Jojoba, Simmondsia chinesis, a shrub native to the Sonoran Desert, has seeds with a high percentage of oil. The oil, which has properties similar to sperm whale oil, is expressed with heat and pressure, leaving behind a pressed meal rich in protein and carbohydrate. High concentration of a cyanoglycoside, simmondsin, and polyphenolic compounds in the meal make it unusable for animal or human consumption. Commercial means of protein extraction were improved by washing the protein concentrate with methanol, acetone, and acidic methanol to remove sugars, polyphenolic components and simmondsin. A concentrate with 85% protein, less than 0.3% polyphenolic compounds, and less than 1% simmondsin resulted. The foamability, water absorption, oil absorption, gelation, emulsification and nitrogen solubility were comparable to other plant protein concentrates. Fewer than 15 proteins in the pressed meal and concentrates were detected using PAGE (12.5% T, 2.4% C) in a Laemmli discontinuous system. The proteins were deficient in the sulfur amino acids, and marginal in threonine and lysine. The amino acid imbalance might be partially responsible for poor weight gain and other toxicity symptoms reported previously.

Eighty years of chlorine atomic weight measurements revealed no variation of the stable isotope ratio, 37C1/ 35C1 (with precision up to 1.0%.) in natural materials. This result is not surprising because chlorine occurs in relatively few compounds, has a strong affinity for the liquid phase, occurs mostly in the -1 oxidation state and organisms don't discriminate between chlorine isotopes. Chlorine isotopes have been found to fractionate in the laboratory during kinetic reactions, equilibrium between phases and diffusion. This dissertation examined chlorine isotope composition of chloride from sea water halite, hydrothermal water samples and ground-water samples where chloride was likely moving by diffusion. The measurement method was mass spectrometry of methyl chloride gas prepared by quantitative precipitation of AgC1 from solution, and reaction of the AgC1 with methyl iodide. The precision of the technique is 0.24%. Results from sea water indicate that isotope ratios in sea water do not vary beyond measured uncertainty, thus sea water became the designated standard called SMOC (Standard mean ocean chloride). Many of the samples measured in this study vary significantly, though most are within 1.0%, of SMOC. All halite and hydrothermal samples are heavier than SMOC. Halite results may indicate isotope effects durina precipitation or time dependent variations of sea water. Hydrothermal samples may indicate source differences and/or fractionation mechanisms. Milk River aquifer samples indicate that chloride in the same aquifer may vary due to dual filtration or differina sources. Samples from a Canadian glacial clay show a total chloride variation of 2.4%,, linearly distributed with depth. chloride in the clay is known to be diffusing against ground-water movement. The isotope distribution can be approximated with a counter-current column equation. Samples from Texas and Louisiana contain an isotope range of about 1.8%, linearly distributed with depths from 6,000 to 14,000 feet. The distribution can be approximated with a simple diffusion equation. As a tracing tool, chlorine isotope measurements showed that halite AO kilometers from the ocean in south Africa probably did not precipitate from sea water mist, and that oil field brines adiacent to the Weeks Island salt dome (Louisiana) probably did not receive substantial quantities dome chloride.

This dissertation argues that using rhetorical approaches to outré literature gleaned from popular culture within the context of first-year composition helps students become critical readers, thinkers, and writers. I suggest that if instructors privilege texts their students are likely to be familiar with in English 101, then they can more readily introduce unfamiliar concepts like rhetorical analysis; by the time students arrive in English 102, they can apply the now familiar concept of rhetorical analysis to new texts such as academic discourse. Thus, in designing this curriculum I draw on the Harry Potter novels, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Star Wars graphic novels to present nine rhetorical strategies that can be used not only for literary texts such as these, but can also be transferred to a variety of novel situations students are likely to encounter in college and in the everyday world. In the end, the dissertation makes arguments not only for using literature to teach composition, but also for using rhetorical analysis as a means to teach reading, thinking, and writing, and also for keeping first-year composition as a required part of the curriculum.

Partition coefficients in the Fe-Ni-S-P system measured utilizing "static" equilibration experiments cannot be reconciled with the results of "dynamic" experiments which mimic fractional crystallization. New tests of the "static" experiments demonstrate that they yield reliable equilibrium Ni, P and Ge partition coefficients. Partition coefficients in the Fe-Ni-S-P system are well matched by interpolation between the Fe-Ni-S and Fe-Ni-P subsystems. The crystal/liquid partitioning of Ga and Ge has been measured experimentally between forsterite, diopside, anorthite and spinel and melts in the forsterite-diopside-anorthite system. The coefficients for the exchange of Ga and Al and the exchange of Ge and Si between minerals and melts are within a factor of two of unity. Application of these results to the interpretation of natural basaltic samples demonstrates that Ga/Al and Ge/Si ratios can be used to discriminate between different mantle source regions.

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