susquehanna watershed as a case study, three strategies to target reductions in nitrogen runoff from dairy farms were studied: 1) no information -- uniform allocation, 2) perfect information -- cost-effective allocation, and 3) partial information - estimated cost-effective allocation. From no information to perfect information, more detailed information about the farms’ marginal compliance costs with a reduced nitrogen runoff standard was collected. Two strategies to target the performance standards, the private and social cost-effective allocation (private cost-effective allocations minimized farm compliance costs while social cost-effective allocations minimized the sum of compliance plus transaction costs) were also compared. Each strategy's total control cost (compliance plus transaction costs) were estimated for a 237 dairy farm sample with a modified micro parameter (bieconomic) model which preserves the watershed heterogeneity. Because cost-effective performance standards involve large transaction costs, they were compared to two design standards which have lower transaction costs. It was found that targeting problem farms in the Lower Susquehanna watershed could save nearly $3 million for the sampled 237 farms. Extrapolating this result to the 6,662 dairy farms in the watershed could save the state more than $55 million over a uniform allocation of responsibility. Results also show that the social cost-effective allocation of control responsibilities (based on marginal compliance plus transaction costs) in targeting policies targets only 50 percent of the dairy farms with a mean control cost per pound of $11 compared to $47 per pound with the uniform performance standard applied to all the farms. This study suggests that a few farms in the Lower Susquehanna should be targeted a large reduction burden. Criteria to target these farms should be: somewhat larger farms with steep and long slopes, on soil hydrological groups C and D, close to surface water, that have no or few best management practices in place, and grow large amounts of corn. Cost-effective practices for dairy farmers in the Lower Susquehanna are manure incorporation and storage, eliminating or reducing winter manure spreading, and using more strip-cropping. The value of perfect information was found to exceed the value of partial information in the study area because the total control costs were lower. Compliance costs for perfect information under the social cost-effective allocation were $853,911 compared to $968,121 under the partial information strategy. Total transaction costs were $126,996 for the perfect information and $74,368 for the partial information strategy. Total control costs were $980,907 for the perfect information and $1,042,489 for the partial information strategy. Results for the private cost-effective allocation were similar. The private cost-effective targeting strategy did not differ significantly from the social cost-effective targeting strategy mainly because aggregate compliance costs make up 99% of the total control costs. The two regulatory design standards requiring manure storage and stripcropping on more erosive soils were also evaluated. However, neither design standard achieves the 40 percent nitrogen delivery reduction goal in the watershed. / Ph. D.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-02T21:46:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 14.pdf: 1840538 bytes, checksum: 64a24901793edf904d54cc9d192f7d3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-02T21:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 14.pdf: 1840538 bytes, checksum: 64a24901793edf904d54cc9d192f7d3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-16 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Esta pesquisa propõe um método de mensuração dos custos de conformidade tributária voltado para organizações. O estudo baseou-se na metodologia design research, apresentado como ferramenta que gera informações por meio do método de custeio baseado em atividades (ABC). Seu objetivo é mensurar custos e subsidiar a tomada de decisão no âmbito empresarial, além de permitir identificar os custos tributários das empresas. A partir do desenvolvimento do projeto piloto na Emater/RS-Ascar (empresa do terceiro setor) no período de julho de 2011 a junho de 2012, identificou-se a possibilidade de adaptação do método às particularidades da empresa. Na avaliação do método constatou-se que é possível identificar as atividades desenvolvidas vinculadas aos custos de conformidade tributária, os recursos consumidos por cada atividade, os custos de conformidade de cada tributo e os custos totais tributários da empresa. Revelou-se que na Emater/RS-Ascar para cada um R$ 1,00 de tributo pago pela empresa, ela gasta R$ 3,25 para se ajustar à legislação tributária. Portanto, os custos de conformidade são superiores aos custos com os tributos próprios pagos. O INSS e o IRPJ são os tributos que mais contribuíram com os valores de custos de conformidade tributária, mesmo a empresa sendo imune e isenta de tais tributos. Com relação aos custos totais e receitas totais da empresa os custos de conformidade tributária representam respectivamente 2,27% e 1,97%. Já os custos totais tributários representam 2,97% dos custos totais da empresa e 2,58% das receitas totais. Os dados permitiram aos gestores avaliarem os processos desenvolvidos identificando pontos a serem gerenciados, como a necessidade de treinamento dos funcionários envolvidos nas atividades. / This research proposes a method for measuring tax compliance costs for organizations. The study was based on the methodology design research, presented as a tool that generates information through the method of activity-based costing (ABC). Your goal is to measure costs and subsidize decision-making within business, and make it possible to identify the tax costs of companies. From the development of the pilot project in Emater/RS-Ascar (third sector company) from July 2011 to June 2012, identified the possibility of adapting the method the particularities of the company. The evaluation noted that method it is possible to identify the activities related to tax compliance costs, the resources consumed by each activity, compliance costs of each tribute and tax total costs of the company. It was revealed that the Emater/RS-Ascar for each R$ 1,00 of tribute paid by the company, she spends R$ 3,25 to adjust tax laws, so compliance costs outweigh costs with taxes paid themselves. The INSS and IRPJ are taxes that contributed most to the values of tax compliance costs, even the company being immune and exempt from such taxes. With respect to the total cost and total revenue of the company tax compliance costs represent respectively 2.27% and 1.97%. Tax total costs already represent 2.97% of the total costs of the company and 2.58% of the total receipts. The data allowed managers to assess the processes developed by identifying points to be managed, such as the need for training of officials involved in the activities.

This thesis explores the managerial benefits derived by small business entities as a result of complying with their tax obligations. This is the first study on managerial benefits that considers all federal taxes in the Australian context. While the managerial benefits of tax compliance were first identified by Sandford in the 1980s, there is only limited evidence to date about their perception by business taxpayers and no evidence at all about their actual occurrence. The work undertaken by Sandford together with the findings of empirical research on accounting in small businesses, provide the framework for the development of research hypotheses. With the purpose of testing these hypotheses, the research examines concurrently a sample of small businesses located in a regional area of Australia, and a sample of similar entities located in an external territory of Australia exempt from federal taxes and with minimal tax compliance obligations. The thesis adopts a mixed research method which combines a survey and a case study component from which a number of convergent results emerge. Results show that bookkeeping requirements imposed by tax compliance compel small businesses to upgrade their accounting systems, typically in the form of computerisation. The increased sophistication of the accounting system following this upgrade allows small businesses to derive managerial benefits in the form of a better knowledge of their financial affairs. The study also demonstrates that when small businesses seek the assistance of an accountant to comply with their tax compliance obligations, managerial benefits may be derived in the form of informal business advice and other services that come as a spin-off from tax compliance work. The findings of the research also indicate that a majority of small businesses value positively the accounting information generated as a result of tax imposed record keeping requirements, however further studies are required to establish the extent to which the additional information has a positive effect on decision making. Finally, the study identifies various possible approaches to quantify managerial benefits including a method based on the costs of alternative resources, and a valuation based on what owner-managers would be prepared to pay for the information.

一、研究緣起： 　　一般研究租稅超額負擔時，多探討租稅課徵造成資源配置扭曲的問題，而忽略租稅徵收成本(Administrative Costs)和納稅成本(Compliance Costs)亦會擴大租稅的超額負擔；事實上，租稅的徵納成本在整個財政制度的運作上是不容忽視的；再者，就公平面而言，租稅制度之設計除了必須考慮稅額負擔的垂直公平與水平公平外，對於納稅義務人間負擔租稅徵納成本是否平均的問題亦不可忽視。 　　二、研究過程： 　　（一）介紹納稅成本意義與文獻回顧。 　　（二）台灣地區建築業營利事業所得稅納稅成本問卷調查分析。 　　由於時間和經費的限制，本研究僅以台灣地區建築業作為調查對象，以探討營利事業為依從稅法規定申報與繳納營利事業所得稅所發生的各種費用（即納稅成本）。 　　本調查以參加各縣市建築投資同業公會之建設公司為抽樣對象，採分層比例隨機抽樣法抽取樣本數1000家；問卷自民國八十三年四月三十日陸續郵寄發出，至同年五月十五日截止，獲得104份回卷，有效回卷96份；使用SAS電腦軟體進行迴歸和變異數分析，以了解影響營利事業所得稅納稅成本的原因和各事業納稅成本負擔的分配狀態；再利用卡方檢定和交叉分析調查納稅義務人對處理營利事業所得稅可能遭遇困擾的程度。 　　三、結論： 　　（一）各項納稅成本中，以會計人員成本佔總納稅成本比例最大。 　　（二）總納稅成本與營業額、資本額、員工人數之間具正相關係。 　　（三）總納稅成本率與營業額、資本額之間具負相關係；因此，納稅成本負擔在各事業間之分配呈累退狀態。 　　（四）事業外部人員成本和內部人員成本與營業額、資本額之間具正相關係。 　　（五）在精神成本方面，受訪事業在處理營所稅事務時，認為困擾程度最多之排名為： 　　　　1.稅務法令規定繁瑣、不明確(77.89%)。 　　　　2.稅務機關核定太嚴苛(71.16%)。 　　　　3.稅務人員行政裁量權太大(61.54%)。 　　四、建議： 　　（一）提供免費稅務諮詢服務。 　　（二）簡化帳證處理。 　　（三）加強稅務法令宣導。 　　（四）簡化憑證查核。 　　（五）制定稅法必須明確。 　　（六）加強租稅核定前之溝通與協談。 　　（七）加強稅務人員租稅教育。 　　（八）協助提供事業單位納稅之服務。

This thesis explores the managerial benefits derived by small business entities as a result of complying with their tax obligations. This is the first study on managerial benefits that considers all federal taxes in the Australian context. While the managerial benefits of tax compliance were first identified by Sandford in the 1980s, there is only limited evidence to date about their perception by business taxpayers and no evidence at all about their actual occurrence. The work undertaken by Sandford together with the findings of empirical research on accounting in small businesses, provide the framework for the development of research hypotheses. With the purpose of testing these hypotheses, the research examines concurrently a sample of small businesses located in a regional area of Australia, and a sample of similar entities located in an external territory of Australia exempt from federal taxes and with minimal tax compliance obligations. The thesis adopts a mixed research method which combines a survey and a case study component from which a number of convergent results emerge. Results show that bookkeeping requirements imposed by tax compliance compel small businesses to upgrade their accounting systems, typically in the form of computerisation. The increased sophistication of the accounting system following this upgrade allows small businesses to derive managerial benefits in the form of a better knowledge of their financial affairs. The study also demonstrates that when small businesses seek the assistance of an accountant to comply with their tax compliance obligations, managerial benefits may be derived in the form of informal business advice and other services that come as a spin-off from tax compliance work. The findings of the research also indicate that a majority of small businesses value positively the accounting information generated as a result of tax imposed record keeping requirements, however further studies are required to establish the extent to which the additional information has a positive effect on decision making. Finally, the study identifies various possible approaches to quantify managerial benefits including a method based on the costs of alternative resources, and a valuation based on what owner-managers would be prepared to pay for the information.

The subject of the master’s thesis are compliance costs of taxation. These costs are associated with the existence of the tax system which, by law, obligates entities to pay taxes. Compliance costs of taxation are defined as costs, which arise to taxpayers, individuals and legal entites due to the fulfillment of tax obligations. Although these costs have a major impact on the efficiency of the tax system, they are not officially measured. The purpose of the master’s thesis is to identify, quantify and optimize the compliance costs of taxation in a specific company.

Pouca atenção tem merecido o estudo dos deveres instrumentais tributários pelos estudiosos do direito tributário em nosso país, com a preocupação de conferir contornos nítidos ao regime jurídico dos deveres instrumentais dentro do sistema tributário brasileiro e, em especial, de examinar a quais limitações está adstrita a Administração Pública na imposição desses deveres. O presente trabalho visa tentar suprir, em alguma medida, essa lacuna, promovendo uma análise das limitações à imposição de deveres instrumentais tributários, que leve em consideração, não apenas os princípios que conformam seu regime jurídico, mas, principalmente, a existência de regras objetivas disciplinando o tema, partindo-se da premissa de que, genericamente, dicções principiológicas, por sua abstração, não são suficientes para a adequada regulação das condutas intersubjetivas, seja entre particulares, seja entre estes e o Poder Público. Merecerá especial atenção a regra inserta no art. 113, §2º do Código Tributário Nacional, de forte vocação limitadora, especificamente no que tange à investigação do conteúdo semântico da expressão interesse da arrecadação ou da fiscalização dos tributos, que, a nosso ver, constitui a pedra-de-toque do regime jurídico dos deveres instrumentais e das sanções punitivas impostas em virtude de seu descumprimento. Por fim, buscar-se-á conferir a devida importância aos custos de conformidades e demonstrar que seu estudo é relevante para o sistema tributário, na medida em que tais custos, enquanto efeito econômico da imposição de deveres instrumentais, implicam efeitos relevantes no âmbito jurídico, inclusive restrições no âmbito de proteção de direitos fundamentais dos contribuintes. / The study of ancillary obligations has often been neglected by scholars of Tax Law in Brazil, namely studies concerned about defining the outlines of its framework within Brazilian tax system and, especially, to which boundaries is the Public Administration bound when imposing such obligations. This study aims to overcome this gap to some extent, providing a comprehensive analysis of the limitations to the imposition of tax ancillary obligations, investigating not only the legal principles that conform its framework, but, first and foremost, the existence of objective rules addressing this subject, based on the premise that, generically, legal principles themselves, due their natural abstraction trait, are insufficient to satisfactorily regulate inter-subjective behaviors, whether between individuals or between individuals and State. The rule set forth by article 113, §2º of Brazilian Tax Code will receive special attention in the proposed analysis, due its limit-orientation, particularly in regard to the investigation of the semantic content of the expression interest of tax collection or tax inspection, which represents the touchstone of the tax ancillary obligations framework, as well of the punitive sanctions imposed due its incompliancy. At last, this study will attempt to give appropriate relevance to the compliance costs, by demonstrating that they matter to a tax system, as such costs, despite being an economic effect of the imposition of tax ancillary obligations, do affect the legal system and, for such, also implies legal effects, as restrictions in the scope of protection of taxpayers fundamental rights.

Pouca atenção tem merecido o estudo dos deveres instrumentais tributários pelos estudiosos do direito tributário em nosso país, com a preocupação de conferir contornos nítidos ao regime jurídico dos deveres instrumentais dentro do sistema tributário brasileiro e, em especial, de examinar a quais limitações está adstrita a Administração Pública na imposição desses deveres. O presente trabalho visa tentar suprir, em alguma medida, essa lacuna, promovendo uma análise das limitações à imposição de deveres instrumentais tributários, que leve em consideração, não apenas os princípios que conformam seu regime jurídico, mas, principalmente, a existência de regras objetivas disciplinando o tema, partindo-se da premissa de que, genericamente, dicções principiológicas, por sua abstração, não são suficientes para a adequada regulação das condutas intersubjetivas, seja entre particulares, seja entre estes e o Poder Público. Merecerá especial atenção a regra inserta no art. 113, §2º do Código Tributário Nacional, de forte vocação limitadora, especificamente no que tange à investigação do conteúdo semântico da expressão interesse da arrecadação ou da fiscalização dos tributos, que, a nosso ver, constitui a pedra-de-toque do regime jurídico dos deveres instrumentais e das sanções punitivas impostas em virtude de seu descumprimento. Por fim, buscar-se-á conferir a devida importância aos custos de conformidades e demonstrar que seu estudo é relevante para o sistema tributário, na medida em que tais custos, enquanto efeito econômico da imposição de deveres instrumentais, implicam efeitos relevantes no âmbito jurídico, inclusive restrições no âmbito de proteção de direitos fundamentais dos contribuintes. / The study of ancillary obligations has often been neglected by scholars of Tax Law in Brazil, namely studies concerned about defining the outlines of its framework within Brazilian tax system and, especially, to which boundaries is the Public Administration bound when imposing such obligations. This study aims to overcome this gap to some extent, providing a comprehensive analysis of the limitations to the imposition of tax ancillary obligations, investigating not only the legal principles that conform its framework, but, first and foremost, the existence of objective rules addressing this subject, based on the premise that, generically, legal principles themselves, due their natural abstraction trait, are insufficient to satisfactorily regulate inter-subjective behaviors, whether between individuals or between individuals and State. The rule set forth by article 113, §2º of Brazilian Tax Code will receive special attention in the proposed analysis, due its limit-orientation, particularly in regard to the investigation of the semantic content of the expression interest of tax collection or tax inspection, which represents the touchstone of the tax ancillary obligations framework, as well of the punitive sanctions imposed due its incompliancy. At last, this study will attempt to give appropriate relevance to the compliance costs, by demonstrating that they matter to a tax system, as such costs, despite being an economic effect of the imposition of tax ancillary obligations, do affect the legal system and, for such, also implies legal effects, as restrictions in the scope of protection of taxpayers fundamental rights.

Despite the pollution control provisions provided in national and local legislation that explicitly or implicitly give effect to the polluter pays principle (PPP), certain rivers continue to suffer from persistent industrial pollution. This research focuses on one such river, the Bayne's Spruit, as a case study. The Bayne's Spruit is a small river that is located within an urban catchment, and which has been subjected to wet industrial pollution for over a decade. Much of this pollution is associated with the Pietermaritzburg edible oil industry. This pollution impacts negatively on a downstream community that uses the river for irrigation of subsistence crops, for recreation and for subsistence fish harvesting. The pollution has also severely degraded the riverine ecosystem. This research commenced with a literature review of the PPP in its international, national and local context. It was noted that the current legislative framework for implementation of the PPP with regard to pollution of rivers in South Africa comprises primarily of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA), the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, and the Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi industrial effluent bylaws of November 1998. The case study was approached using a largely qualitative methodology, although quantitative data was also relied upon where feasible. The historical context of the case study was provided by conducting a review of newspaper reports, a review of. government inspection records, and a review of water quality data (including biomonitoring and chemical data). The current status of the Bayne's Spruit was then explored by conducting in-depth historical interviews with community members, and by conducting direct observation of the environmental status of the Bayne's Spruit. This data was supplemented by an analysis of the test results of sampled industrial effluent, and by information obtained from representatives of two edible oil companies. In-depth, purposively selected interviews were conducted with various role players. (local government, regional government and industry) to identify what factors are preventing the successful implementation of the PPP in the case study area. Factors identified include a lack of environmental ethic within the edible oil industry, with some of these companies free riding on the Bayne's Spruit to maximize their profits. At a local level, factors preventing implementation of the PPP include deficiencies in the local industrial effluent bylaws, failures to administer and implement provisions contained in the bylaws, capacity restrictions and institutional paralysis. National legislation is not being successfully implemented because the government agency empowered under the NWA is deferring primary responsibility for dealing with pollution to the local authority. Factors also include difficulties associated with monitoring of rivers, including lack of capacity to engage in monitoring, and confusion over the functions of the various spheres of government. Finally, enforcement complexities are a major factor preventing successful implementation of the PPP. These problems relate to inadequate penalties, enforcement arrangements, capacity problems, separation of authority to operate the municipal sewer works and to enforce the industrial effluent bylaws, difficulties in identifying the offending polluter (causation), problems with access to company premises, the open access character of the storm water drainage system, previous failed prosecutions and reliance on the criminal justice system. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 2002.