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[pt] Em este estudo, com base nos resultados do tratamento da superfície do bambu para reforço de concreto desenvolvido na PUC-Rio (Brasil), análises teóricas e experimentais foram executados na University of Cambridge e University of Bath (Inglaterra). Para melhorar o tratamento da superfície do bambu (usando resina epóxi), um programa experimental sobre 32 espécimes de Push-out foram realizadas. Tiras de bambu (para concreto armado) preparadas a partir de bambu Phyllostachys pubescens e tratados para melhorar a aderência foram utilizados, com um comprimento embutido de 20 mm. A influência do tipo de resina, tamanho do agregado (2 mm ou 4 mm), nó do bambu e os procedimentos para limpar a sua superfície foram obtidas é analisadas em curvas de aderência-deslizamento. Usando o tratamento com melhores resultados uma laje de concreto (3000 mm x 3000 mm) reforçada nas duas direções com tiras de bambu (sem armadura de cisalhamento) foi construída e testada. A laje foi testada simplesmente apoiada nos quatro lados com carga concentrada no meio. Um modelo de elementos finitos (MEF) foi criado usando SAP2000 para analisar e projetar o reforço de bambu. A carga experimental de colapso foi aproximadamente 148,39 por cento e 110,91 por cento dos valores teoricamente previstos pelo modelo numérico e pela carga máxima de punção (seguindo BS 8110 [36]) respeitabilidade. A laje apresentou alta rigidez contra a deformação antes do colapso por punção. Finalmente, para produzir um material composto avançado usando bambu para reforço de concreto, investigações experimentais do efeito do teor de umidade à temperatura ambiente e em condições de congelamento do bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus (DG) foram realizadas. Laminas de bambu com maior fração volumétrica de fibras (Vf) foram consideradas. 2250 corpos de prova de tração e compressão foram testados. A absorção de água, propriedades mecânicas das laminas de bambu e colapsos foram analisados em detalhe, e adequadas equações matemáticas foram estabelecidas. A partir dos resultados da resistência e módulo de elasticidade à tração (TMOE) da fibra de bambu DG foram estimados. Os resultados mostraram que as laminas de Dendrocalamus giganteus (DG) com maior fração volumétrica de fibras (Vf) e baixa umidade podem ser aplicadas em materiais compósitos para a construção, campo de energia (peças estruturais das hastes de turbinas eólicas), área automotiva (estruturas de carros), e aeronáutica (aviões de pequeno porte), fornecendo um novo material alternativo de baixo consumo de carbono. / [en] In this study, based on the results of bamboo surface treatment for concrete reinforcement developed at PUC-Rio (Brazil), theoretical and experimental analyses were executed at the University of Cambridge and University of Bath (England). To improve the bamboo surface treatment (using epoxy resin) an experimental program concerning 32 push-out specimens were carried out. Bamboo strips (for reinforcing concrete) prepared from Phyllostachys Pubescens bamboo and treated to enhance surface bonding were used, with a constant embedment length of 20 mm. The influence of two resins type, gravel size (2 or 4 mm), bamboo node and procedures for cleaning the surface of the bamboo on the bond–slip curves obtained are analyzed. Using the best bamboo surface treatment a full scale (3000 mm by 3000 mm) two-way spanning concrete slab reinforced with bamboo strips (without any shear reinforcement) was constructed and tested. The experimental test was simply supported along its four sides and subjected to a central concentrated load. A finite element model was created using SAP2000 to analyse and design the bamboo reinforcement. Experimental failure load was found to be approximately 148.39 per cent and 110.91 per cent of the theoretically predicted values by the numerical model and by ultimate punching shear load (following BS 8110 [36]) respectability. The slabs exhibited high stiffness against deformation prior to collapse through punching shear load. Finally, to produce an advanced bamboo composite material for concrete reinforcement, an experimental investigation of the effect of moisture content at room temperature and frozen conditions on Bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus (DG) layers with highest fibre volume fraction (Vf) were considered. 2250 tensile and compression test specimens were tested. The absorption of water, mechanical properties of bamboo layers and failure were analyzed in detail and appropriate mathematical equations have been established. From the results the tensile strength and tensile modulus of elasticity (TMOE) of DG bamboo fibres were estimated. The results show that Dendrocalamus giganteus (DG) bamboo layers with highest fibres volume fraction (Vf) and low moisture content can be applied in composite materials for construction, energy field (structural parts of wind turbine blades), automotive field (car structures), and aviation (small aircraft) providing a new low carbon alternative material.

Resíduos da área de engenharia civil decorrentes da recuperação de estruturas danificadas por agentes agressivos contribuem continuadamente para impactar o meio ambiente de maneira cada vez mais preocupante. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que sejam aceitáveis do ponto de vista ambiental e financeiro provou ser um grande desafio na solução desse problema quando se compara o custo original e eficaz em médio e longo prazo ao custo da demolição, destinação desse material e reconstrução da obra. Para viabilizar a utilização de compósitos de fibras sintéticas como reforço resistente a ambientes agressivos em elementos de concreto, os aparatos de ensaio e os corpos de prova foram modificados e adaptados aos sistemas operacionais descritos pelas normas técnicas vigentes, a partir da concepção do uso de filamentos de fibra contínua. Dado o caráter inovador do trabalho, não se identificou uma norma que tratasse especificamente dos ensaios de flexão nem pullout com fibras contínuas em blocos de concreto. Portanto, para se conseguir um aproveitamento desse tipo de reforço que respondesse satisfatoriamente quando comparado às armaduras metálicas, foi aplicada uma rugosidade à superfície da haste para garantir sua aderência ao bloco de concreto. Pelo método de preparo de compósitos de matriz cimentícia proposto no presente estudo, foram determinados os valores da força de arrancamento dos reforços com fibras de carbono e vidro-AR, os quais, no caso das fibras de carbono, apresentaram aumentos significativos entre 76% e 158% e 47% e 120% respectivamente para concretos de resistência à compressão de 30 MPa (fcm 30) e 40 MPa (fcm 40) comparados com valores obtidos para barras de aço. / In Civil Engineering, the waste from the recovery of structures that were damaged by aggressive agents continuously contribute to impact the environment in an increasingly concerning way. The development of new technologies that would be environmentally and financially acceptable has become a major challenge to solve that problem when one compares the medium and long term original and effective cost to the cost of demolition, destination of that material and rebuilding. To enable the use of synthetic fiber composites as a resistant reinforcement to aggressive environments in concrete elements, the test apparatus and the specimens were changed and suited to the operational systems described by current technical standards from the conception of the use of continuous fiber filaments. Given the innovative character of the present work, no standard specifically related to bending and pullout tests with continuous fibers in concrete blocks has been identified. Therefore, in order to obtain good use of that kind of reinforcement that would respond satisfactorily when compared to metallic bars, some rugosity was applied to the rod surface in order to ensure its adherence to the concrete block. The preparation method of cement matrix composites proposed in the present work has determined pullout strength values and reinforcement with carbon and AR glass fiber values, which, regarding carbon fibers, showed significant increase between 76% and 158% and 47% and 120% respectively for compression resistant concrete of 30 MPa (fcm 30) and 40 MPa (fcm 40) compared to the obtained values for steel bars.

Les aciers inoxydables sont de plus en plus utilisés comme renfort du béton dans lesconstructions marines et côtières, afin de prévenir la corrosion induite par les ions chloruresqui pénètrent dans le béton poreux. L’ajout de molybdène dans les aciers inox contribue àaugmenter leur résistance à la corrosion par piqure lorsqu’ils sont utilisés dans desenvironnements acides et neutres. Cependant, le rôle du Mo sur la corrosion par piqûre desaciers en milieu alcalin chloruré reste à ce jour flou et peu étudié. Par conséquence, lacompréhension de l’action du Mo dans la résistance à la corrosion en milieu alcalin est doncd'une importance majeure. Cela permettra l'optimisation de la composition finale des alliagesinoxydables en vue des applications potentiels comme renfort dans le béton. Ainsi, cette thèsevise à étudier l'effet de l'addition du Mo sur les propriétés de corrosion par piqûre des aciersinoxydables austénitiques, ferritiques et surtout lean duplex en milieu alcalin. Finalement, lerôle du Mo sur les aciers inoxydables a été discuté en termes de leur résistance à la corrosionlocalisée, cinétique de repassivation et propriétés de passivation dans plusieurs milieuxagressifs, mais surtout dans une solution chlorurée synthétique qui simule les environnementsporeux du béton (solution de pH10 avec des ions carbonates et chlorures). / The use of stainless steels (SS) as concrete reinforcement is becoming increasinglypopular in coastal and marine constructions in order to prevent corrosion induced by chlorideions penetrating into the concrete. However, the influence of Mo addition on pitting corrosionresistance of these steels is not fully understood in alkaline chloride conditions although thiselement is widely associated to an increasing corrosion resistance in acidic and neutralenvironments. Therefore, understanding Mo mechanism on corrosion resistance in alkalineconditions is hence of major importance for the setting of optimized alloy composition. ThisPhD work aims to study the effect of Mo addition on pitting corrosion properties of austenitic,ferritic and mainly lean duplex stainless steels in alkaline media, which simulates the concreteenvironment. As far as the role of Mo is concerned, it will be discussed in terms of, pittingcorrosion resistance, repassivation kinetics, and passivation properties from acidic to alkalineconditions.

Resíduos da área de engenharia civil decorrentes da recuperação de estruturas danificadas por agentes agressivos contribuem continuadamente para impactar o meio ambiente de maneira cada vez mais preocupante. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que sejam aceitáveis do ponto de vista ambiental e financeiro provou ser um grande desafio na solução desse problema quando se compara o custo original e eficaz em médio e longo prazo ao custo da demolição, destinação desse material e reconstrução da obra. Para viabilizar a utilização de compósitos de fibras sintéticas como reforço resistente a ambientes agressivos em elementos de concreto, os aparatos de ensaio e os corpos de prova foram modificados e adaptados aos sistemas operacionais descritos pelas normas técnicas vigentes, a partir da concepção do uso de filamentos de fibra contínua. Dado o caráter inovador do trabalho, não se identificou uma norma que tratasse especificamente dos ensaios de flexão nem pullout com fibras contínuas em blocos de concreto. Portanto, para se conseguir um aproveitamento desse tipo de reforço que respondesse satisfatoriamente quando comparado às armaduras metálicas, foi aplicada uma rugosidade à superfície da haste para garantir sua aderência ao bloco de concreto. Pelo método de preparo de compósitos de matriz cimentícia proposto no presente estudo, foram determinados os valores da força de arrancamento dos reforços com fibras de carbono e vidro-AR, os quais, no caso das fibras de carbono, apresentaram aumentos significativos entre 76% e 158% e 47% e 120% respectivamente para concretos de resistência à compressão de 30 MPa (fcm 30) e 40 MPa (fcm 40) comparados com valores obtidos para barras de aço. / In Civil Engineering, the waste from the recovery of structures that were damaged by aggressive agents continuously contribute to impact the environment in an increasingly concerning way. The development of new technologies that would be environmentally and financially acceptable has become a major challenge to solve that problem when one compares the medium and long term original and effective cost to the cost of demolition, destination of that material and rebuilding. To enable the use of synthetic fiber composites as a resistant reinforcement to aggressive environments in concrete elements, the test apparatus and the specimens were changed and suited to the operational systems described by current technical standards from the conception of the use of continuous fiber filaments. Given the innovative character of the present work, no standard specifically related to bending and pullout tests with continuous fibers in concrete blocks has been identified. Therefore, in order to obtain good use of that kind of reinforcement that would respond satisfactorily when compared to metallic bars, some rugosity was applied to the rod surface in order to ensure its adherence to the concrete block. The preparation method of cement matrix composites proposed in the present work has determined pullout strength values and reinforcement with carbon and AR glass fiber values, which, regarding carbon fibers, showed significant increase between 76% and 158% and 47% and 120% respectively for compression resistant concrete of 30 MPa (fcm 30) and 40 MPa (fcm 40) compared to the obtained values for steel bars.

Um die Anwendbarkeit von Carbonbeton als Verstärkungsmaßnahme bewerten zu können, wurden zunächst Aspekte zur Materialbeschaffenheit auf Grundlage laufender Forschungsvorhaben zusammengetragen und vor dem Hintergrund der Anwendung im Brückenbau gezielt durch eigene Versuchsserien ergänzt. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag jedoch bei der Untersuchung des Tragverhaltens von verstärkten Stahl- und Spannbetontragwerken. Während die Verbundunterschiede zwischen Bewehrungsmaterial im Altbetonbauteil und der nachträglich angebrachten Verstärkungsschicht im Bruchzustand von untergeordneter Bedeutung sind, bestimmen diese im Gebrauchszustand das Tragverhalten maßgeblich. Basierend auf Bauteilversuchen an carbonbetonverstärkten Stahl- und Spannbetonplattenstreifen gelang es sowohl einen Bemessungsansatz unter Gebrauchslastniveau als auch für den Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit abzuleiten. Auch die weit verbreitete Problematik in Deutschland zur Verstärkung von Tragwerken mit spannungsrisskorrosionsgefährdetem Spannstahl wurde behandelt. An Brückenträgern aus einem Brückenrückbau ergab sich die Möglichkeit experimentelle Untersuchungen durchzuführen und die Wirksamkeit einer Carbonbetonverstärkung zu validieren. Die Träger wurden zunächst gezielt geschädigt, anschließend mit Carbonbeton verstärkt und das Tragverhalten in Hinblick auf die Kriterien Rissbildung unter Gebrauchslasten (Ankündigungsverhalten) sowie die erzielbare Restsicherheit (Tragsicherheit) bewertet. Die Ergebnisse und Berechnungsansätze wurden für die praktische Anwendung in einem Bemessungsbeispiel zusammengetragen. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden somit die Grundlagen geschaffen Verstärkungsmaßnahmen mit Carbonbeton im Brückenbau bemessen zu können.

Κατά την διάρκεια των αμέσως προηγούμενων δεκαετιών, η οικοδομική βιομηχανία ενσωμάτωσε τα πολυμερή και τα σύνθετα υλικά πολυμερικής μήτρας στο φάσμα των μεθόδων και υλικών που χρησιμοποιεί για ένα μεγάλο αριθμό εφαρμογών. Τα υλικά πολυμερικής μήτρας μπορούν είτε να εφαρμοστούν σε υφιστάμενα στοιχεία των κατασκευών (π.χ. ελάσματα άνθρακα σε στοιχεία από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα) ή μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την αντικατάσταση συμβατικών δομικών υλικών (π.χ. αντικατάσταση ράβδων χάλυβα με ράβδους υάλου ή άνθρακα). Εφόσον το σκυρόδεμα είναι ένα από τα πιο σημαντικά σύγχρονα οικοδομικά υλικά, έχει διεξαχθεί εκτεταμένη έρευνα στον τομέα της χρήσης πολυμερών για την βελτίωση των φυσικών και μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων του. Δύο κύριες στρατηγικές έχουν ακολουθηθεί: Η πρώτη στρατηγική δεν αλλοιώνει την τσιμεντοειδή μήτρα του υλικού. Δυο κατηγορίες έχουν προκύψει από την εφαρμογή αυτής της στρατηγικής : το εμποτισμένο με πολυμερή σκυρόδεμα (Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC) και το τροποποιημένο με πολυμερή σκυρόδεμα (Polymer Modified Concrete (PMC). Το PIC είναι σκυρόδεμα που μετά την σκλήρυνση του έχει εμποτιστεί με ένα πολυμερές χαμηλού ιξώδους ενώ το PMC είναι ένα σκυρόδεμα στην μάζα του οποίου, ενώ βρίσκεται ακόμα στην ρευστή φάση, έχουν προστεθεί πολυμερή. Η δεύτερη στρατηγική η τσιμεντοειδής μήτρα του σκυροδέματος αντικαθίσταται εντελώς από μια πολυμερική μήτρα. Το παράγωγο αυτής της διαδικασίας ονομάζεται πολυμερικό σκυρόδεμα {Polymer Concrete (PC)}. Αυτή η εργασία είναι μια πειραματική διερεύνηση των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων πολυμερικού σκυροδέματος που αποτελείται από εποξειδική ρητίνη και μαρμαρόσκονη, που από κοινού θα αποτελούν την υβριδική μήτρα του υλικού, και διάφορους τύπους ενίσχυσης όπως ίνες υάλου, σφαιρίδια υάλου και ίνες χάλυβα. Οι μηχανικές ιδιότητες (μέτρο ελαστικότητας και αντοχή) των υλικών διερευνήθηκαν υπό συνθήκες κάμψης τριών σημείων (TPB) ενώ αναπτύχθηκε και εφαρμόστηκε ένα εμπειρικό μοντέλο σε μια προσπάθεια να υπολογιστεί η μεταβολή του μέτρου ελαστικότητας συναρτήσει της περιεκτικότητας σε ενίσχυση. Επιπρόσθετα, η δομή των υλικών που κατασκευάστηκαν διερευνήθηκε με την μέθοδο της ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης (Scan Electron Microscopy - SEM). Τα πολυμερή είναι γνωστό ότι υφίστανται έντονη υποβάθμιση των μηχανικών τους ιδιοτήτων υπό την επίδραση υψηλών θερμοκρασιών. Για τον λόγο αυτό ακολουθήθηκε μια πειραματική διαδικασία ώστε να διερευνηθεί ποσοτικά η έκταση αυτής της υποβάθμισης όταν το υλικό υποβληθεί σε μια ανοικτή φλόγα αερίου (βουτανίου/προπανίου). Επιπροσθέτως, διερευνήθηκε η επίδραση της περιεκτικότητας σε ενίσχυση στον περιορισμό της έκτασης της υποβάθμισης, ενώ έγινε προσπάθεια για την ανάπτυξη και εφαρμογή μοντέλων για την πρόβλεψη της υποβάθμισης που προκαλείται υπό διαφορετική χρονική διάρκεια έκθεσης στην φλόγα.Τέλος, και εξαιτίας του γεγονότος ότι τα πολυμερή χαρακτηρίζονται από έντονη βισκοελαστική συμπεριφορά, διεξήχθη μια πειραματική διαδικασία (χαλάρωση υπό συνθήκες κάμψης τριών σημείων) με σκοπό να μελετηθούν οι βισκοελαστικές ιδιότητες των υλικών που κατασκευάστηκαν. Παράλληλα, αναπτύχθηκαν και εφαρμόστηκαν μοντέλα που μπορούν να αναπαράγουν την βισκοελαστική συμπεριφορά τους. / During last decades, building industry has incorporated polymers and polymer matrix composites in the spectrum of the available methods and materials for a number of applications. Polymers matrix composites can either be applied on existing structure members (e.g. carbon fiber plates on concrete beams) or they can be used to substitute traditional building materials (e.g. glass or carbon fibers rebars substituting concrete reinforcement steel rebars). Since concrete is one of the most important modern building materials, quite extensive research has been made in the field of enhancing its properties by the use of polymers. Two main strategies have been followed. First strategy does not alter the cementious composition of the material. Two main categories are derived from this approach: Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC) and Polymer Modified Concrete (PMC). PIC is hardened concrete which is impregnated by a low-viscosity polymer, while PMC is a cementious concrete which, when still in liquid phase, polymers are added in its mass. In the second strategy, cementious matrix is totally replaced by a polymer. The product of these procedure is called Polymer Concrete (PC). This work is an experimental investigation of a polymer concrete material consisting of a polymer epoxy matrix and marble sand, serving as a hybrid matrix, and various types of reinforcements, namely short E-glass fibers, E-glass beads and short stainless steel fibers. The mechanical properties (stiffness and flexural strength) of the materials are investigated by means of three-point bending tests (TPB) and a empirical model is developed and applied in order to reproduce the stiffness variation due to variation of the reinforcement content. Additionally, scan electron microscopy (SEM) was used in order to investigate the structure of the materials that were manufactured. Since polymers are known to exhibit high degradation of their mechanical properties under elevated temperatures, an experimental scheme was conducted to investigate, in a quantitative manner, the extend of degradation that an open gas flame causes to the materials manufactured. The role of reinforcement content in limiting mechanical degradation was studied. Additionally, an effort was made to develop and apply models capable of predicting degradation at different exposure to flame time periods. Finally, and due to the fact that polymers are characterized by strong viscoelastic behavior, an experimental procedure was conducted in order to investigate relaxation behavior of the materials manufactured and tested. Relaxation experiments were conducted on material specimens and the results were used to apply and validate a number of models used to reproduce their viscoelastic behavior.

En el siguiente informe de tesis, se presenta el desarrollo de un concreto especial reforzado con fibra de basalto para evitar la corrosión en los elementos estructurales encontrados en la ciudad de Pisco. Este material es clasificado como polímero utilizado para mejorar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas del concreto. Por ello, los ensayos en probetas estándar de concreto con diferentes porcentajes de este adicionado generan resultados eficientes que comprueban la hipótesis a investigar. Como punto de referencia y comparación también se evaluó un concreto convencional. En ambos casos fueron sometidos a los ensayos de compresión y tracción para medir su resistencia. Además, se realizaron ensayos para medir su durabilidad tales como álcali-sílice y carbonatación. Los resultados generan beneficios en la actividad de la construcción y minimizan los costos económicos surgidos por la pérdida de materiales generado por la corrosión. / The following thesis report presents the development of a special concrete reinforced with basalt fiber to prevent corrosion in the structural elements found in the city of Pisco. This material is classified as a polymer used to improve the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Therefore, the tests in standard concrete specimens with different percentages of this additive generate efficient results that prove the hypothesis to be investigated. As a point of reference and comparison, a conventional concrete was also evaluated. In both cases they were subjected to compression and traction tests to measure their resistance. In addition, tests were carried out to measure its durability such as alkali-silica and carbonation. The results generate benefits in the construction activity and minimize the economic costs arising from the loss of materials generated by corrosion. / Tesis

Aim of The Diploma Thesis was to design load-bearing structure of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building, to realize structural analysis in Dlubal-RFEM software and dimension its selected parts. Designed structure is based on already erected building in office edifices campus in Brno-Slatina district. Its original number of storeys was increased from ten to nineteen, so the specific problems connected to high-rise building designing could be solved. Time dependent deformations of vertical structures were analysed in detail, so the changes in load of horizontal elements could be described more precisely, because of its direct dependence on compression of the columns. Within the paper, foundation structure dimensions were designed, assessment and design of composite columns assembly were made, as well of floor slab in 2nd floor with column deformations impact check on the 17th floor. Also, the external walls, pillars and shear core walls were designed and assessed. Formwork drawing of designed structure parts and detailed drawing of reinforcement of assessed elements were elaborated. Based on Diploma Thesis results it can be stated, that if influence of nonuniform load of vertical structures within the high-rise building designing is neglected, consequent project would presumably be uneconomic, or dangerous after an optimization attempts.

The object of the theoretical part of this diploma thesis is overview of the historical development of reinforced concrete and concrete reinforcements, including the elaboration of a detailed methodology for the assessment of the state of bridge structures. It is applied in practical parts of two bridges independent on each other. There are used the most modern technologies like device Hilti PS1000, profometer PM-630 to diagnose objects and they are completed by chopped probe. It also includes a structural analysis of the load capacity, that concurrently evaluates the quality of the construction.