Understanding how the human visual system recognizes objects is one of the key challenges in neuroscience. Inspired by a large body of physiological evidence (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Tso et al., 2001; Zeki, 1993), a general class of recognition models has emerged which is based on a hierarchical organization of visual processing, with succeeding stages being sensitive to image features of increasing complexity (Hummel and Biederman, 1992; Riesenhuber and Poggio, 1999; Selfridge, 1959). However, these models appear to be incompatible with some well-known psychophysical results. Prominent among these are experiments investigating recognition impairments caused by vertical inversion of images, especially those of faces. It has been reported that faces that differ "featurally" are much easier to distinguish when inverted than those that differ "configurally" (Freire et al., 2000; Le Grand et al., 2001; Mondloch et al., 2002) ??finding that is difficult to reconcile with the aforementioned models. Here we show that after controlling for subjects' expectations, there is no difference between "featurally" and "configurally" transformed faces in terms of inversion effect. This result reinforces the plausibility of simple hierarchical models of object representation and recognition in cortex.

Understanding how the human visual system recognizes objects is one of the key challenges in neuroscience. Inspired by a large body of physiological evidence (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Tso et al., 2001; Zeki, 1993), a general class of recognition models has emerged which is based on a hierarchical organization of visual processing, with succeeding stages being sensitive to image features of increasing complexity (Hummel and Biederman, 1992; Riesenhuber and Poggio, 1999; Selfridge, 1959). However, these models appear to be incompatible with some well-known psychophysical results. Prominent among these are experiments investigating recognition impairments caused by vertical inversion of images, especially those of faces. It has been reported that faces that differ “featurally” are much easier to distinguish when inverted than those that differ “configurally” (Freire et al., 2000; Le Grand et al., 2001; Mondloch et al., 2002) – a finding that is difficult to reconcile with the aforementioned models. Here we show that after controlling for subjects’ expectations, there is no difference between “featurally” and “configurally” transformed faces in terms of inversion effect. This result reinforces the plausibility of simple hierarchical models of object representation and recognition in cortex.

Cette thèse propose de rapprocher l'histoire naturelle du cerf, appréhendée à travers les écrits des naturalistes et des veneurs, de l'ethnohistoire de l'Europe occidentale. Il s'agit donc de confronter des récits censés être vrais parce que fondés sur des faits observables, à des récits explicitement imaginaires. Nous avons modifié la définition du mythème développée par Claude Lévi-Strauss, à partir des termes narratifs (T) et leur inverse (T-1), et des fonctions narratives (F) et leur inverse (F-1). Nous définissons le mythème comme la combinaison des quatre versions possibles d'un récit, la version TF et la version contraposée T-1F-1, mais aussi les variantes TF-1 ou T-1F ; à la suite de Lévi-Strauss, nous considérons un mythe comme l'ensemble de ses variantes. Comme les objets réels existent indépendamment des usages et des représentations que peuvent en avoir les communautés humaines, des mythèmes ont été formulés relativement au cerf, à sa place dans l'environnement, aux bonnes façons d'employer son cœur, son cuir ou son bois pour signifier le cours du temps ou le destin des hommes. Nous avons isolé une vingtaine de ces mythèmes et les avons classés par ordre croissant d'abstraction, en considérant que chacun d'eux permettait de figer une relation entre termes et fonctions narratives, ou de résoudre une dissonance cognitive. Pour autant, aucun récit ne prétend relier entre eux tous ces mythèmes. La plupart ne sont reliés entre eux que de façon elliptique, la narration ne donnant pas les détails nécessaires à la vraisemblance ou à la véracité des récits. Pour y remédier, nous montrons l'existence, dans les rites religieux contemporains de Bretagne, d'un repérage cohérent des directions cardinales et intermédiaires, fondé sur les levers et couchers solaires aux solstices. A partir des indications horaires et directionnelles, puis des indications horaires et calendaires, nous restituons les dates dédiées aux saints hommes au cerf, l'agencement des sites de culte entre eux et la forme des trajets de procession, au solstice d'été. Par extrapolation à des niveaux supérieurs de l'échelle des grandeurs spatiales, nous restituons trois types de parcours rituels ; en l'état actuel du dossier, la relation entre le rite et son ampleur territoriale ne permet pas de présumer de la fonction sociale des trajets à l'échelle nationale ou européenne. En extrapolant aux niveaux inférieurs de l'échelle temporelle nous restituons les « unités » de calcul calendaire inférieures à la journée, en particulier la fréquence cardiaque de repos (60 battements par minute chez l'Homme). Le rapprochement est fait entre la métrique temporelle, écartelé entre ses cadences rapide (le pouls cardiaque) et lente (la précession des équinoxes), et la métrique spatiale, opposant le microcosme domestique au macrocosme borné par la « sphère des fixes ». S'en déduit intuitivement la fonction sociale des thèmes relatifs aux niveaux inférieurs des échelles de grandeur: le cœur, la maisonnée, etc... Une interprétation distincte des rites estivaux et hivernaux est alors proposée, à partir des récits mythiques des Celtes insulaires. / This thesis proposes a link between the natural history of the red deer, as seen in the writings of naturalists and huntsmen, with the folklore of Western Europe. It is a confrontation of tales that are supposed to be true, since based on observable facts, with purely fictional tales. We have altered the definition of the mytheme developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss, on the basis of narrative terms (T) and their opposite (T-1), and narrative functions (F) and their opposite (F-1). We define the mytheme as being the combination of four possible versions of a tale, the TF version and the contrapositive T-1F-1 version, as well as TF-1 or T-1F variations; like Lévi-Strauss, we consider the myth along with all of its variations. Since actual objects exist independently of the uses and representations that human populations may have of them, mythemes have been formulated concerning the red deer, its place in the environment and the right ways to use its heart, its hide or its antlers to represent the passage of time or man's destiny. We have isolated some twenty mythemes and classified them in increasing order of abstraction, considering that each of them enables a relationship to be forged between narrative terms and functions, or resolves a cognitive dissonance. However, no tale may claim to connect all these mythemes together. Most are only connected in an elliptical manner, since the narration does not provide all the details necessary to establish the plausibility or veracity of the tales. To resolve this issue, we prove the existence, in Breton contemporary religious rites, of a coherent system of cardinal and intermediary directions, based on sunrise and sunset during the solstices. Based on time and direction indications, then time and calendar indications, we restore the dates dedicated to human saints to the red deer, and the positioning of worship sites in relation to one another and the shape of procession routes to the summer solstice. By extrapolation to the upper levels of the scale of space measurements, we recreate three types of ritual itineraries; at the present time, the relationship between the rite and its territorial extent does not enable any presumption regarding the social function of routes on a national or European scale. By extrapolation to the lower levels of the time scale, we recreate the “units” of calendar calculation of less than one day, and in particular the idle heart rate (60 beats / minute in man). A link is established between the time metric, between its rapid rate (heart rate) and slow rate (axial precession), and the space metric, opposing the domestic microcosm and the macrocosm limited by the “sphere of fixed stars”. The social function of the themes related to the lower levels of the measurement scales can then be deduced intuitively: heart, household, etc. A separate interpretation of summer and winter rites is then proposed, based on the mythical tales of insular Celts.

Cette thèse propose de rapprocher l'histoire naturelle du cerf, appréhendée à travers les écrits des naturalistes et des veneurs, de l'ethnohistoire de l'Europe occidentale. Il s'agit donc de confronter des récits censés être vrais parce que fondés sur des faits observables, à des récits explicitement imaginaires. Nous avons modifié la définition du mythème développée par Claude Lévi-Strauss, à partir des termes narratifs (T) et leur inverse (T-1), et des fonctions narratives (F) et leur inverse (F-1). Nous définissons le mythème comme la combinaison des quatre versions possibles d'un récit, la version TF et la version contraposée T-1F-1, mais aussi les variantes TF-1 ou T-1F ; à la suite de Lévi-Strauss, nous considérons un mythe comme l'ensemble de ses variantes. Comme les objets réels existent indépendamment des usages et des représentations que peuvent en avoir les communautés humaines, des mythèmes ont été formulés relativement au cerf, à sa place dans l'environnement, aux bonnes façons d'employer son cœur, son cuir ou son bois pour signifier le cours du temps ou le destin des hommes. Nous avons isolé une vingtaine de ces mythèmes et les avons classés par ordre croissant d'abstraction, en considérant que chacun d'eux permettait de figer une relation entre termes et fonctions narratives, ou de résoudre une dissonance cognitive. Pour autant, aucun récit ne prétend relier entre eux tous ces mythèmes. La plupart ne sont reliés entre eux que de façon elliptique, la narration ne donnant pas les détails nécessaires à la vraisemblance ou à la véracité des récits. Pour y remédier, nous montrons l'existence, dans les rites religieux contemporains de Bretagne, d'un repérage cohérent des directions cardinales et intermédiaires, fondé sur les levers et couchers solaires aux solstices. A partir des indications horaires et directionnelles, puis des indications horaires et calendaires, nous restituons les dates dédiées aux saints hommes au cerf, l'agencement des sites de culte entre eux et la forme des trajets de procession, au solstice d'été. Par extrapolation à des niveaux supérieurs de l'échelle des grandeurs spatiales, nous restituons trois types de parcours rituels ; en l'état actuel du dossier, la relation entre le rite et son ampleur territoriale ne permet pas de présumer de la fonction sociale des trajets à l'échelle nationale ou européenne. En extrapolant aux niveaux inférieurs de l'échelle temporelle nous restituons les " unités " de calcul calendaire inférieures à la journée, en particulier la fréquence cardiaque de repos (60 battements par minute chez l'Homme). Le rapprochement est fait entre la métrique temporelle, écartelé entre ses cadences rapide (le pouls cardiaque) et lente (la précession des équinoxes), et la métrique spatiale, opposant le microcosme domestique au macrocosme borné par la " sphère des fixes ". S'en déduit intuitivement la fonction sociale des thèmes relatifs aux niveaux inférieurs des échelles de grandeur: le cœur, la maisonnée, etc... Une interprétation distincte des rites estivaux et hivernaux est alors proposée, à partir des récits mythiques des Celtes insulaires.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-20T21:14:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HugoBarrosCamboim_DISSERT.pdf: 2235324 bytes, checksum: ebcb1e19c35ba48ea27d27d8fce0b644 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-23T20:04:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HugoBarrosCamboim_DISSERT.pdf: 2235324 bytes, checksum: ebcb1e19c35ba48ea27d27d8fce0b644 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T20:04:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HugoBarrosCamboim_DISSERT.pdf: 2235324 bytes, checksum: ebcb1e19c35ba48ea27d27d8fce0b644 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / Vigil?ncia Inteligente desempenha um papel fundamental na assist?ncia tecnol?gica em cen?rios de seguran?a p?blica atrav?s de seu potencial em detectar objetos e eventos em tempo real. Essa tecnologia tem atra?do aten??o especial no campo de seguran?a p?blica, particularmente em ambientes veiculares pela habilidade em assistir cen?rios de miss?o cr?tica atrav?s de detec??o autom?tica por v?deo em tempo real(ex. assaltos, sequestros, atos de viol?ncia, etc.). Consequentemente, ? poss?vel permitir que autoridades realizem uma compensa??o entre reativa e pr?-ativa na tomada de a??es, buscando manter sistemas de alertas customizados, realizando um planejamento mais eficiente, e prover melhor qualidade de vida ? sociedade. Al?m disso, a associa??o de recursos de Computa??o em Nuvem ? suscept?vel de proporcionar perspectivas avan?adas para aplica??es de Vigil?ncia Inteligente, em termos de aprovisionamento refor?ado: (i) processamento, para permitir implanta??o de t?cnicas de computa??o inteligente para melhorar a precis?o; (ii) armazenamento, para adotar uma grande variedade de templates; (iii) e, acesso ub?quo para que qualquer dispositivo permane?a conectado em qualquer lugar. A investiga??o realizada neste trabalho ? focada na abordagem de Vigil?ncia Inteligente baseada em Computa??o em Nuvem conduzida para permitir execu??o de aplica??es m?veis baseadas em eventos no dom?nio de seguran?a p?blica. O objetivo ? permitir que aplica??es m?veis otimizadas, as quais explorando um esquema baseado em eventos, possam prover perspectivas de baixo consumo de recursos(energia, CPU e rede) em compra??o ? abordagem reativa cl?ssica. Uma avalia??o ? feita atrav?s de um conjunto de experimentos realizados em um testbed real, os quais demonstram que o trabalho proposto supera o esquema de computa??o m?vel cl?ssico. / Smart video surveillance plays a key role in offering technological assistance in public safety scenarios, due to its potential to allow events and objects to be automatically detected in realtime. The Smart video surveillance technology has attracted special attention in the field of public safety, particularly in vehicular environments by the ability in assisting mission critical scenarios through real-time video processing based automatic detections (e.g., assaults, kidnaps, acts of violence etc.). Hence, it is possible to enable a tradeoff to be made between reactive and pro-active authorities when taking action, seeking to keep customized alert systems, carry out more efficient planning, and thus provide society with a better quality of life. Moreover, the association to Cloud Computing capabilities, is likely to provide advanced perspectives to smart surveillance applications, in terms to provisioning enhanced: (i) processing, to allow for deploying smart computing techniques for improved accuracy; (ii) storage, to adopt a wide variety of templates; (iii), and ubiquitous access, to keep connected everywhere and to any device. The investigation carried in this work focus in deploying a smart surveillance driven cloud-enabled approach to allow for event-based mobile applications in the public safety field. The objective is to allow optimized mobile applications, by which exploiting event-based scheme to provide to low resource consumption (energy, CPU and network usage) perspectives in comparison to the classic reactive approach. The evaluation is carried out in a set of experiments over a real testbed, which demonstrates that the proposal outperforms the classical mobile computing scheme.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-17T19:02:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudioAndresCallejasOlguin_TESE.pdf: 2208703 bytes, checksum: 0e72fd38176ce63ab4ad6ea3333dc84c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-17T20:07:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudioAndresCallejasOlguin_TESE.pdf: 2208703 bytes, checksum: 0e72fd38176ce63ab4ad6ea3333dc84c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T20:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudioAndresCallejasOlguin_TESE.pdf: 2208703 bytes, checksum: 0e72fd38176ce63ab4ad6ea3333dc84c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / O conjunto de fun??es totais comput?veis somente tem sido estudado topologicamente como um subespa?o de um espa?o de Baire. Onde a topologia deste espa?o de Baire ? a topologia induzida de uma topologia de Scott para as fun??es parciais (n?o necessariamente comput?veis). Nesta tese constr?i-se uma topologia original no conjunto de ?ndices das fun??es totais comput?veis e demonstra-se que ela n?o ? homeomorfa com o subespa?o do espa?o de Baire que foi mencionado. H? um subconjunto indecid?vel importante no conjunto de fun??es totais comput?veis chamado ?o conjunto de fun??es comput?veis regulares?, que recebe aten??o especial nesta tese. Com a finalidade de fazer um estudo topol?gico deste conjunto constr?i-se todo um aparato te?rico. Ap?s apresentar o estado da arte da teoria dos dom?nios generalizada introduz-se uma generaliza??o original dos dom?nios alg?bricos nomeados como ?quase dom?nios alg?bricos?. Com uma ordem parcial adequada, constr?i-se um quase-dom?nio alg?brico para o conjunto de fun??es comput?veis totais. Por meio da topologia de Scott associada a esse quase-dom?nio alg?brico, obt?m-se uma condi??o necess?ria para as fun??es comput?veis regulares. Fica provado que esta ?ltima topologia n?o ? homeomorfa com o subespa?o previamente mencionado do espa?o de Baire apresentado. Como subproduto, introduz-se uma topologia de Scott para o conjunto de fun??es totais (n?o necessariamente comput?veis). Fica provado que esta ?ltima topologia n?o ? homeomorfa com o espa?o de Baire apresentado. Fica tamb?m provado que as topologias de Scott no conjunto de fun??es totais e no subconjunto de fun??es totais comput?veis t?m o conjunto de fun??es totais com suporte finito como conjunto denso comum. Analogamente, fica provado que a topologia no conjunto ?ndice do conjunto de fun??es totais comput?veis tem como conjunto denso os ?ndices correspondentes a uma enumera??o comput?vel sem repeti??o do conjunto de fun??es totais com suporte infinito. / Topologically the set of total computable functions has been studied only as a subspace of a Baire space. Where the topology of this Baire space is the induced topology of a Scott topology for the partial functions (not necessarily computable). In this thesis a novel topology on the index set of the set of total computable functions is built and proved that it is not homeomorphic to the aforementioned subspace of the presented Baire space. There is an important undecidable subset of the set of total computable functions called the set of regular computable functions that receives particular attention in this thesis. In order to make a topological study of this set a whole theoretical apparatus is constructed. After presenting the state of the art of generalised domain theory, a novel generalisation of algebraic domains coined as algebraic quasidomains is introduced. With a suited partial-order an algebraic quasi-domain is built for the set of total computable functions. Through the Scott topology associated with this algebraic quasi-domain a necessary condition for the regular computable functions is obtained. It is proved that this later topology is not homeomorphic to the previously mentioned subspace of the presented Baire space. As a byproduct a Scott topology for the set of total functions (not necessarily computable) is introduced. It is proved that this later topology is not homeomorphic to the presented Baire space. It is also proved that the Scott topologies in the set of total functions and in the subset of total computable functions have the set of total functions with finite support as a common dense set. Analogously it is proved that the topology in the index set of the set of total computable functions has as a dense set the indexes corresponding to a computable enumeration without repetition of the set of total functions with finite support.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andre Luiz Gomide de Morais.pdf: 1627953 bytes, checksum: 05ab427707618c3afdeb890e320268e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Introduction Strategies to obtain the working length to prepare and fill the root canals has been relevant theme of discussion in endodontics. The purpose of this study was to compare in vivo the canal root working length measures determined by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with the ones obtained by using periapical radiograph and electronic apex locator. Methods The root canal working lengths of 30 single-rooted teeth from 19 patients whose diagnosis was apical periodontitis were evaluated. Initial periapical radiographs for diagnosis and treatment planning, employing the parallelism technique, were taken. CBCT images were acquired with i-CAT system (aiming of diagnosing the cases of apical periodontitis that showed to be complex and doubtful) and measured with specific function of i-CAT software. The coronal opening was made, the root canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite solution 2.5%, being performed the exploration and initial emptying of root canal. After, the preparation of the inlet orifice and of the cervical root third was carried out . The minor foramen was located using Root ZX® locator by advancing a stainless steel K-file that best suited the root canal, according to the manufacturer´s instructions. The radiographic measurement was made by advancing a stainless steel K-file in the root canal, until its tip was 1.0 mm from the root apex (determined from the measures obtained by the electronic ape locator). These 3 working length were tabulated and compared. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the differences between working lengths methods. The significance was set at α=5%. Results The mean values and standard deviations for working length determination by electronic apex locator, periapical radiograph and CBCT images were 21.5 ± 3.1, 21.32 ± 3, 21.4 ± 2.7, respectively. Significant differences were not verified statistically (P>0.05). Conclusions CBCT images working length determination showed to be as similar as the determinations obtained by using periapical radiograph and electronic apex locator. / Introdução: Estratégias para obtenção do comprimento de trabalho para preparar e obturar canais radiculares têm sido tema relevante de discussão em Endodontia. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar in vivo as medidas de comprimento de trabalho do canal radicular determinadas por meio da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) com as obtidas por meio de radiografia periapical e localizador apical eletrônico. Metodologia: Foram avaliados os comprimentos de trabalho dos canais radiculares em 30 dentes de 19 pacientes com diagnóstico de periodontite apical. Radiografias periapicais iniciais de diagnóstico e plano de tratamento, empregando a técnica do paralelismo, foram realizadas. As imagens de TCFC foram obtidas usando o sistema i-CAT (com o intuito de diagnosticar os casos de periodontite apical que se mostraram complexos ou duvidosos) e foram medidas a partir de função específica do programa desse sistema. Foi realizada a abertura coronária, os canais radiculares foram irrigados solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%, sendo realizada a exploração e o esvaziamento inicial do canal radicular. Depois foi realizado o preparo do orifício de entrada e do terço cervical da raiz. O forame apical foi localizado usando o localizador Root ZX® por meio do avanço de uma lima tipo K-file que melhor se adaptasse ao canal radicular de aço inoxidável no canal radicular, de acordo com instruções do fabricante. A medida radiográfica foi feita por meio da colocação de uma lima tipo K-file de aço inoxidável no canal radicular, até que sua ponta estivesse a 1,0mm do ápice radicular (determinado pelas medidas obtidas com o localizador apical eletrônico). Essas três medidas de comprimento de trabalho foram tabuladas e comparadas. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi empregado para analisar as diferenças entre os métodos de obtenção dos comprimentos de trabalho. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em α=5%. Resultados: O valor médio e os desvios-padrões para a determinação do comprimento de trabalho por meio de imagens de TCFC, localizador apical eletrônico e radiografia periapical foram de e 21,4 ± 2,7, 21,5 ± 3,1, 21,32 ± 3, respectivamente. Diferenças significantes entre as medidas obtidas pelos três métodos não foram verificadas (p>0.05). Conclusões: A determinação do comprimento de trabalho em imagens de TCFC mostrou ser tão similar quanto às determinações obtidas por meio do método radiográfico e do localizador apical eletrônico.