Power, performance, and cost dictate the procurement and operation of high-performance computing (HPC) systems. These systems use graphics processing units (GPUs) for performance boost. In order to identify inexpensive-to-acquire and inexpensive-to-operate systems, it is important to do a systematic comparison of such systems with respect to power, performance and energy characteristics with the end use applications. Additionally, the chosen systems must often achieve performance objectives without exceeding their respective power budgets, a task that is usually borne by a software-based power management system. Accurately predicting the power consumption of an application at different DVFS levels (or more generally, different processor configurations) is paramount for the efficient functioning of such a management system. This thesis intends to apply the latest in the state-of-the-art in green computing research to optimize the total cost of acquisition and ownership of heterogeneous computing systems. To achieve this we take a two-fold approach. First, we explore the issue of greener device selection by characterizing device power and performance. For this, we explore previously untapped opportunities arising from a special type of graphics processor --- the low-power integrated GPU --- which is commonly available in commodity systems. We compare the greenness (power, energy, and energy-delay product $rightarrow$ EDP) of the integrated GPU against a CPU running at different frequencies for the specific application domain of scientific visualization. Second, we explore the problem of predicting the power consumption of a GPU at different DVFS states via machine-learning techniques. Specifically, we perform statistically rigorous experiments to uncover the strengths and weaknesses of eight different machine-learning techniques (namely, ZeroR, simple linear regression, KNN, bagging, random forest, SMO regression, decision tree, and neural networks) in predicting GPU power consumption at different frequencies. Our study shows that a support vector machine-aided regression model (i.e., SMO regression) achieves the highest accuracy with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.5%. We also observe that the random forest method produces the most consistent results with a reasonable overall MAE of 7.4%. Our results also show that different models operate best in distinct regions of the application space. We, therefore, develop a novel, ensemble technique drawing the best characteristics of the various algorithms, which reduces the MAE to 3.5% and maximum error to 11% from 20% for SMO regression. / MS

This thesis presents a pedagogical framework for understanding dynamic Parametricism within the new media culture. As indicated by the title, 'Appliance Architecture in the Invisible College: a Pedagogical Text', this paper will serve two purposes. First, appliance architecture will construct the theoretical framework that will provide the context for the four case studies presented within this thesis: an interview with Rob Ley, designer of the Reef Project; the design and development of the Eclipsis Screen for the Solar Decathlon house, Lumenhaus; the development of an architectural robotics design laboratory, Prototyping in Architectural Robotics for Technology-enriched Education (PARTeE); and workshop > no.1, a physical computing workshop held at the College of Architecture + Urban Studies (CAUS). Second, the invisible college will serve as a pedagogical framework for teaching dynamic Parametricism within appliance architecture. The invisible college will explore the emergent design typologies developed through the PARTeE laboratory's first year and will culminate in the application of the teaching methodologies used for the physical computing workshop. The following serves to establish the architectural discourse within which 'Appliance Architecture in the Invisible College' is embedded. In the broadest sense, this discourse is that of kinetic architecture. The word 'kinetic' is used to denote motion, or the act or process of changing position of over time, where time is the unit of measurement or relativity. The 'appliance' is defined as any consumer object or assembly with embedded intelligence; it does not shy away from the modern connotation of objects such as a coffee maker, refrigerator or iPod. The appliance as an assembly, therefore, presents a part-to-whole relationship that is understood through GWF Hegel's organic unity, which states: 'everything that exists stands in correlation, and this correlation is the veritable nature of every existence. The existent thing in this way has no being in its own, but only in something else, just as the whole would not be what it is but for the existence of its parts, so the parts would not be what they are but for the existence of the whole' (Leddy, 1991). It is this part-to-whole relationship which provides an understanding of the emergent typologies which structure the foundation for learning within the invisible college. / Master of Architecture

Dendrocolaptes platyrostris é uma espécie de ave florestal associada às matas de galeria do corredor de vegetação aberta da América do sul (D. p. intermedius) e à Floresta Atlântica (D. p. platyrostris). Em um trabalho anterior, foi observada estrutura genética populacional associada às subespécies, além de dois clados dentro da Floresta Atlântica e evidências de expansão na população do sul, o que é compatível com o modelo Carnaval-Moritz. Utilizando approximate Bayesian computation, o presente trabalho avaliou a diversidade genética de dois marcadores nucleares e um marcador mitocondrial dessa espécie com o objetivo de comparar os resultados obtidos anteriormente com os obtidos utilizando uma estratégia multi-locus e considerando variação coalescente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma relação de politomia entre as populações que se separaram durante o último período interglacial, mas expandiram após o último máximo glacial. Este resultado é consistente com o modelo de Carnaval-Moritz, o qual sugere que as populações sofreram alterações demográficas devido às alterações climáticas ocorridas nestes períodos. Trabalhos futuros incluindo outros marcadores e modelos que incluam estabilidade em algumas populações e expansão em outras são necessários para avaliar o presente resultado / Dendrocolaptes platyrostris is a forest specialist bird associated to gallery forests of the open vegetation corridor of South America (D. p. intermedius) and to the Atlantic forest (D. p. platyrostris). A previous study showed a population genetic structure associated with the subspecies, two clades within the Atlantic forest, and evidence of population expansion in the south, which is compatible with Carnaval- Moritz\'s model. The present study evaluated the genetic diversity of two nuclear and one mitochondrial markers of this species using approximate Bayesian computation, in order to compare the results previously obtained with those based on a multi-locus strategy and considering the coalescent variation. The results suggest a polytomic relationship among the populations that split during the last interglacial period and expanded after the last glacial maximum. This result is consistent with the model of Carnaval-Moritz, which suggests that populations have undergone demographic changes due to climatic changes that occurred in these periods. Future studies including other markers and models that include stability in some populations and expansion in others are needed to evaluate the present result

Os dispositivos móveis passaram por grandes transformações na última década e tornaram-se complexos computadores dotados de grande poder de processamento e memória, além de prover aos usuários diversos recursos como sensores e câmeras de alta resolução. O uso de dispositivos móveis para diversas tarefas aumentou consideravelmente, o que levantou uma grande preocupação com o o alto consumo de energia desses dispositivos. Portanto, estudos tem sido realizados no sentido de encontrar soluções para diminuir o custo de energia das aplicações que executam em dispositivos móveis. Uma das alternativas mais utilizadas é o \\textit{computation offloading}, cujo objetivo é transferir a execução de uma tarefa para uma plataforma externa com o intuito de aumentar desempenho e reduzir consumo de recursos, como a bateria, por exemplo. Decidir sobre usar ou não esta técnica implica entender a influência de fatores como a quantidade de dados processados, a quantidade de computação envolvida, e o perfil da rede. Muitos estudos tem sido realizados para estudar a influência de diversas opções de rede wireless, como 3G, 4G e Wifi, mas nenhum estudo investigou a influência das escolhas de comunicação no custo de energia. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma investigação sobre a influência da quantidade de dados, da quantidade de computação e dos protocolos de comunicação ou estilo arquitetural no consumo de energia quando a técnica de \\textit{computation offloading} é utilizada. Neste estudo, foram comparados REST, SOAP, Socket e RPC na execução de algoritmos de ordenação de diferentes complexidades aplicados sobre vetores de diversos tamanhos e tipos de dados. Os resultados mostram que a execução local é mais econômica com algoritmos menos complexos, pequeno tamanho de entrada e tipo de dados menos complexos. Quando se trata de execução remota, o REST é a escolha mais econômica seguida por Socket. Em geral, REST é mais econômico com vetores do tipo Object, independentemente da complexidade do algoritmo e tamanho do vetor, enquanto Socket é mais econômico com entradas maiores e com vetores de tipos primitivos, como Int e Float / Mobile devices have significantly changed in the last decade and they become complex computer machines equipped with large processing power and memory. Moreover, they provide users with several resources such as sensors and high resolution cameras. The usage of mobile devices has significantly increased in the past years, which raised an important concern regarding the high energy consumption. Therefore, several investigations have been conducted aiming at finding solutions to reduce the energy cost of mobile applications. One of the most used strategy is called computation offloading, whose main goal is to transfer the execution of a task to an external platform aiming at increasing performance and reducing resource consumption, including the battery. Deciding towards offloading certain tasks requires to understand the influence of the amount of data, amount of computation, and the network profile. Several studies have investigated the influence of different wireless flavours, such as 3G, 4G and wifi, but no study has investigated the influence of the communication choices on the energy cost. Therefore, the purpose of this research project is to present an investigation on the influence of the amount of data, amount of computation and the communication protocols and architectural style on the energy consumption in the context of the computation offloading technique. In this study, we compare REST, SOAP, Socket and RPC when executing algorithms of different complexities and different input sizes and types. Results show that local execution is more economic with less complex algorithms and small input data. When it comes to remote execution, REST is the most economic choice followed by Socket. In general, REST is the most economic choice when applied on Object type arrays, regardless the complexity and size, while Socket is the most economic choice with large arrays and primitive types such as integers and floats

Neste trabalho apresentaremos dois problemas do contexto de controle estatístico da qualidade: monitoramento \"on-line\'\' de qualidade e environmental stress screening, analisados pela óptica bayesiana. Apresentaremos os problemas dos modelos bayesianos relativos a sua aplicação e, os reanalisamos com o auxílio do ABC o que nos fornece resultados de uma maneira mais rápida, e assim possibilita análises diferenciadas e a previsão novas observações. / In this work we will present two problems in the context of statistical quality control: on line quality monitoring and environmental stress screening, analyzed from the Bayesian perspective. We will present problems of the Bayesian models related to their application, and also we reanalyze the problems with the assistance of ABC methods which provides results in a faster way, and so enabling differentiated analyzes and new observations forecast.

Neste trabalho apresentaremos dois problemas do contexto de controle estatístico da qualidade: monitoramento \"on-line\'\' de qualidade e environmental stress screening, analisados pela óptica bayesiana. Apresentaremos os problemas dos modelos bayesianos relativos a sua aplicação e, os reanalisamos com o auxílio do ABC o que nos fornece resultados de uma maneira mais rápida, e assim possibilita análises diferenciadas e a previsão novas observações. / In this work we will present two problems in the context of statistical quality control: on line quality monitoring and environmental stress screening, analyzed from the Bayesian perspective. We will present problems of the Bayesian models related to their application, and also we reanalyze the problems with the assistance of ABC methods which provides results in a faster way, and so enabling differentiated analyzes and new observations forecast.

Os dispositivos móveis passaram por grandes transformações na última década e tornaram-se complexos computadores dotados de grande poder de processamento e memória, além de prover aos usuários diversos recursos como sensores e câmeras de alta resolução. O uso de dispositivos móveis para diversas tarefas aumentou consideravelmente, o que levantou uma grande preocupação com o o alto consumo de energia desses dispositivos. Portanto, estudos tem sido realizados no sentido de encontrar soluções para diminuir o custo de energia das aplicações que executam em dispositivos móveis. Uma das alternativas mais utilizadas é o \\textit{computation offloading}, cujo objetivo é transferir a execução de uma tarefa para uma plataforma externa com o intuito de aumentar desempenho e reduzir consumo de recursos, como a bateria, por exemplo. Decidir sobre usar ou não esta técnica implica entender a influência de fatores como a quantidade de dados processados, a quantidade de computação envolvida, e o perfil da rede. Muitos estudos tem sido realizados para estudar a influência de diversas opções de rede wireless, como 3G, 4G e Wifi, mas nenhum estudo investigou a influência das escolhas de comunicação no custo de energia. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma investigação sobre a influência da quantidade de dados, da quantidade de computação e dos protocolos de comunicação ou estilo arquitetural no consumo de energia quando a técnica de \\textit{computation offloading} é utilizada. Neste estudo, foram comparados REST, SOAP, Socket e RPC na execução de algoritmos de ordenação de diferentes complexidades aplicados sobre vetores de diversos tamanhos e tipos de dados. Os resultados mostram que a execução local é mais econômica com algoritmos menos complexos, pequeno tamanho de entrada e tipo de dados menos complexos. Quando se trata de execução remota, o REST é a escolha mais econômica seguida por Socket. Em geral, REST é mais econômico com vetores do tipo Object, independentemente da complexidade do algoritmo e tamanho do vetor, enquanto Socket é mais econômico com entradas maiores e com vetores de tipos primitivos, como Int e Float / Mobile devices have significantly changed in the last decade and they become complex computer machines equipped with large processing power and memory. Moreover, they provide users with several resources such as sensors and high resolution cameras. The usage of mobile devices has significantly increased in the past years, which raised an important concern regarding the high energy consumption. Therefore, several investigations have been conducted aiming at finding solutions to reduce the energy cost of mobile applications. One of the most used strategy is called computation offloading, whose main goal is to transfer the execution of a task to an external platform aiming at increasing performance and reducing resource consumption, including the battery. Deciding towards offloading certain tasks requires to understand the influence of the amount of data, amount of computation, and the network profile. Several studies have investigated the influence of different wireless flavours, such as 3G, 4G and wifi, but no study has investigated the influence of the communication choices on the energy cost. Therefore, the purpose of this research project is to present an investigation on the influence of the amount of data, amount of computation and the communication protocols and architectural style on the energy consumption in the context of the computation offloading technique. In this study, we compare REST, SOAP, Socket and RPC when executing algorithms of different complexities and different input sizes and types. Results show that local execution is more economic with less complex algorithms and small input data. When it comes to remote execution, REST is the most economic choice followed by Socket. In general, REST is the most economic choice when applied on Object type arrays, regardless the complexity and size, while Socket is the most economic choice with large arrays and primitive types such as integers and floats

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Everaldo Lopes Silva.pdf: 2560111 bytes, checksum: 80d8866035ff50f6bddd07b19b709209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-16 / This dissertation has the objective of identifying the technical aspects that deal with the utilization of computer cluster, specially the platforms with Linux operational system. It will be presented some cluster models in Linux, recognizing its advantages and its disadvantages and finally indicating the chosen model with the due justification. As part of this work, we will propose a laboratory with a cluster of two equipments connected with two gigabit interfaces each one and one computer working stand-alone. It will run Artificial Intelligence and Digital Design programs in this cluster, comparing its performance with only one computer running the same programs. The measuring and analysis will indicate if the Linux cluster would be a feasible infrastructure in technical and financial terms for AI and Digital Design application. The research method will be naturally the experimental and the approach method will be inductive, for through the results of the experimentation and technical analysis, it will be able to apply the knowledge achieved in others similar environments. For putting the experimental activity in the correct context, it will be used the more significant and contemporary research theories to establish in a clear way the scientific approach that it will lead the whole work / Esta dissertação visa identificar os aspectos técnicos e teóricos que envolvem a utilização de cluster de computadores, tratando especialmente de plataformas com o sistema operacional Linux. Serão apresentados alguns modelos de cluster em Linux, reconhecendo suas vantagens e desvantagens e por fim indicando o modelo escolhido com a devida justificativa. Como parte do trabalho, proporemos um laboratório com um agrupamento de dois equipamentos conectados com duas interfaces de rede gigabit ethernet em cada um e um computador trabalhando isoladamente. Executaremos programas de Inteligência Artificial e Design Digital nesse cluster e compararemos o seu desempenho com apenas um computador executando esses mesmos programas. As medições e análise servirão como base para análise para a verificação se um cluster de Linux seria uma infraestrutura viável em termos técnicos e financeiros para aplicações de Inteligência Artificial e Design Digital. O método de pesquisa será naturalmente a pesquisa experimental e o método de abordagem será indutivo, pois através dos resultados da experimentação e da análise técnica se poderá aplicar o conhecimento obtido em situações semelhantes. Para contextualizar a atividade experimental abordaremos as teorias de pesquisa mais significativas e contemporâneas para que se estabeleça de maneira clara a abordagem científica que norteará o trabalho como um todo

The abuse of and dependence on opioids are major public health problems, and have been the focus of intense media coverage and scholarly inquiry. This research explores the problem in Iowa through the lens of infectious disease modeling. We wanted to identify the current state of the crisis, factors affecting the progression of the addiction process, and evaluate interventions as data becomes available. We introduced a novel sequential Approximate Bayesian Computation technique to address shortcomings of existing methods in this complex problem space, after surveying the literature for available Bayesian computation techniques. A spatial compartmental model was used which allowed forward and backward progression through susceptible, exposed, addicted, and removed disease states. Data for this model were compiled over the years 2006-2016 for Iowa counties, from a variety of sources. Prescription overdose deaths and treatment data were obtained from the Iowa Department of Public Health, possession and distribution arrest data were acquired from the Iowa Department of Public Safety, a measure of total available pain reliever prescriptions was derived from private health insurance claims data, and population totals were obtained from the US Census Bureau. Inference was conducted in a Bayesian framework. A measure called the empirically adjusted reproductive number which estimates the expected number of new users generated from a single user was used to examine the growth of the crisis. Results expose the trend in recruitment of new users, and peak recruitment times. While we identify an overall decrease in the rate of spread during the study period, the scope of the problem remains severe, and interesting outlying trends require further investigation. In addition, an examination of the reproductive numbers estimated for contact within and between counties indicates that medical exposure, rather than spread through social networks, may be the key driver of this crisis.

This paper deals with the applications of symbolic computation of Mathematica 7.0 (Wolfram, 2008) in distribution theory. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, we will implement some functions to extend Mathematica capabilities to handle symbolic computations of the characteristic function for linear combination of independent univariate random variables. These functions utilizes pattern-matching codes that enhance Mathematica's ability to simplify expressions involving the product and summation of algebraic terms. Secondly, characteristic function can be classified into commonly used distributions, including six discrete distributions and seven continuous distributions, via the pattern-matching feature of Mathematica. Finally, several examples will be presented. The examples include calculating limit of characteristic function of linear combinations of independent random variables, and applications of coded functions and illustrate the central limit theorem, the law of large numbers and properties of some distributions.