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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Electrochemical studies at carbon-based electrodes

Gan, Kok Dian Patrick January 2015 (has links)
Carbon electrodes have found widespread use in electrochemistry due to its broad versatility and low cost amongst other advantages. Recent innovations in carbon materials have added new dimensions to their utility in electrochemical applications. This thesis aims to investigate aspects of carbon materials, in particular boron-doped diamond (BDD) and nanocarbon composites, mainly for electrochemical analysis and energetics studies. The electrochemical behaviour of estradiol and other endocrine disrupting compounds was examined on the BDD electrode with different surface pretreatments, as well as on a nanocarbon-modified BDD electrode. It was shown that the precise control of surface chemical termination enabled the electrode to be tuned to exhibit diffusional or adsorptive voltammetry at oxidised and hydrogenated BDD interfaces respectively. Adsorption effects were also observed on the modified electrode leading to significant pre-concentration of the analyte onto the nanocarbon and a corresponding lowering of the limit of detection by ca three orders of magnitude to nanomolar levels. Surface modification of the BDD electrodes was then explored using a simple and convenient dropcast technique to deposit microcrystalline copper phthalocyanine onto the electrode. The influence of the surface chemical termination towards the interaction with the modifier compound was demonstrated in relation to the oxygen reduction reaction. Hydrogen terminated BDD modified in such a manner was able to significantly decrease the overpotential for the cathodic reaction by ca 500 mV when compared to the unmodified electrode while modified oxidised BDD showed no such electrocatalysis, signifying greater interaction of the phthalocyanine modifier with the hydrogenated surface. The lack of a further conversion of the peroxide product was attributed to its rapid diffusion away from the triple phase boundary (comprising the phthalocyanine microcrystallite, aqueous solution and BDD electrode) at which the reaction is expected to exclusively occur. Next carbon composites were studied in the form of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs). The practicality of a nanocarbon paste was established by cyclic voltammetry with several well-characterised redox systems commonly used to test electrode activity and was found to exhibit comparable behaviour to the more typical graphitic formulation. Reversible uptake of some analytes was observed at the CPEs, giving rise to complex double peak voltammetry. This uptake phenomenon was then further examined at the nanocarbon paste electrode to monitor the transfer of species between two dissimilar liquid phases. The interfacial behaviour gave rise to voltammetric peaks which were assigned to species originating from the aqueous, binder and carbon phases respectively and this enabled the measurement of Gibbs energies of transfer between oil and aqueous phases. Finally the effect of different ionic liquids as binder for carbon-ionic liquid composite electrodes was studied. Some ionic liquids were demonstrated to offer benefits in comparison to oil in the fabrication of carbon paste type electrode due to an increased adsorption of analytes. The ionic “liquid” (with a melting point above room temperature) <i>n</i>-octyl-pyridinium hexafluorophosphate [C<sub>8</sub>py][PF<sub>6</sub>] was shown to be useful in combination with carbon nanotubes as a composite electrode or as a modifier to a screen-printed electrode to significantly enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical detection via adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Overall the carbon-based electrodes studied have demonstrated excellent utility as electrode materials in the areas of electrochemical sensing and energetics investigations.
2

Avaliação da potencialidade de eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite/poliuretana modificados com hexacianoferratos de Cu(II), Co(II) e Fe(III) para fins analíticos / Evaluation of the analytical potentialities fo composites electrodes based on graphite/polyurethane modified with hexacyanoferrates of Cu(II), Co(II) and Fe(III)

Vicentini, Fernando Campanhã 09 April 2009 (has links)
Eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite/poliuretana foram preparados contendo diferentes quantidades de hexacianoferratos de cobre(II), cobalto(II) e ferro(III). Os complexos foram preparados de acordo como procedimentos descritos na literatura e caracterizados por análise elementar, análise térmica e espectrometria na região do infra-vermelho. A análise térmica mostrou que há 10 moléculas de água de hidratação no hexacianoferrato de cobre(II), 11 no hexacianoferrato de cobalto(II) e 16 no hexacianoferrato de ferro(III). Após desidratação ocorre decomposição exotérmica violenta dos complexos. No caso do cobre a decomposição se dá com formação de CuO seguida da degradação do Fe(CN)3 com formação de Fe2O3. Para o hexacianoferrato de cobalto(II) e o hexacianoferrato de ferro(III) a mistura de Co3O4/Fe2O3 e o Fe2O3, respectivamente, se formaram após uma única etapa de decomposição. Apenas os eletrodos preparados com os complexos de cobalto e cobre apresentaram sinais voltamétricos, enquanto que o complexo de ferro não respondeu, provavelmente devido à sua baixa solubilidade em água. As condições de preparação dos eletrodos, tais como composição, ordem de adição de reagentes, pH, eletrólito suporte e intervalo de potenciais foram otimizadas. Um mecanismo para explicar a não estabilização do sinal voltamétrico, mesmo após ciclagem de potencial foi proposto com base na baixa solubilidade dos sais em água e a sua imobilização no eletrodo sólido a qual dificulta a formação do filme de hexacianoferrato na superfície. Finalmente um método analítico para a determinação de piridoxina, usando o eletrodo de grafite/poliuretana modificado com hexacianoferrato de cobre(II) foi proposto, com base na redução de sinal do complexo, na presença do analito. Neste caso foi observada uma resposta linear entre 1,08 x 10-6 a 1,07 x 10-5 mol L-1, com limite de detecção de 8,78 x 10-7 mol L-1 (3 x S/N) e o método foi aplicado na determinação de piridoxina em duas formulações comerciais. Coeficientes de recuperação entre 98-120% foram observados sem interferência dos componentes das formulações e sem necessidade de renovação da superfície do eletrodo. / Graphite-poliurethane solid composite electrodes were prepared containing different amounts of copper(II), cobalt(II) and iron(III) hexacianoferrates. The complexes were synthesized according to procedures previously described and characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry and the thermal analytical techniques: thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The thermal analysis revealed that there are 10 hydration water molecules in the copper(II) hexacianoferrate, 11 in the cobalt(II) and 16 in the iron(III) complexes. After dehydration, a strong exothermal degradation occurred in all cases. The copper complex decomposed in two steps with generation of CuO, followed by degradation of the Fe(CN)3 and formation of Fe2O3. The cobalt(II) and iron(III) hexacianoferrates decomposed in a single step with generation of Co3O4/Fe2O3 mixture and Fe2O3 as residues respectively. Only the electrodes prepared with copper and cobalt complexes presented voltammetric signals, while the iron complexes did not responded, probably due to its very low solubility in water. The conditions for the electrode preparation such as composition, order of addition of the components supporting electrolyte, pH and useful potential window were optimized. A mechanism to explain the non-stabilization of the voltammetric signal even after 200 cycles has been proposed on the basis of the complexes solubility in water as well as the immobilization of the complex in the solid electrode that turns difficult the formation of the hexacianoferrate film on the electrode surface. Finally, a graphite polyurethane electrode modified with the Cu(II) hexacianoferrate has been used in the voltammetric determination of pyridoxine, based on the diminution of the voltammetric signal of the modifier in the presence of the analyte. In this case a linear dynamic range of 1.08 x 10-6 to 1.07 x 10-5 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 8.78 x 10-7 mol L-1 (3 x S/N). The proposed electrode was used in the determination of pyridoxine in two solid pharmaceutical formulations with recoveries of 98 - 120% without interference of the other substances present in the formulation and no adsorption on the electrode surface.
3

Avaliação da potencialidade de eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite/poliuretana modificados com hexacianoferratos de Cu(II), Co(II) e Fe(III) para fins analíticos / Evaluation of the analytical potentialities fo composites electrodes based on graphite/polyurethane modified with hexacyanoferrates of Cu(II), Co(II) and Fe(III)

Fernando Campanhã Vicentini 09 April 2009 (has links)
Eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite/poliuretana foram preparados contendo diferentes quantidades de hexacianoferratos de cobre(II), cobalto(II) e ferro(III). Os complexos foram preparados de acordo como procedimentos descritos na literatura e caracterizados por análise elementar, análise térmica e espectrometria na região do infra-vermelho. A análise térmica mostrou que há 10 moléculas de água de hidratação no hexacianoferrato de cobre(II), 11 no hexacianoferrato de cobalto(II) e 16 no hexacianoferrato de ferro(III). Após desidratação ocorre decomposição exotérmica violenta dos complexos. No caso do cobre a decomposição se dá com formação de CuO seguida da degradação do Fe(CN)3 com formação de Fe2O3. Para o hexacianoferrato de cobalto(II) e o hexacianoferrato de ferro(III) a mistura de Co3O4/Fe2O3 e o Fe2O3, respectivamente, se formaram após uma única etapa de decomposição. Apenas os eletrodos preparados com os complexos de cobalto e cobre apresentaram sinais voltamétricos, enquanto que o complexo de ferro não respondeu, provavelmente devido à sua baixa solubilidade em água. As condições de preparação dos eletrodos, tais como composição, ordem de adição de reagentes, pH, eletrólito suporte e intervalo de potenciais foram otimizadas. Um mecanismo para explicar a não estabilização do sinal voltamétrico, mesmo após ciclagem de potencial foi proposto com base na baixa solubilidade dos sais em água e a sua imobilização no eletrodo sólido a qual dificulta a formação do filme de hexacianoferrato na superfície. Finalmente um método analítico para a determinação de piridoxina, usando o eletrodo de grafite/poliuretana modificado com hexacianoferrato de cobre(II) foi proposto, com base na redução de sinal do complexo, na presença do analito. Neste caso foi observada uma resposta linear entre 1,08 x 10-6 a 1,07 x 10-5 mol L-1, com limite de detecção de 8,78 x 10-7 mol L-1 (3 x S/N) e o método foi aplicado na determinação de piridoxina em duas formulações comerciais. Coeficientes de recuperação entre 98-120% foram observados sem interferência dos componentes das formulações e sem necessidade de renovação da superfície do eletrodo. / Graphite-poliurethane solid composite electrodes were prepared containing different amounts of copper(II), cobalt(II) and iron(III) hexacianoferrates. The complexes were synthesized according to procedures previously described and characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry and the thermal analytical techniques: thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The thermal analysis revealed that there are 10 hydration water molecules in the copper(II) hexacianoferrate, 11 in the cobalt(II) and 16 in the iron(III) complexes. After dehydration, a strong exothermal degradation occurred in all cases. The copper complex decomposed in two steps with generation of CuO, followed by degradation of the Fe(CN)3 and formation of Fe2O3. The cobalt(II) and iron(III) hexacianoferrates decomposed in a single step with generation of Co3O4/Fe2O3 mixture and Fe2O3 as residues respectively. Only the electrodes prepared with copper and cobalt complexes presented voltammetric signals, while the iron complexes did not responded, probably due to its very low solubility in water. The conditions for the electrode preparation such as composition, order of addition of the components supporting electrolyte, pH and useful potential window were optimized. A mechanism to explain the non-stabilization of the voltammetric signal even after 200 cycles has been proposed on the basis of the complexes solubility in water as well as the immobilization of the complex in the solid electrode that turns difficult the formation of the hexacianoferrate film on the electrode surface. Finally, a graphite polyurethane electrode modified with the Cu(II) hexacianoferrate has been used in the voltammetric determination of pyridoxine, based on the diminution of the voltammetric signal of the modifier in the presence of the analyte. In this case a linear dynamic range of 1.08 x 10-6 to 1.07 x 10-5 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 8.78 x 10-7 mol L-1 (3 x S/N). The proposed electrode was used in the determination of pyridoxine in two solid pharmaceutical formulations with recoveries of 98 - 120% without interference of the other substances present in the formulation and no adsorption on the electrode surface.
4

Determinação de tetraciclina utilizando eletrodos compósitos grafite-poliuretana modificados com polímeros metacrilatos com impressão molecular / Determination of tetracycline using graphite-polyuretane composites electrodes modified with methacrylate molecularly imprinted polymers

José Eduardo dos Santos Clarindo 27 September 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho propôs-se desenvolver eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite-poliuretana modificados com polímeros metacrilatos com impressão molecular (MIP-TC), visando a determinação do antibiótico tetraciclina em formulações farmacêuticas e urina sintética. O trabalho também visou contribuir no desenvolvimento de um sensor com melhor desempenho no que diz respeito à sensibilidade e seletividade do eletrodo compósito modificado, na quantificação do analito/molécula molde em matrizes complexas. Técnicas eletroanalíticas, tais como voltametria cíclica (CV) e voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) foram utilizadas para avaliar a resposta em termos de sensibilidade e seletividade do eletrodo compósito na detecção da tetraciclina (TC), proposto neste trabalho. A otimização dos parâmetros, tais como composição do MIP (5,0 %, m/m), amplitude de pulso (50 mV), velocidade de varredura (10 mV s-1), tempo (300 s) e potencial de acumulação [(+ 0,7 V (vs. SCE)] e faixa granulométrica do MIP (150 a 250 &mu;m), usando voltametria de redissolução anódica por pulso diferencial foi realizada para maximizar a determinação da tetraciclina em tampão fosfato 0,10 mol L -1 (pH 2,5), permitindo obter limites de detecção de 0,555 &mu;mol L-1, 2,70 &mu;mol L-1 e 4,71 &mu;mol L-1, respectivamente, para o EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU e EGPU-NIP, sem necessidade de renovação da superfície do eletrodo entre as sucessivas medidas. Regiões lineares entre 4,0 e 60,0 &mu;mol L-1, 8,0 e 60,0 &mu;mol L-1 e 20,0 e 100,0 &mu;mol L-1/sup> foram observadas, respectivamente, para o EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU e EGPU-NIP, para o pico anódico em + 0,9 V (vs. SCE). Os EGPU também foram testados quanto à seletividade frente à possíveis interferentes, sendo utilizados clortetraciclina (CTC) e oxitetraciclina (OTC) para os testes de interferência. Em todos os casos, a interferência do EGPU-MIP-TC foi menor do que a obtida com o EGPU-NIP, confirmando que o EGPU-MIP-TC foi mais efetivo na capacidade de reconhecer seletivamente o analito na presença dos interferentes CTC e OTC. Após as etapas de síntese dos MIP/NIP e confecção dos eletrodos, otimização dos parâmetros, avaliações e testes de sensibilidade e seletividade dos EGPU, os eletrodos foram submetidos à aplicação em duas amostras de medicamentos comerciais, TetraMed&reg; 500 mg e genérico de cloridrato de tetraciclina 500 mg e uma amostra sintética de urina. Os resultados foram comparados ao método oficial por HPLC, apresentando 95 % de confiança, de acordo com o teste t-Student. / In this work, graphite-polyurethane composites electrodes were modified with methacrylate molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP-TC) in order to evaluate the electrodes in the determination of tetracycline (TC) antibiotic in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in biological fluid. The work aimed to contribute in development of a sensor with better performance about the sensitivity and selectivity of the composites electrodes modified in quantification of this analyte. Electroanalytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to evaluate the selectivity and sensitivity of the composite electrodes in the detection of tetracycline. The parameters optimization, such as MIP composition (5.0 %, m/m), pulse amplitude (50 mV), scan rate (10 mV s-1), accumulation time (300 s), accumulation potential [+ 0.7 V (vs. SCE)], and MIP granulometry (150 to 250 &mu;m), using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was done to maximize the determination of tetracycline in phosphate buffer 0.1 mol·L-1 pH 2.5 resulting in LOD of 0.555 &mu;mol L-1, 2.70 &mu;mol L-1 and 4.71 &mu;mol L-1, respectively for the EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU and EGPU-NIP, without the need for surface renovation between the measures. A linear dynamic range from 4.0 to 60.0 &mu;mol L-1, 8.0 to 60.0 &mu;mol L-1 and 20.0 to 100.0 &mu;mol L-1, respectively for the EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU and EGPU-NIP was observed for the anodic peak at + 0.9 V (vs. SCE). The EGPU were also tested regarding the selectivity compared to possible interferents, such as chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) for the interference study. In all cases, the interference of EGPU-MIP-TC was lower than the one that was got with EGPU-NIP, confirming that the EGPU-MIP-TC was more selective than the non-imprinted polymer in the capacity of recognizing, selectively, the analyte in presence of CTC and OTC interferents. After the steps of synthesis of MIP/NIP and electrodes confection, parameters optimization, evaluation and EGPU sensitivity and selectivity studies, the electrodes were submitted to the application in two commercial drugs containing 500 mg of tetracycline cloridrate, TetraMed&reg; and generic; and a synthetic urine sample. The results were compared to the official method by HPLC, presenting 95 % confidence according to the t-Student test.
5

Determinação de tetraciclina utilizando eletrodos compósitos grafite-poliuretana modificados com polímeros metacrilatos com impressão molecular / Determination of tetracycline using graphite-polyuretane composites electrodes modified with methacrylate molecularly imprinted polymers

Clarindo, José Eduardo dos Santos 27 September 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho propôs-se desenvolver eletrodos compósitos à base de grafite-poliuretana modificados com polímeros metacrilatos com impressão molecular (MIP-TC), visando a determinação do antibiótico tetraciclina em formulações farmacêuticas e urina sintética. O trabalho também visou contribuir no desenvolvimento de um sensor com melhor desempenho no que diz respeito à sensibilidade e seletividade do eletrodo compósito modificado, na quantificação do analito/molécula molde em matrizes complexas. Técnicas eletroanalíticas, tais como voltametria cíclica (CV) e voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) foram utilizadas para avaliar a resposta em termos de sensibilidade e seletividade do eletrodo compósito na detecção da tetraciclina (TC), proposto neste trabalho. A otimização dos parâmetros, tais como composição do MIP (5,0 %, m/m), amplitude de pulso (50 mV), velocidade de varredura (10 mV s-1), tempo (300 s) e potencial de acumulação [(+ 0,7 V (vs. SCE)] e faixa granulométrica do MIP (150 a 250 &mu;m), usando voltametria de redissolução anódica por pulso diferencial foi realizada para maximizar a determinação da tetraciclina em tampão fosfato 0,10 mol L -1 (pH 2,5), permitindo obter limites de detecção de 0,555 &mu;mol L-1, 2,70 &mu;mol L-1 e 4,71 &mu;mol L-1, respectivamente, para o EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU e EGPU-NIP, sem necessidade de renovação da superfície do eletrodo entre as sucessivas medidas. Regiões lineares entre 4,0 e 60,0 &mu;mol L-1, 8,0 e 60,0 &mu;mol L-1 e 20,0 e 100,0 &mu;mol L-1/sup> foram observadas, respectivamente, para o EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU e EGPU-NIP, para o pico anódico em + 0,9 V (vs. SCE). Os EGPU também foram testados quanto à seletividade frente à possíveis interferentes, sendo utilizados clortetraciclina (CTC) e oxitetraciclina (OTC) para os testes de interferência. Em todos os casos, a interferência do EGPU-MIP-TC foi menor do que a obtida com o EGPU-NIP, confirmando que o EGPU-MIP-TC foi mais efetivo na capacidade de reconhecer seletivamente o analito na presença dos interferentes CTC e OTC. Após as etapas de síntese dos MIP/NIP e confecção dos eletrodos, otimização dos parâmetros, avaliações e testes de sensibilidade e seletividade dos EGPU, os eletrodos foram submetidos à aplicação em duas amostras de medicamentos comerciais, TetraMed&reg; 500 mg e genérico de cloridrato de tetraciclina 500 mg e uma amostra sintética de urina. Os resultados foram comparados ao método oficial por HPLC, apresentando 95 % de confiança, de acordo com o teste t-Student. / In this work, graphite-polyurethane composites electrodes were modified with methacrylate molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP-TC) in order to evaluate the electrodes in the determination of tetracycline (TC) antibiotic in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in biological fluid. The work aimed to contribute in development of a sensor with better performance about the sensitivity and selectivity of the composites electrodes modified in quantification of this analyte. Electroanalytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to evaluate the selectivity and sensitivity of the composite electrodes in the detection of tetracycline. The parameters optimization, such as MIP composition (5.0 %, m/m), pulse amplitude (50 mV), scan rate (10 mV s-1), accumulation time (300 s), accumulation potential [+ 0.7 V (vs. SCE)], and MIP granulometry (150 to 250 &mu;m), using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was done to maximize the determination of tetracycline in phosphate buffer 0.1 mol·L-1 pH 2.5 resulting in LOD of 0.555 &mu;mol L-1, 2.70 &mu;mol L-1 and 4.71 &mu;mol L-1, respectively for the EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU and EGPU-NIP, without the need for surface renovation between the measures. A linear dynamic range from 4.0 to 60.0 &mu;mol L-1, 8.0 to 60.0 &mu;mol L-1 and 20.0 to 100.0 &mu;mol L-1, respectively for the EGPU-MIP-TC, EGPU and EGPU-NIP was observed for the anodic peak at + 0.9 V (vs. SCE). The EGPU were also tested regarding the selectivity compared to possible interferents, such as chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) for the interference study. In all cases, the interference of EGPU-MIP-TC was lower than the one that was got with EGPU-NIP, confirming that the EGPU-MIP-TC was more selective than the non-imprinted polymer in the capacity of recognizing, selectively, the analyte in presence of CTC and OTC interferents. After the steps of synthesis of MIP/NIP and electrodes confection, parameters optimization, evaluation and EGPU sensitivity and selectivity studies, the electrodes were submitted to the application in two commercial drugs containing 500 mg of tetracycline cloridrate, TetraMed&reg; and generic; and a synthetic urine sample. The results were compared to the official method by HPLC, presenting 95 % confidence according to the t-Student test.

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